Abstract Objectives: evaluate the surgical effectiveness of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (eDCR) and determine predictive factors of clinical and surgical success. Study Design: retrospective descriptive study. Materials and Methods: review of clinical records of patients undergoing eDCR in a tertiary center between 2017 and 2022, and statistical analysis. Results: a total of 90 procedures were performed in 82 patients, including 17 revisions, with an overall clinical success rate of 89%. Exposure of the agger nasi (p=.018) and removal of the mucoperiosteal flap (p=.005) were statistically significant factors associated with higher clinical success. Revision surgery, history of dacryocystitis, silicone tube placement, and wide frontal maxillary apophysis osteotomy hadn’t reach statistical significancy in surgical success (p>.05). Conclusion: the authors emphasize the importance of removing the mucoperiosteal flap and opening the agger nasi, favoring the marsupialization of the lacrimal sac in the lateral wall, for surgical success.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia cirúrgica das dacriocistorrinostomias endoscópicas (DCRe) e determinar fatores preditivos de sucesso clínico e cirúrgico. Desenho do Estudo: estudo retrospetivo, descritivo. Material e Métodos: revisão dos registos clínicos e exames complementares de doentes submetidos a DCRe realizadas num centro hospitalar terciário entre 2017 e 2022, e análise estatística. Resultados: totalizaram-se 90 procedimentos em 82 doentes, incluindo 17 revisões, verificando-se uma taxa global de sucesso clínico de 89%. Associaram-se a maior eficácia clínica, estatisticamente significativa, a exposição da agger nasi (p=0.018) e a remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo (p=0.005). A cirurgia de revisão, antecedentes de dacriocistite, colocação de tubo de silicone e a osteotomia ampla da apófise frontal do maxilar não estiveram associados, de modo estatisticamente significativo, a melhor sucesso cirúrgico (p>0.02). Conclusão: corroborando a literatura, os autores enfatizam a importância da remoção do retalho mucoperiósteo e a abertura da agger nasi, favorecendo a marsupialização do saco lacrimal na parede lateral, no sucesso cirúrgico.

Abstract Several publications have reported the occurrence of triatomines in urban areas of the Americas. Four species of triatomines are reported in the municipality of Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil: Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma infestans, and T. sordida. Although already notified to the municipality, we present the record of household invasion by R. neglectus in urban area in the Araraquara. This occurrence reinforces the concern over urbanization by R. neglectus in the state of São Paulo, with reports of colonization and home invasion in various municipalities.

Resumen Varias publicaciones han reportado la presencia de triatominos en áreas urbanas de las Américas. Cuatro especies de triatominos se reportan en el municipio de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil: Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius neglectus, Triatoma infestans y T. sordida. Aunque ya se notificado a la municipalidad, presentamos el registro de invasión domiciliaria por parte de R. neglectus en el área urbana de Araraquara. Este hecho refuerza la preocupación por la urbanización de R. neglectus en el estado de São Paulo, con relatos de colonización e invasión de viviendas en diversos municipios.

ABSTRACT Background: Vectorial transmission through hematophagous triatomine insects remains the primary mode of Chagas Disease contagion. These insects have become increasingly common in urban environments. Therefore, this study aimed to report an encounter of triatomines with trypanosomatid infection in a vertical residential condominium in Rio Branco, the capital of the state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. Methods: Triatomines were collected from residents and sent to the municipality's Entomological Surveillance sector. Trypanosomatid positivity was evaluated using optical microscopy, followed by species and genotype identification using molecular biology techniques. Results: Twenty-five adult triatomine specimens were collected from two of three condominium buildings invading apartments from the 2nd to 13th floors. Six specimens were identified as Rhodnius sp. and 19 as R. montenegrensis. Among these, molecular tests were conducted on seven specimens, with five testing positive for Trypanosoma cruzi, all belonging to genotype TcI. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for further studies to better understand the invasive capacity of these insects in these environments and the mechanisms involved in this process. Background contagion Therefore Branco Acre Amazon Methods municipalitys municipality s sector microscopy techniques Results Twentyfive Twenty nd th floors sp 1 R montenegrensis cruzi TcI Conclusions process

ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease, a significant global health concern rooted in social inequalities and political oversights, remains a challenging public health issue impacting millions worldwide. The increasing detection of triatomines, the vectors of Chagas disease, in urban areas complicates the situation. Methods: This study investigated the incidence of Rhodnius neglectus in the urban areas of Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, following several reports and previous collections of triatomines in the city. An educational approach was adopted, distributing informational materials and engaging the community through social networks to generate notifications that would enable the identification of triatomines. Specimens were collected using various methods, including passive surveillance actions, light traps, and active searches in palm trees. Results: Rhodnius neglectus was found in urban areas, invading homes in Jaboticabal, and was identified in palm trees. The educational approach led to the collection of 93 triatomines. Colonization was observed in a residence, with eggs, nymphs, and a concerning record of blood-feeding on a resident child. The houses where specimens were captured often had nearby palm trees with birds and nests, facilitating the passive transport of these insects and increasing the risk of invasion due to light attraction. No triatomines infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were identified. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the need for preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of R. neglectus in urban environments. The data elucidate the occurrence of R. neglectus in the city of Jaboticabal, associated with its potential behavioral adaptation in urban environments, underscoring the need for innovative control strategies. Background disease oversights worldwide situation Methods Jaboticabal Paulo Brazil adopted methods actions traps Results 9 residence eggs nymphs bloodfeeding blood feeding child nests attraction Conclusions R environments strategies

Abstract Bartonelloses represent a group of potentially fatal diseases associated with various clinical manifestations including endocarditis. Caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Bartonella, these microorganisms have a remarkable ability to infect mammals, and their transmission is commonly associated with hematophagous vectors such as fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and ticks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Bartonella sp. DNA in 81 triatomines of the species Triatoma sordida collected in the field in peri‑domiciliary areas of the Brazilian city of Seabra, located in the state of Bahia. Nested PCR was conducted targeting the ftsZ gene and real-time PCR targeting the gltA gene, both representing specific reactions for Bartonella henselae. Additionally, conventional PCR targeting kDNA was employed to evaluate the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. Of the samples tested, 23/81 (28.39 %) bugs showed positive PCR for B. henselae. No sample showed positive PCR for T. cruzi. The high prevalence of triatomines with a positive PCR for B. henselae emphasizes the close relationship between these insects and the bacteria, indicating the need for further studies to investigate the vectorial potential of these kissing bugs. endocarditis mammals fleas lice mosquitoes ticks sp 8 peridomiciliary peri domiciliary Seabra Bahia realtime real time Additionally cruzi tested 2381 23 23/8 28.39 2839 28 39 (28.3 % B T 238 2 23/ 28.3 283 3 (28. 28. (28 (2 (

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes intermittent hypoxia, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation, which may elevate morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the intraoral appliance (IOA) as a treatment for OSA when it comes to the modulation of inflammatory markers and oxidative damage in elderly individuals. This "before and after" clinical trial included 9 patients diagnosed with OSA recruited from a multicenter randomized clinical trial study that evaluated the treatment with IOA for 60 days. Demographic and anthropometric variables, apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were collected by type III polysomnography, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and inflammatory and oxidative damage markers (interleukin 6 (1L-6); tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); interleukin 10 (IL-10); thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); total thiols; advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and nitric oxide (NO)). Shapiro-Wilk test, paired t-test and Pearson's correlation tests were used to analyze the results, respectively (α=0.05). The sample had a mean age of 71.86 ± 4.63 years, the majority were women (55.55%), and had a significant reduction in AHI (p=0.003), ODI (p=0.038), IL-10 (p=0.0001), AOPP (p=0.038) and TBARS levels (p=0.0001). There was a significant correlation between IL-10 and NO (r=0.855) and between TBARS and IL-6 (r=0.669), both after treatment. This study demonstrated that treating elderly patients with OSA using an IOA for 60 days reduces oxidative damage through the modulation of AOPP and TBARS. (OSA hypoxia species inflammation disease (IOA individuals before variables AHI, , (AHI) (ODI polysomnography Scale 1L6 L 1L (1L-6) TNFα TNF (TNF-α) 1 IL10 IL (IL-10) (TBARS) thiols AOPP, (AOPP) NO. . (NO)) ShapiroWilk Shapiro Wilk test ttest t Pearsons Pearson s results α=0.05. α005 α=0.05 0 05 (α=0.05) 7186 71 86 71.8 463 4 63 4.6 years 55.55%, 5555 55.55% 55 (55.55%) p=0.003, p0003 p p=0.003 003 (p=0.003) p=0.038, p0038 p=0.038 038 IL-1 p=0.0001, p00001 p=0.0001 0001 (p=0.0001) (p=0.038 p=0.0001. r=0.855 r0855 r 855 (r=0.855 IL6 IL- r=0.669, r0669 r=0.669 669 (r=0.669) (AHI (1L-6 (TNF-α IL1 (IL-10 (TBARS (AOPP (NO) α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 718 7 8 71. 46 4. 555 55.55 5 (55.55% p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.003 p003 p=0.03 03 p0000 p=0.000 000 (p=0.0001 (p=0.03 r=0.85 r085 85 (r=0.85 r066 r=0.66 66 (r=0.669 (1L- (IL-1 (NO α0 α=0. (α=0.0 55.5 (55.55 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 (p=0.000 (p=0.0 r=0.8 r08 (r=0.8 r06 r=0.6 (r=0.66 (1L (IL- α=0 (α=0. 55. (55.5 p0 p=0. (p=0. r=0. r0 (r=0. (r=0.6 (IL α= (α=0 (55. p=0 (p=0 r=0 (r=0 (α= (55 p= (p= r= (r= (α (5 (p (r (

Abstract Triatoma jatai Gonçalves et al., 2013 is a wild triatomine known so far only from the state of Tocantins, Brazil. This work aims to report a new occurrence of T. jatai in the state of Ceará and update its geographic distribution in the country by means of a map. In August 2022, during sampling in Dr. José Maria Soares Barata private collection, a female specimen of T. jatai was found. This specimen was collected in 1998 at a wild environment in the locality of Coqueiro, municipality of Salitre, Ceará. The identification was based on the original description of T. jatai. The specimen was donated and deposited in the collection of the Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Unesp, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. With this new first record, the distribution of the species is extended to the state of Ceará, which is represented by ten Triatominae species.

Resumen Triatoma jatai Gonçalves et al., 2013 es un triatomino silvestre conocido hasta el momento sólo del estado de Tocantins, Brasil. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar un nuevo registro de T. jatai en el estado de Ceará, actualizando su distribución geográfica en el país por medio de un mapa. En agosto de 2022, durante la revisión de la colección privada del Dr. José María Soares Barata, se encontró un ejemplar hembra de T. jatai. Este ejemplar fue recolectado en 1998 en un ambiente silvestre en la localidad de Coqueiro, municipio de Salitre, Ceará. La identificación se basó en la descripción original de T. jatai. El ejemplar fue donado y depositado en la colección de la Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Unesp, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil. Con este nuevo primer registro se amplía la distribución de la especie al estado de Ceará, el cual queda representado por diez especies de Triatominae.

Abstract Triatoma melanocephala is an endemic species of Brazil. Phenotypic (external morphology) and molecular studies were performed to contribute to the taxonomy and phylogeny of triatomines, since few studies on the internal morphology of these were found. In order to contribute to the biological, morphological and taxonomic knowledge of the subfamily Triatominae, this work describes the internal morphology of the reproductive apparatus of adult males and females of T. melanocephala. For this work 30 specimens from Jequié, Bahia, Brazil were used. Triatoma melanocephala's reproductive system included slim spermathecae insertions, large/medium rounded terminal bodies, and irregular ellipsoid-shaped testicles with a transparent, vitreous appearance. These results contribute to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of this species of vectorial importance and show taxonomic relevance, as well as possible application in systematic studies.

Resumen Triatoma melanocephala es una especie endémica de Brasil. Se realizaron estudios fenotípicos (morfología externa) y moleculares para contribuir a la taxonomía y filogenia de los triatominos, ya que se encontraron pocos estudios sobre la morfología interna de estos. Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento biológico, morfológico y taxonómico de la subfamilia Triatominae, este trabajo muestra la morfología interna del aparato reproductor de adultos machos y hembras de T. melanocephala. Para este trabajo se utilizaron 30 especímenes recolectados en Jequié, Bahía, Brasil. El sistema reproductivo de T. melanocephala incluye inserciones delgadas de espermatecas, cuerpos grandes/medianos con terminaciones redondeadas, y testículos de forma elipsoidal irregular con una apariencia transparente y vitrea. Estos resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de esta especie de importancia vectorial y muestran relevancia taxonómica, así como su posible aplicación en estudios sistemáticos.

ABSTRACT Background: Triatomines infest atypical public spaces in the Western Amazon. Methods: Frequent visitors to these spaces captured the insects in the state of Acre, Brazil (Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul). Results: Six insects were found in a penitentiary, a church, a school, a university, a hospital, and a health center. Five of the insects were adults (three positive for Trypanosoma cruzi) and one was a nymph. Conclusions: This is the first report of triatomine occurrence in schools or churches. These data are important for implementing surveillance strategies and alerting individuals about possible changes in Chagas disease transmission dynamics. Background Amazon Methods Acre Rio Sul. Sul . Sul) Results penitentiary church school university hospital center three cruzi nymph Conclusions churches dynamics

ABSTRACT Background: Triatominae are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. This study aims to report an infestation on Triatominae colonies by a beetle, previously identified as a pest. Methods: The management of these colonies should be improved to maximize their usefulness, and factors that may cause harm to them should be avoided as much as possible. Results: This is the first report on a coleopteran infestation on living Triatominae colonies worldwide. Conclusions: The present record provides an important warning to researchers who maintain insectaries in general, especially those who rear triatomines, to carry protective measures against such invasions. Background cruzi disease beetle pest Methods usefulness possible Results worldwide Conclusions general triatomines invasions

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados clínicos pós-operatórios do reparo artroscópico de lesões do manguito rotador com uma configuração de sutura desenvolvida por nós a partir de modificação do Suture Bridge (Arthrex, Naples, FL, Estados Unidos). Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de 28 pacientes do gênero masculino (41,2%) e 40 do gênero feminino (58,8%), com média de idade de 60 anos. Todos foram submetidos a reparo do manguito rotador com a técnica Suture Bridge modificada e acompanhados por um período mínimo de 18 meses. Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente através da Escala de Ombro da University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Resultados A amplitude de movimento média no pós-operatório foi elevação de 134 ° (variação: 110° a 140°), rotação lateral de 58° (variação: 40° a 70°), e rotação medial de T10 (variação: L4 a T7). O aumento médio de elevação foi de 15°, o de rotação lateral, de 14°, e o de rotação medial, de 2 níveis vertebrais. Os resultados foram considerados excelentes em 61 casos (83,6%) e bons, em 8 (10,9%). Em 4 casos (5,5%), o resultado foi regular. Conclusão Os resultados clínicos pós-operatórios do reparo artroscópico de lesões do manguito rotador, pela técnica Suture Bridge modificada, foram excelentes e bons na maioria dos casos (69; 94,5%). pósoperatórios pós operatórios Arthrex, Arthrex (Arthrex Naples FL Unidos. Unidos . Unidos) 41,2% 412 41 (41,2% 58,8%, 588 58,8% , 58 (58,8%) 6 anos 1 meses California UCLA. UCLA (UCLA) pósoperatório operatório 13 variação (variação 110 140°, 140 140° 140°) 70°, 70 70° 70°) T T1 L T7. T7 T7) 15 15° 14 14° vertebrais 83,6% 836 83 (83,6% 10,9%. 109 10,9% 10 9 (10,9%) 5,5%, 55 5,5% 5 (5,5%) regular 69 (69 94,5%. 945 94,5% 94 94,5%) 41,2 (41,2 58,8 (58,8% (UCLA 11 7 83,6 (83,6 10,9 (10,9% 5,5 (5,5% (6 94,5 41, (41, 58, (58,8 83, (83, 10, (10,9 5, (5,5 ( 94, (41 (58, (83 (10, (5, (4 (58 (8 (10 (5 (1

Abstract Objective To evaluate the postoperative clinical outcomes of the arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries using a suture configuration we have developed based on a modification of the Suture Bridge (Arthrex, Naples, FL, United States). Methods A retrospective study with 28 male (41.2%) and 40 female (58.8%) subjects with a mean age of 60 years. All patients underwent rotator cuff repair with the modified Suture Bridge technique and follow-up for a minimum period of 18 months. The clinical assessment was performed using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Score. Results The mean postoperative range of motion was of 134° (range: 110° to 140°) for elevation, 58° (range: 40° to 70°) for lateral rotation, and T10 (range: L4 to T7) for medial rotation. The mean increase was of 15° for elevation, 14° for lateral rotation, and 2 vertebral levels for medial rotation. The outcomes were excellent in 61 (83.6%) cases, good in 8 (10.9%), and regular in 4 cases (5.5%). Conclusion The modified Suture Bridge technique for the arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries led to excellent or good postoperative clinical outcomes in most cases (69; 94.5%). Arthrex, Arthrex (Arthrex Naples FL States. States . States) 41.2% 412 41 (41.2% 58.8% 588 58 (58.8% 6 years followup follow up 1 months California UCLA (UCLA Score 134 (range 110 140° 140 elevation 70° 70 rotation T T1 L T7 15 14 83.6% 836 83 (83.6% 10.9%, 109 10.9% , 10 9 (10.9%) 5.5%. 55 5.5% 5 (5.5%) 69 (69 94.5%. 945 94.5% 94 94.5%) 41.2 (41.2 58.8 (58.8 13 11 7 83.6 (83.6 10.9 (10.9% 5.5 (5.5% (6 94.5 41. (41. 58. (58. 83. (83. 10. (10.9 5. (5.5 ( 94. (41 (58 (83 (10. (5. (4 (5 (8 (10 (1

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo primário do presente trabalho é avaliar os resultados funcionais de uma modificação na transferência do grande dorsal no ombro para o tratamento de lesões póstero-superiores irreparáveis do manguito rotador. O objetivo secundário é avaliar as variáveis que podem influenciar os resultados. Técnica cirúrgica Por meio de uma única abordagem deltopeitoral, o tendão do músculo grande dorsal é desinserido reforçado e alongado com um enxerto tendíneo homólogo, transferido para o úmero e fixado em posição superolateral ao tubérculo maior e anterior ao músculo subescapular. Métodos Avaliação funcional retrospectiva de 16 casos. O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 21 meses (12-47 meses). Os resultados pós-operatórios (no último acompanhamento) foram comparados aos pré-operatórios, bem como a outras variáveis pré, intra e pós-operatórias. Resultados Todos os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos (exceto um). A pontuação média da University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) aumentou de 11,6 (8-16) para 27,3 (17-30) (p< 0,001). A dor, a função e a força do ombro apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significativa (p< 0,001). A força, porém, não voltou ao valor normal. A amplitude de movimento ativa média apresentou as seguintes melhoras: elevação frontal, de 106° (60-140°) para 145° (130-160°) (p< 0,001); rotação externa, de 30° (0-60°) para 54° (40-70°) (p< 0,001); e rotação interna, de L1 (glúteo a T7) para T10 (T12-T3) (p< 0,05). Nenhuma complicação foi observada. A pseudoparesia pré-operatória foi revertida em todos os seis casos em que foi observada. Nenhuma das variáveis analisadas influenciou os desfechos, nem mesmo a pseudoparesia. Conclusões A curto prazo essa técnica é segura e eficaz na recuperação da pseudoparesia e na melhora da dor, da função e da força do ombro.

Abstract Objective The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate the functional results of a modification to the latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer around the shoulder for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The secondary aim is to evaluate variables that might influence the outcomes. Surgical Technique Through a single deltopectoral approach, the LD tendon is detached, reinforced, and elongated with a tendinous allograft, transferred around the humerus, and fixed superolaterally to the greater tuberosity and anteriorly to the subscapularis. Methods Retrospective functional evaluation of 16 cases. The average follow-up was 21 months (12-47). The postoperative results (at last follow-up) were compared with the preoperative ones, as well as to other pre, intra, and postoperative variables. Results All (but one) patients were satisfied. Average University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score increased from 11.6 (8-16) to 27.3 (17-30) (p< 0.001). Improvements of shoulder pain, function, and strength achieved statistical significance (p< 0.001). Nonetheless, normal strength was never restored. Average active range of motion improved as follows: forward elevation, from 106° (60-140°) to 145° (130-160°) (p< 0.001); external rotation from 30° (0° to 60°) to 54° (40-70°) (p< 0.001); and internal rotation from L1 (gluteus to T7) to T10 (T12-T3) (p< 0.05). No complication has occurred. Preoperative pseudoparesis was reverted in all the six cases in which it was present. None of the variables analyzed influenced the outcomes, including pseudoparesis. Conclusions At early follow-up, this technique is safe and effective at recovering from pseudoparesis and at improving shoulder pain, function, and strength.

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a morphological awareness intervention delivered by preschool teachers in the naturalistic setting of their classrooms. The participants were 162 Portuguese children, attending kindergarten who were allocated as groups to experimental and control conditions. The former group was the object of six-weeks morphological awareness intervention anchored on explicit discussions about the morphological structure of words appearing in selected storybooks. The control group received normal curriculum activities. Results showed strong to high effect sizes on morphological awareness post-test abilities of children in the experimental group related to identifying words of the same “family”, interpreting the meaning of stems and affixes in morphologically structured pseudowords and finding the base word in derived or inflected stimuli, after controlling for age, cognitive ability, vocabulary, pre-test phonological and morphological results. The relevance of developing tools that help preschool children to consciously manipulate morphemes as meaningful building blocks of words, in partnership with preschool teachers, is proposed.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a eficácia de uma intervenção sobre consciência morfológica desenvolvida por educadores de infância no contexto natural das suas salas. Participaram 162 crianças portuguesas que frequentavam jardins-de-infância, alocadas ao grupo experimental e ao grupo de controlo consoante as turmas que frequentavam. O grupo experimental foi objeto de uma intervenção de 6 semanas sobre consciência morfológica, em que foi explicitamente discutida a estrutura morfológica de palavras de livros de histórias selecionados. O grupo de controlo participou nas atividades curriculares usuais. Os resultados do pós-teste mostraram que as crianças do grupo experimental tiveram melhores desempenhos na identificação de palavras da mesma “família”, na interpretação do significado de prefixos e afixos em pseudopalavras estruturadas morfologicamente e na identificação da palavra-base em palavras derivadas ou flexionadas, após controlo da idade, da competência cognitiva, do vocabulário e dos resultados do pré-teste relativos à consciência fonológica e morfológica. Este estudo mostra a relevância de desenvolver, em parceria com educadores de infância, instrumentos que ajudem as crianças em idade pré-escolar a manipular conscientemente morfemas enquanto constituintes das palavras.

ABSTRACT Background: The subfamily Triatominae, which comprises 157 species, carries the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This short communication reports for the first time the occurrence of Rhodnius montenegrensis in Bolivia. Methods: Active searches were carried out on palm trees of the genus Oenocarpus in Beni district, Bolivia. Results: Fifteen R. montenegrensis specimens were collected from a rural area of the Beni district, Bolivia, and tested positive for T. cruzi. Conclusions: This new report expands the geographic distribution of the species in Latin America. Due to their ability to transmit trypanosomatids, the species deserves the attention of vector control programs.

Abstract The chemical hydroxymethylation of the antimicrobial nitrofurazone leads to the prodrug NFOH, also increases the anti-T. cruzi activities (in vitro and in vivo), as well as showed non-genotoxic (Ames and micronucleus assays). In the present study, we assessed the anti-T. cruzi effect of the NFOH In vivo - in acute Swiss and C57Bl/6 experimental Chagas models. The treatment started at 5 days post-infection during 20 consecutive days (orally, once day, 150mg/kg), and the parasitaemia as well as histopathology analysis were performed. In both experimental murine models, NFOH was able to reduce parasitemia blood avoiding parasitic reactivation, during immunosuppression period (dexamethasone 5mg/kg, 14 days), in 100% of the mice, and decrease tissue parasite nests, demonstrating absence of amastigote forms in all organs (100%) analyzed, data similar to benznidazole (BZN). Therefore, the results shown here pointing to the NFOH as promising compound for further preclinical studies, being a high potential drug to effective and safe chemotherapy to Chagas disease. antiT. antiT anti T. T anti-T vivo, , vivo) nongenotoxic non genotoxic Ames assays. assays . assays) study C57Bl6 CBl C57Bl 6 C Bl C57Bl/ models postinfection post infection 2 orally, orally (orally day 150mg/kg, 150mgkg mgkg 150mg/kg 150mg kg mg 150mg/kg) performed reactivation dexamethasone 5mgkg 5mg 5mg/kg 1 days, days) 100 mice nests (100% analyzed BZN. BZN (BZN) Therefore studies disease 10 (100 (BZN (10 (1 (