Abstract The present work aimed to develop a new method for assessing the content of mixtures of polymorphic forms I and II of the drug Efavirenz (EFV) by vibrational spectroscopic techniques such as Middle (MIR) and Near (NIR) infrared and Raman, using multivariate calibration models. Benchtop and handheld instruments were used for NIR and Raman and a benchtop instrument for MIR. In addition, VIP scores and iPLS, variable selection methods were employed. The infrared techniques showed the best models, with Root Mean Squares Error (RMSE) around 5% (w/w). When MIR and portable NIR instruments were used, this value was lowered to 4% (w/w) with selection of variables by iPLS. Raman spectroscopy showed higher error, even with selection of variables, possibly due to the spot laser size used by instruments and the lack of uniformity of the particle size in the samples. The infrared methods developed were shown to be effective in quantifying polymorphic mixtures of EFV. Given the ease of use of handheld instruments, they may be applied as tools of process analytical technology for monitoring quality control during industrial processing. EFV (EFV (MIR (NIR models addition iPLS employed RMSE (RMSE 5 w/w. ww w/w . w 4 (w/w error samples processing

We report a case of invasive infection due to Saprochaete capitata in a patient with hematological malignancies after chemotherapy treatment and empiric antifungal therapy with caspofungin. Although severely immunocompromised the patient survived been treated with amphotericin B lipid complex associated with voriconazole.

Interest in analytical methods for quality control of herbal drugs has grown sharply due to the scarcity of monographs in official manuals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate analytical procedures for quantitative determination of flavonoids from leaves of Bauhinia forficata Link (pata-de-vaca). Two procedures for quantification of total flavonoids (with and without acid hydrolysis) by spectrophotometry were tested. The proposed methods proved to be specific, sensitive, precise, accurate and robust, being suitable for routine laboratory use.

This study describes unpublished research on improving the solubility of benznidazole by the formation of an inclusion complex. The cyclodextrins selected were αCD, βCD, γCD, HPβCD, RMβCD and SBβCD. All complexes were obtained in solution, presenting 1:1 stoichiometry according to the phase solubility diagram. The highest association constants were obtained with RMβCD and SBβCD, being selected for attainment of solid state complexes. These were characterized using XRD, SEM and dissolution test. The data obtained suggest the formation of complexes and indicate that these may provide a promising alternative way of developing solid doses of drug with suitable biopharmaceutical properties.

O efavirenz é um inibidor não análogo de nucleosídeo da transcriptase reversa, utilizado no tratamento da infecção por HIV. Um método simples, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, foi desenvolvido e validado para quantificação do efavirenz em comprimidos. O desenvolvimento do método levou em consideração as características físico-químicas do efavirenz. O método foi validado seguindo os parâmetros da USP 29. A análise foi realizada por meio de detector ultravioleta, utilizando um comprimento de onda de 252 nm, com coluna de fase reversa (C18, 250 mm x 3.9 mm, 10 μm) e fase móvel isocrática contendo acetonitrila/água/ácido ortofosfórico (70: 30: 0.1). Os critérios usados para validação foram: seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez e limites de detecção e quantificação do método. Foi utilizado método estatístico em todas as etapas do processo de validação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o método é uma alternativa para quantificação do efavirenz em comprimidos, tornando viável seu uso na rotina industrial e laboratórios analíticos.

Efavirenz is a reverse transcriptase non analog nucleoside inhibitor used to treat HIV infections. A simple assay method by high performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated for efavirenz tablets. The physical chemical characteristics of efavirenz were investigated to developing the method. The method was validated observing the parameters described in USP 29. Analyses were performed by an ultraviolet detector at a 252 nm wavelength, on a reverse-phase column (C18, 250 mm x 3.9 mm, 10 μm), using an isocratic mobile phase containing acetonitrile/water/orthophosphoric acid (70:30:0.1). The validation parameters used were: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, detection and quantification limits, and all resulting data were treated by a statistical method. The results obtained confirmed an alternative assay method for efavirenz tablets adequate for routine industrial use.

This work aimed the development and validation of a new dissolution test for ornidazole coated tablets. The dissolution conditions were determined after testing Sink conditions, dissolution medium, apparatus, stirring speed, 24 h stability and medium filtration influence. The best conditions were paddle at a stirring speed of 75 rpm and 900 mL of 0.1 M HCl. A new HPLC quantification method was developed and validated. The dissolution test and quantification method showed to be adequate for their purposes and could be applied for quality control of ornidazole coated tablets, since there is no official monograph.

An UV-Vis spectrophotometry analytical method for quantifying Efavirenz was developed and validated as an alternative to replace the HPLC current method. The report method presents sample concentration of 10 μg mL-1, dissolved in a solution ethanol:water (60:40, v/v), economic and technically adequate for the purpose adopted. The results and the statistical treated proved that the method being considered an precise and accurate analytical low cost alternative for laboratory routine. The adaptability of this method in product and other analytical methods development has been challenged by mathematical calculation of drug extinction coefficient in water and methanol and practical experiments, showing interesting results.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes das plantas. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e local de coleta. Apresenta diversas atividades biológicas como antimicrobiana, antioxidante, antitumoral, dentre outras. Foi realizado estudo da variabilidade sazonal, nos meses de fevereiro, junho e outubro de 2006, dos constituintes voláteis da própolis vermelha de Pernambuco através da extração por headspace dinâmico e identificação por cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Foram identificados 34 constituintes voláteis, sendo monoterpenos e monoterpenóides, sesquiterpenos e sesquiterpenóides, fenilpropanóides, aldeídos, cetonas e η-alcanos. Os constituintes majoritários foram o trans-anetol, α-copaeno e o metil cis-isoeugenol. Também foi realizado o perfil fitoquímico por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD), através da qual os constituintes fenólicos foram identificados como majoritários. Com o extrato bruto metanólico da própolis, realizou-se o ensaio de letalidade em Artemia salina, que demonstrou DL50 de 18,9 µg/mL, sugerindo uma possível atividade antitumoral.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from plant sources. The composition of the propolis depends on the season, the vegetation, and the area of collection. It presents a diverse biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumoral. The seasonal variability of the red propolis constituents from Pernambuco State were accomplished in the months of February, June and October of 2006. The volatile red propolis constituients were captured by the dynamic headspace technique and analyzed by GC-MS. In the analysis of the samples, 34 constituents were identified as the mono and sesquiterpens, phenylpropanoids, aldehydes, cetons and n-alcanes, presenting as majority constituents the trans-anethol, α-copaene and methyl cis-isoeugenol. The phytochemistry profile was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Through this technique the majority constituents were identified as phenols. The Brine shrimp bioassay was used to evaluate of the red propolis methanolic extract, which demonstrated a DL50 of 18.9 µg/mL and an activity antitumoral was possibly suggested.

The aim of this work was the development of a dissolution method for benznidazole (BNZ) tablets. Three different types of dissolution media, two stirring speeds and apparatus 2 (paddle) were used. The accomplishment of the drug dissolution profiles was compared through the dissolution efficiency. The assay was performed by spectrophotometry at 324 nm. The better conditions were: sodium chloride\hydrochloride acid buffer pH 1.2 with stirring speed of 75 rpm, volume of 900 mL and paddle as apparatus. Ahead of the results it can be concluded that the method developed consists in an efficient alternative for assays of dissolution for benznidazole tablets.

O trabalho teve como objetivo a verificação das possíveis interferências dos excipientes utilizados na obtenção do comprimido de liberação imediata à base de benznidazol por meio do processo de compressão direta e realização de estudo comparativo entre os comprimidos obtidos e o medicamento de referência Rochagan®, obtido por meio da granulação por via úmida. Sete lotes de bancada (LB) foram produzidos e aspectos, tais como compressibilidade, fluxo do pós, peso médio, friabilidade, desintegração, dureza, teor, dissolução, uniformidade de conteúdo, cinética de liberação in vitro (dissolução) e compatibilidade físico-química fármaco/excipiente foram avaliados. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se verificar que os pós analisados apresentaram características adequadas para o processo da compressão direta, além da comprovação da não existência de interação de natureza físico-química entre o fármaco e os excipientes testados. Os comprimidos obtidos a partir do LB I e III foram escolhidos para o estudo comparativo frente ao medicamento de referência, demonstrando semelhança com os resultados observados, tratados estatisticamente. Torna-se, assim, uma alternativa para a produção de medicamento destinado ao tratamento da doença de Chagas com um custo reduzido e qualidade satisfatória.

This work aimed to verify the interferences caused by the use of excipients for immediate release tablets based on benznidazole obtained by direct compression and the accomplishment of a comparative study between the tablets developed and the reference medicine RochaganTM, obtained by wet granulation. Seven small-scale batches (SSB) were developed and aspects such as compressibility, powder flow, mean weight, friability, disintegration, hardness, assay, content uniformity, kinetic of release in vitro (dissolution) and drug/excipients physical-chemical compatibility were evaluated. Based on the obtained results it can be verified that the analyzed powders presented adequated characteristics for the direct compression process, beyond the inexistent evidence of a physical-chemical interaction between the drug and the tested excipients. The tablets obtained from SSB I and III were chosen for the comparative study with the reference medicine, demonstrating similarity with the statistically treated obtained results, becoming an alternative option of a medicine product for the treatment of Chagas' disease with reduced cost and satisfactory quality.

An analytical method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine in the fixed-dose combination film-coated tablet by high performance liquid chromatography, in accordance with RE No. 899/2003, National Sanitary Surveillance Agency. It was based on an isocratic elution system with a potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.0: acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) mobile phase, C18, 250 x 46 mm column, 10µm particle size, λ 270 nm. The statistically evaluated results have shown that the method is specific, precise, accurate, and robust, ensuring the analytical safety of 3TC, AZT and NVP determination, which emerges as a new therapeutic alternative for antiretroviral treatment.

The beta-lapachone is a product obtained from the Ipê Roxo tree [Tabebuia avellandae], which has proved its excellent antineoplasic potential acting through a particular mechanism of apoptosis against various cancer types. This study aims at determining the identity card of beta-lapachone by means of physico-chemical and pharmaco-technical characterization. A purifying process has been performed, as well as the isolation of a contaminant, its isomer alpha-lapachone. A stability study was also performed, determining the ideal storing conditions for beta-lapachone, essential for the ongoing pre-formulation studies for obtaining the different classic pharmaceutical forms and modified release systems.

The analytical method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the assay of benznidazole in tablets was developed and validated following the requirements of regulatory agencies. The method used as mobile phase acetonitrile:wather 1:1, a C18 column of 12.5 cm length x 4 mm id, 5 mm particles and lambda=316 nm. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the method satisfies all parameters so as to be considered a safe and efficient analytical alternative of low cost for laboratory routine.

O sulfato de indinavir é um inibidor da protease no ciclo do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento da formulação, desenvolvimento e avaliação da metodologia para dissolução, estudo micromerítico, transposição de escala industrial, estudo de estabilidade e estudo comparativo para cápsulas de sulfato de indinavir 500 mg (equivalente a 400 mg de indinavir). Para o desenvolvimento farmacotécnico, realizou-se uma planificação qualitativa de diluentes. As metodologias analíticas para peso médio, desintegração, umidade e uniformidade de peso, seguiram The United States Pharmacopeia 28, enquanto que a metodologia utilizada para dissolução foi desenvolvida e avaliada atendendo à Resolução RE nº 899, de 29 de maio de 2003, da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Os resultados demonstraram que a formulação selecionada correspondeu às especificações de controle físico-químico, além de apresentar viabilidade econômica. Os resultados obtidos com o desenvolvimento e avaliação do método para dissolução mostram que o método atende aos requisitos de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Controle, pois apresentam a reprodutibilidade, a precisão, a robustez e finalmente a confiabilidade requerida para um método analítico. As cápsulas desenvolvidas de sulfato de indinavir, quando comparadas com o medicamento de referência, são equivalentes entre si, frente a diferentes parâmetros avaliados.

Indinavir sulfate is a protease inhibitor in the cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was the development of formulation, and its evaluation methodology for dissolution, rheological study, scale transposition, stability study and comparative study for indinavir sulfate 500 mg capsules (equivalent to 400 mg of indinavir). A qualitative design of diluents has been performed for the pharmaceutics development. The analytical methodologies for medium weight, disintegration, humidity and uniformity of weight followed The United States Pharmacopeia 28, while the methodology used for dissolution was developed and evaluated in accordance with Resolution RE nº 899, as of May 29, 2003, issued by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária [National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance] (ANVISA). The results have evidenced that the selected formulation corresponds to the specifications of physical-chemical control, besides showing its economic feasibility. The results obtained from the development and evaluation of dissolution method have evidenced that the method complies with the requirements of Good Manufacturing and Control Practices, since it shows the reproducibility, the precision, the robustness and finally the reliability required for an analytical method. The developed indinavir sulfate capsules, when compared with the reference drug, are equivalent, in the light of different evaluated parameters.

O efavirenz é uma das mais recentes classes de agentes anti-retrovirais aplicados no tratamento de infecções por HIV. Está entre os medicamentos de primeira escolha no tratamento da AIDS. Como o efavirenz possui característica hidrofóbica, baixa densidade e oferece grande resistência ao escoamento, a escolha de uma formulação adequada deste fármaco é essencial no desenvolvimento dos comprimidos e para garantir melhor disponibilização no trato gastrointestinal, de forma a alcançar a biodisponibilidade e o efeito terapêutico desejados. Neste trabalho, apresentamos, de forma lógica, o desenvolvimento tecnológico de comprimidos revestidos de efavirenz, levando em consideração suas características físicas e físico-químicas. Os núcleos (comprimidos) de efavirenz foram obtidos utilizando-se a técnica de granulação por via úmida. No revestimento por película utilizou-se Opadry® Y-1-7000 em sistema aquoso. Os parâmetros adotados para avaliação física dos comprimidos seguiram as especificações farmacopéicas oficiais e a determinação quantitativa foi realizada mediante método analítico desenvolvido e validado.

Efavirenz is one of the most recent classes of anti-retroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infections. It is the first choice therapy for AIDS treatment. As efavirenz detains hydrofobic characteristic, low density and offers great resistance to draining, it has been essential to choose an adequated formulation for it, in order to guarantee drug's availability in gastro-intestinal tract, achieving bioavailability and expected therapeutical effects. This work presents efavirez coated tablets thecnological development, considering the physics and physico-chemical characteristics of this drug. The efavirez nucleus (tablets) has been obtained employing granulation technics by humid via. In the coating by film, Opadry Y-1-7000 in aquous system was used. The adopted parameters to tablet phisics evaluation followed official phamacopeial specifications and quantitative determination of the drug was performed by developed and validated methodology.