Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a qualidade de vida de idosos participantes e não participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos. Método: Estudo caso controle, analítico e transversal que analisou 108 idosos participantes de programas públicos de exercícios (GE) e 126 não participantes (GC), do município de Goiânia, GO, Brasil. Foram utilizados como instrumentos uma Ficha de avaliação inicial, o Miniexame de Estado Mental, a versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire, o World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref (Whoqol-Bref) e o World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (Whoqol-Old). A comparação do perfil sociodemográfico e das condições de saúde foi realizada aplicando o teste qui-quadrado, a comparação da qualidade de vida entre o GE e o GC foi realizada utilizando a análise da covariância (ANCOVA), seguido do teste de Tukey, a posteriori. Resultados: Os idosos do GE apresentaram escores médios superiores em relação aos do GC para todos os domínios do Whoqol-Brefe do Whoqol-Old(p<0,05). Os idosos ativos do GC não apresentaram diferenças em relação aos insuficientemente ativos ou sedentários do GC para nenhum domínio do Whoqol-Bref e nem do Whoqol-old (p≥0,05). Conclusão: Os idosos participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos apresentaram melhor percepção de qualidade de vida de idosos não participantes, e ser simplesmente ativo pode não ser suficiente para garantir uma melhor qualidade de vida.

Abstract Objective: to compare the quality of life of elderly participants and non-participants of public physical exercise programs. Method: a control, analytical and cross-sectional study analyzing 108 elderly participants of public exercise programs (SG) and 126 non-participants (CG) in the city of Goiânia, Goias, Brazil, was performed. An initial Assessment Form, the Mental State Mini-Exam, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref (Whoqol-Bref) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Old (Whoqol-Old) were used. Comparison of socio-demographic profile and health conditions was performed using the Chi-squared test, while comparison of the quality of life of the SG and the CG was performed using covariance analysis (ANCOVA), followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. Results: the elderly persons in the SG had higher mean scores than those of the CG in all the Whoqol-Bref and Whoqol-Old domains (p<0.05). The active elderly in the CG did not exhibit differences in relation to the insufficiently active or sedentary members of the CG for any Whoqol-Bref or Whoqol-old domain (p≥0.05). Conclusion: the elderly participants in public physical exercise programs had a better perception of quality of life than non-participating elderly persons, and it was found that simply being active may not be enough to guarantee a better quality of life.

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) stands out as a zoonosis observed on four continents and also in urban expansion zones in several regions of Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological study of VL cases in children under 15 years of age in the period from 2007 to 2012. Clinical data were gathered from medical reports; meteorological data were obtained at the Meteorological Measurement Department of UFT. Environmental variables were divided into two periods, rainy and dry. Results The study revealed no difference by gender (p=0.67) among the 821 patients. However, the most affected age group was between one and five years of age (58.6%; p<0.01); the highest prevalence of the disease (99.03%; p<0.01) occurred in urban zones; and the most affected ethnic group (85.5%; p<0.01) was mixed race. The highest incidence coefficients in this population occurred in 2007 and 2008 (578.39/100,000 inhabitants; 18.5/100,000 inhabitants, respectively), whereas the highest lethality coefficients occurred in 2008 and 2011 (0.85/100 deaths). There was no significant correlation between average rainfall and the number of VL cases. The correlation between temperature and number of VL cases was negative (r = -0.4039; p<0.01). Conclusions In Araguaína, visceral leishmaniasis in children under 15 years is an urban-based endemic disease distributed across all districts of the city wherein temperature as an environmental factor, a higher prevalence in mixed race children between one and five years of age, and a high incidence coefficient all strongly contribute to child mortality.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a presença de sintomas depressivos em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal descritivo, no qual foram incluídas mulheres com diagnóstico de dor pélvica crônica, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, sem gravidez no último ano e sem câncer. A amostra foi definida com base no cálculo de amostragem representativa que estimou o quantitativo de 50 mulheres, que estavam em seguimento no ambulatório de Ginecologia, tendo sido encaminhadas pela rede básica do Sistema Único de Saúde. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de outubro de 2009 a maio de 2010. Foram analisadas características sociodemográficas, econômicas e clínicas. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual. Os sintomas depressivos foram investigados pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck.Para análise estatística, foram utilizadas medidas de posição (média, mediana), dispersão (desvio padrão) e teste do χ2. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das participantes foi de 41,6±9,4 anos. Predominaram mulheres com nível médio de escolaridade, cor parda, religião católica, que viviam com o companheiro fixo. A maioria (98%) estava economicamente ativa, tendo como ocupação serviços domésticos. Quanto à percepção subjetiva da dor, evidenciou-se que 52% afirmaram dor intensa e 48%, moderada. A maioria das mulheres (52%) convivia com a dor há menos de cinco anos, e 30%, há mais de 11 anos. O escore médio do BDI foi de 17,4 (±9,4). Foi observado que 58% das mulheres tiveram sintomas depressivos de grau leve, moderado e grave avaliados pelo BDI. Os sintomas depressivos de frequências mais elevadas foram fatigabilidade, perda da libido, irritabilidade, dificuldade de trabalhar, preocupações somáticas, choro, insatisfação, tristeza e insônia. CONCLUSÃO: Os sintomas depressivos foram frequentes nessas mulheres com dor pélvica crônica.

PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of depressive symptoms in women with chronic pelvic pain. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with women aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain, with no pregnancy history in the previous year, and with no cancer history. The sample was established by calculating the representative sample, estimated as 50 women. All women were undergoing treatment at a gynecology outpatient clinic, referred by the primary health care network of the Brazilian national health system. Data collection was performed from October2009 to May 2010. The women's sociodemographic, economic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Pain intensity was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. The depressive symptoms were investigated using Beck's Depression Inventory. Statistical analysis was performed using position measures (mean, median), dispersion (standard deviation) and the χ2 test. Values of p≤ .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 41.6±9.4 years. The following features predominated: secondary education level; pardo (brown) skin color; Catholic religion; and living with a steady partner. Most (98%) were economically active and worked with general domestic services. Regarding the participants' subjective perception of pain, 52% reported experiencing intense pain, while 48% reported experiencing moderate pain. Most women (52%) had been living with pain for five years or less, and 30%, for over 11 years. The mean BDI score was 17.4 (±9.4). It was observed that 58% of the women presented mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms according to the BDI. The most frequent depressive symptoms were fatigability, loss of libido, irritability, difficulty to work, somatic preoccupations, crying, dissatisfaction, sadness, and insomnia. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms were frequent among these women suffering with chronic pelvic pain.

The objective of this descriptive-exploratory survey was to analyze the prenatal care in the basic health care network. Data collection was performed by means of structured interviews and then submitted to descriptive analysis. Results revealed inadequacies related to a late onset of prenatal care, few ultrasounds performed and poor participation in educational activities. The Takeda-modified Kessner index indicated the prenatal care had a low adequacy level (35%). There is a need to promote health interventions to improve the rates pregnant women who make an early start in prenatal care and monitor the compliance to the recommended health care protocols to ensure safe health care practice during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium.

El objetivo de este survey descriptivo y exploratorio fue analizar las características de la atención prenatal en la red de atención básica a la salud. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevistas estructuradas y sometidos a análisis estadístico descriptivo. Los resultados expresaron inadecuaciones relativas al inicio tardío del prenatal, la realización de la ecografía y la baja participación en actividades educativas. El índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda indicó bajo nivel de adecuación del prenatal (35%). Se identificó la necesidad de promover intervenciones en salud para mejorar el acceso precoz de las gestantes al prenatal y monitorear el cumplimiento de los protocolos de atención recomendados para garantizar una práctica segura de cuidados a la salud durante la gestación, el parto y el puerperio.

O objetivo deste survey descritivo-exploratório foi analisar as características do atendimento pré-natal na rede de atenção básica à saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada e submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciaram inadequações relacionadas ao início tardio do pré-natal, à realização da ultrassonografia e à baixa participação em atividades educativas. O índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda indicou baixo nível de adequação do pré-natal (35%). Identificou-se a necessidade de promover intervenções em saúde para melhorar o acesso precoce das gestantes ao pré-natal e monitorar o cumprimento dos protocolos assistenciais preconizados para garantir uma prática segura de cuidados à saúde durante a gestação, parto e puerpério.

A frequently addressed question in conservation biology is what is the chance of survival for a population for a given number of years under certain conditions of habitat loss and human activities. This can be estimated through an integrated analysis of genetic, demographic and landscape processes, which allows the prediction of more realistic and precise models of population persistence. In this study, we modeled extinction in stochastic environments under inbreeding depression for two canid species, the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachiurus) and the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), in southwest Goiás State. Genetic parameters were obtained from six microsattelite loci (Short Tandem Repeats - STR), which allowed estimates of inbreeding levels and of the effective population size under a stepwise mutation model based on heterozygosis. The simulations included twelve alternative scenarios with varying rates of habitat loss, magnitude of population fluctuation and initial inbreeding levels. ANOVA analyses of the simulation results showed that times to extinction were better explained by demographic parameters. Times to extinction ranged from 352 to 844, in the worst and best scenario, respectively, for the large-bodied maned wolf. For the small-bodied crab-eating fox, these same estimates were 422 and 974 years. Simulations results are within the expectation based on knowledge about species' life history, genetics and demography. They suggest that populations can persist through a reasonable time (i.e., more than 200 years) even under the worst demographic scenario. Our analyses are a starting point for a more focused evaluation of persistence in these populations. Our results can be used in future research aiming at obtaining better estimates of parameters that may, in turn, be used to achieve more appropriate and realist population viability models at a regional scale.

Clustering and ordination procedures in multivariate analyses have been widely used to describe patterns of genetic distances. However, in some cases, such as when dealing with Jaccard coefficients based on RAPD data, these techniques may fail to represent genetic distances because of the high dimensionality of the genetic distances caused by stochastic variation in DNA fragments among the units analyzed (species or populations). In this note, we show how Mantel tests can be used to test hypotheses about genetic distances and avoid problems with multivariate data representation. The procedure is illustrated with RAPD data comparing 20 anuran species from the cerrado, in which Jaccard genetic distances were compared to three model matrices linking the species at distinct taxonomic levels.

A estrutura geográfica das distâncias genéticas entre populações locais dentro das espécies, baseada em dados de aloenzimas, tem sido usualmente avaliada com algorítimos hierárquicos, como o método não ponderado por médias aritiméticas (UPGMA). A distorção produzida no processo de agrupamento é estimada por um coeficiente de correlação cofenética. Estas abordagens hierárquicas, entretanto, podem falhar em produzir uma representação acurada das distâncias genéticas entre populações em espaços de pequena dimensão, especialmente quando padrões contínuos (clinais) ou reticulares de variação existem. Neste trabalho, nós analisamos 50 matrizes de distância genética entre populações animais da literatura, variando de platelmintos a mamíferos, para avaliar em que situações o UPGMA é útil para entender os padrões de variação genética entre as populações. Os coeficientes de correlação cofenética, derivados do UPGMA baseados em três tipos de coeficientes de distância genética, foram correlacionados com outros parâmetros de cada matriz, incluindo número de populações, loci, alelos, distância máxima geográfica entre as populações, magnitude relativa do primeiro autovalor da matriz de covariância entre os alelos e o logaritmo do tamanho do corpo. As correlações cofenéticas obtidas foram freqüentemente maiores que 0,80 e os valores mais elevados apareceram para as distâncias genéticas de Nei e Rogers. A relação entre o coeficiente de correlação cofenética e os outros parâmetros analisados foi definida para um "espaço de restrição", formando triângulos em que altos valores de correlação cofenética são observados para altos valores nos parâmetros, mas pequenos valores nestes não necessariamente correspondem a correlações cofenéticas elevadas. Isto permite concluir que o UPGMA é mais bem utilizado para descrever as distâncias genéticas baseadas em matrizes grandes (tanto em termos de números elevados de populações quanto alelos), quando dimensionalmente o sistema é pequeno (matrizes com elevados primeiros autovalores) ou quando as populações locais são separadas por grandes distâncias geográficas.

Geographic structure of genetic distances among local populations within species, based on allozyme data, has usually been evaluated by estimating genetic distances clustered with hierarchical algorithms, such as the unweighted pair-group method by arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The distortion produced in the clustering process is estimated by the cophenetic correlation coefficient. This hierarchical approach, however, can fail to produce an accurate representation of genetic distances among populations in a low dimensional space, especially when continuous (clinal) or reticulate patterns of variation exist. In the present study, we analyzed 50 genetic distance matrices from the literature, for animal taxa ranging from Platyhelminthes to Mammalia, in order to determine in which situations the UPGMA is useful to understand patterns of genetic variation among populations. The cophenetic correlation coefficients, derived from UPGMA based on three types of genetic distance coefficients, were correlated with other parameters of each matrix, including number of populations, loci, alleles, maximum geographic distance among populations, relative magnitude of the first eigenvalue of covariance matrix among alleles and logarithm of body size. Most cophenetic correlations were higher than 0.80, and the highest values appeared for Nei's and Rogers' genetic distances. The relationship between cophenetic correlation coefficients and the other parameters analyzed was defined by an "envelope space", forming triangles in which higher values of cophenetic correlations are found for higher values in the parameters, though low values do not necessarily correspond to high cophenetic correlations. We concluded that UPGMA is useful to describe genetic distances based on large distance matrices (both in terms of elevated number of populations or alleles), when dimensionality of the system is low (matrices with large first eigenvalues) or when local populations are separated by large geographical distances.