Abstract The aim of this study was to recognize the mite fauna associated with apple orchards in southern Brazil and present a dichotomous key of the species sampled and those already reported in apple trees in southern Brazil. The studies were carried out in the 2020/2021 harvest in seven apple orchards of the Eva, Fuji and Gala cultivars located in the municipalities of Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (Rio Grande do Sul state) and São Joaquim (Santa Catarina state). The orchards were divided into quadrants and sampling was carried out monthly. In each orchard, 40 plants were sampled, with three leaves of each plant collected in apical, median and basal regions of a median branch. In addition, monthly five species of spontaneous plants per orchard were sampled. A total of 8,425 mites were found, with the greatest abundance in Antônio Prado (50%), followed by Muitos Capões (35.5%) and São Joaquim (14.5%). The specimens found belong to 29 families, 64 genera and 99 species, in addition to mites of the order Oribatida. The greatest diversity was found in spontaneous vegetation (59 species), being 19 exclusives to apple trees and 21 species common to apple trees and spontaneous vegetation. Phytoseiidae was the family that presented the greatest richness, with 16 species, of which seven were common in apple trees and spontaneous plants. The most abundant species was Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39.5%), followed by Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14.6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9.4%) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7.4%). These results suggest that the mite fauna present in apple orchards in different landscapes and management are distinct, with a greater diversity of phytoseiid mites present in organic areas. Therefore, to maintain a greater diversity of predatory mites in these orchards, organic management seems to be the most appropriate. Furthermore, the high acarine diversity found in spontaneous vegetation demonstrates the importance of maintaining these plants in orchards that serve as refuges and reservoirs, favoring the permanence of natural enemies in these environments. 20202021 2020 2021 2020/202 Eva Rio state Santa state. . 4 apical branch 8425 8 425 8,42 50%, 50 50% , (50%) 35.5% 355 35 5 (35.5% 14.5%. 145 14.5% 14 (14.5%) 2 families 6 9 Oribatida 59 (5 species) 1 richness Eriophyidae (Eriophyidae 39.5%, 395 39.5% 39 (39.5%) Koch (Koch Tetranychidae (Tetranychidae 14.6%, 146 14.6% (14.6%) Banks (Banks Tarsonemidae (Tarsonemidae 9.4% 94 (9.4% McGregor (McGregor (Phytoseiidae 7.4%. 74 7.4% 7 (7.4%) distinct areas Therefore appropriate Furthermore reservoirs environments 2020202 202 2020/20 842 42 8,4 (50% 35.5 3 (35.5 14.5 (14.5% ( 39.5 (39.5% 14.6 (14.6% 9.4 (9.4 7.4 (7.4% 202020 20 2020/2 84 8, (50 35. (35. 14. (14.5 39. (39.5 (14.6 9. (9. 7. (7.4 20202 2020/ (35 (14. (39. (9 (7. (3 (14 (39 (7 (1

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer a acarofauna associada a pomares de macieira no sul do Brasil e apresentar uma chave dicotômica das espécies amostradas e daquelas já relatadas em macieiras no sul do Brasil. Os estudos foram realizados na safra 2020/2021 em sete pomares de macieiras das cultivares Eva, Fuji e Gala localizados nos municípios de Muitos Capões, Antônio Prado (RS) e São Joaquim (SC). Os pomares foram divididos em quadrantes e a amostragem foi realizada mensalmente. Em cada pomar foram amostradas 40 plantas, sendo três folhas de cada planta coletadas nas regiões apical, mediana e basal de um ramo mediano. Além disso, mensalmente foram amostradas cinco espécies de vegetação espontânea por pomar. Foram encontrados 8.425 ácaros, com maior abundância em Antônio Prado (50%), seguido por Muitos Capões (35,5%) e São Joaquim (14,5%). Os exemplares encontrados pertencem a 29 famílias, 64 gêneros e 99 espécies, além de ácaros da ordem Oribatida. A maior abundância foi encontrada em vegetação espontânea (59 espécies), sendo 19 exclusivas de macieiras e 21 espécies comuns a macieiras e vegetação espontânea. Phytoseiidae foi a família que apresentou maior riqueza, com 16 espécies, das quais sete eram comuns em macieiras e vegetação espontânea. A espécie mais abundante foi Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Eriophyidae) (39,5%), seguida por Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae) (14,6%), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Tarsonemidae) (9,4%) e Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Phytoseiidae) (7,4%). Esses resultados sugerem que a acarofauna presente em pomares de macieira em diferentes paisagens e manejos são distintas, com maior diversidade de ácaros fitoseídeos presentes em áreas orgânicas. Portanto, para manter uma maior diversidade de ácaros predadores nesses pomares, o manejo orgânico parece ser o mais adequado. Além disso, a elevada diversidade de ácaros encontrada na vegetação espontânea demonstra a importância da manutenção destas plantas em pomares que servem como refúgios e reservatórios, favorecendo a permanência de inimigos naturais nestes ambientes. 20202021 2020 2021 2020/202 Eva RS (RS SC. SC . (SC) 4 apical mediano disso 8425 8 425 8.42 50%, 50 50% , (50%) 35,5% 355 35 5 (35,5% 14,5%. 145 14,5% 14 (14,5%) 2 famílias 6 9 Oribatida 59 (5 espécies) 1 riqueza Eriophyidae (Eriophyidae 39,5%, 395 39,5% 39 (39,5%) Koch (Koch Tetranychidae (Tetranychidae 14,6%, 146 14,6% (14,6%) Banks (Banks Tarsonemidae (Tarsonemidae 9,4% 94 (9,4% McGregor (McGregor (Phytoseiidae 7,4%. 74 7,4% 7 (7,4%) distintas orgânicas Portanto adequado reservatórios ambientes 2020202 202 2020/20 (SC 842 42 8.4 (50% 35,5 3 (35,5 14,5 (14,5% ( 39,5 (39,5% 14,6 (14,6% 9,4 (9,4 7,4 (7,4% 202020 20 2020/2 84 8. (50 35, (35, 14, (14,5 39, (39,5 (14,6 9, (9, 7, (7,4 20202 2020/ (35 (14, (39, (9 (7, (3 (14 (39 (7 (1

ABSTRACT Yerba mate ampoule, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer and Trelles, 1919) is one of the main pests of yerba mate crops. This insect attacks sprouts leading to gall formation and defoliation. The nymph’s habit of living inside galls makes them difficult to access with chemical insecticides, hampering the effectiveness of chemical control. This study aimed to evaluate the systemic and contact activity of the azadirachtin-based product (via irrigation and spraying) on nymph and adult stages of the ampoule, both in laboratory and field conditions. In vitro interaction of the product with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) was also evaluated. After the exposure of nymphs to plants treated with azadirachtin, a reduction in adult emergence was recorded (65–99% depending on the concentration applied). It was observed 80% of adult mortality in plants previously treated with the product (residual effect) and 90% of mortality after direct pulverization of the product on the insects. The product did not affect B. bassiana fungal growth, conidial viability, and conidial production on culture media. A synergistic interaction was observed between the azadirachtin insecticide and the fungus in laboratory. In the field trial, after three applications by irrigation of azadirachtin, 67.9% reduction in the number of galls was achieved five weeks after the first application. No phytotoxic effect was observed on yerba mate plants treated with the product. The results of our study demonstrate that the azadirachtin-based product and its association with the fungus B. bassiana have potential in controlling G. spegazziniana. ampoule Lizer Trelles 1919 crops defoliation s insecticides control azadirachtinbased based via spraying conditions Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae evaluated 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 applied. applied . applied) 80 residual 90 insects B growth viability media trial 679 67 9 67.9 application G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67. 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

RESUMO A ampola-da-erva-mate, Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer e Trelles, 1919) é uma das pragas mais importantes da erva-mate. O inseto ataca as brotações, levando à formação de galhas e desfolhação. As ninfas vivem no interior das galhas, o que dificulta o contato com inseticidas químicos, reduzindo a eficiência dessa tática de controle. Este estudo visou avaliar a atividade sistêmica e de contato de um produto à base de azadiractina (via irrigação e pulverização) sobre ninfas e adultos da ampola, em condições de laboratório e campo. A interação in vitro do produto com o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Balls.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) também foi avaliada. Após a exposição de ninfas a plantas tratadas com azadiractina, houve redução na emergência de adultos (65–99% variando conforme a concentração utilizada). A mortalidade de adultos foi de 80% quando mantidos em plantas previamente pulverizadas com o produto (efeito residual) e de 90% quando receberam a pulverização diretamente de azadiractina. O produto não afetou o crescimento, viabilidade e a produção de conídios em meio de cultura. Foi observado sinergismo entre o produto e o fungo em condições de laboratório. Em condições de campo, após três aplicações de azadiractina via irrigação, houve redução de 67,9% na formação de galhas, após cinco semanas do início do experimento. Nenhum sintoma de fitotoxicidade foi observado nas plantas de erva-mate tratadas com o produto. Conclui-se que a o produto à base de azadiractina associado ao fungo B. bassiana tem potencial para controle de G. spegazziniana. ampoladaervamate, ampoladaervamate ampola erva mate, mate ampola-da-erva-mate Lizer Trelles 1919 ervamate. ervamate mate. brotações desfolhação químicos campo Balls.Criv. BallsCriv Balls. Criv. Balls Criv (Balls.-Criv. Vuill Hypocreales (Hypocreales Cordycipitaceae avaliada 65–99% 6599 65 99 (65–99 utilizada. utilizada . utilizada) 80 efeito residual 90 crescimento cultura 679 67 9 67,9 experimento Concluise Conclui se B G 191 Balls.Criv (Balls.-Criv 65–99 659 6 (65–9 8 67, 19 65–9 (65– 1 65– (65 (6 (

ABSTRACT Aiming to the red mite Oligonychus yothersi control in yerba-mate, the systemic action of an azadirachtin-based product (12 g of azadirachtin.L-1) was evaluated in the laboratory. To assess the activity on oviposition and mortality of the mite (1), three weekly applications of the product in an aqueous solution (30, 48, and 66 mg i.a..L-1) were performed. The applications were carried out in the soil, next to the base of yerba mate seedlings. After seven days of each application, leaves were removed for infestation with 15 adult mite females. To evaluate the activity in the development, survival, and reproduction of the progeny (2), yerba mate seedlings were irrigated with azadirachtin solution of 30 mg i.a..L-1 (recommended concentration). After seven days, leaves were removed and infested with adult females for oviposition and observation of the progeny. Reduction in fecundity (from 23.7 to 44.2%), fertility (27.4 to 48.1%), and an increase in mortality from 14.6 to 47.5% were observed in females fed on azadirachtin-treated plants. Continuous feeding on plants treated with azadirachtin solution significantly reduced oviposition, pre-oviposition period, and longevity of males. In addition, the viability of the egg-adult, and the duration of the egg-adult period increased. The potential of azadirachtin for the control of O. yothersi and its action from the irrigation of yerba mate plants was confirmed. yerbamate, yerbamate mate, yerba-mate azadirachtinbased based 12 (1 azadirachtin.L1 azadirachtinL1 azadirachtinL azadirachtin.L 1 L azadirachtin.L-1 laboratory 1, , (1) 30, (30 48 6 i.a..L1 iaL1 iaL i.a..L i a performed soil application development survival 2, 2 (2) 3 i.a..L- recommended concentration. concentration . concentration) 237 23 7 23. 44.2%, 442 44.2% 44 44.2%) 27.4 274 27 4 (27. 48.1%, 481 48.1% 48.1%) 146 14 14. 475 47 5 47.5 azadirachtintreated preoviposition pre males addition eggadult, eggadult egg adult, increased O confirmed ( L1 azadirachtin.L- (3 (2 44.2 27. (27 48.1 47. 44. 48.

RESUMO: Visando incrementar a atividade do fungo Beauveria bassiana Unioeste 44 contra adultos da ampola-da-erva-mate (Gyropsylla spegazziniana), avaliou-se a associação do fungo com adjuvantes Aureo® e Assist®, para calda de aplicação. Os bioensaios foram relizados em contato direto e residual sobre insetos. Foram também avaliados in vitro os efeitos sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos do fungo. A associação fungo + adjuvantes resultou em mortalidade de 65 e 75%, sem diferença entre eles, porém, significativamente maior que a obtida com o fungo isoladamente. A mortalidade no contato residual foi menor, mas também houve vantagem na associação com adjuvantes, principalmente Assist® (48%), em relação ao Áureo® (16%). A conidiogênese nos cadáveres não foi afetada pelos adjuvantes no tratamento de contato direto. Contudo, houve incremento na conidiogênese no tratamento de associação com Assist® no contato residual. Apesar de afetarem a germinação e o crescimento do fungo, os adjuvantes foram considerados compatíveis com o fungo. Além da eficiência da associação, ambos adjuvantes não causaram fitotoxidade para a erva-mate, representando vantagens do seu uso no manejo da ampola.

ABSTRACT: Aiming to increase the activity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 44) against adults of Gyropsylla spegazziniana, the combination of the fungus with adjuvants Aureo® and Assist® was evaluated for application. The bioassays were carried out in direct and residual contact with insects on yerba mate seedlings. The effects on some biological parameters of the fungus were also evaluated in vitro. The combination of the fungus and the adjuvants in direct contact resulted in mortality rates of 65 and 75% (Aureo® and Assist®, respectively), with no difference between them; however, the mortality rate was greater than that obtained with the fungus alone (47 %) (P < 0.05). Mortality from residual contact was lower, but the association with adjuvant Assist® (48%) compared to Aureo® (16%) was still advantageous. Conidiogenesis in cadavers was not affected by adjuvants in the treatment by direct contact. However, in residual contact, conidiogenesis increased with the Assist® addition. Despite affecting the germination and growth of the fungus, the adjuvants were considered compatible. In addition to the efficiency of their combination, neither adjuvant caused phytotoxicity to yerba mate seedlings, representing advantages of its use in G. spegazziniana population management.