ABSTRACT Objective: To provide an overview of the most relevant studies on non-pharmacological behaviour management techniques for contemporary children, the so-called alpha generation, who undergo dental treatment. Material and Methods: A systematic search was performed on the Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar (grey literature) databases. The articles were read and data collected by two reviewers on an independent basis. Two reviewers collected data from the studies selected in tables structured by using the Rayyan QCRI software. The following data were extracted: year of study, child's age, child's gender, technique used. Results: A total of 322 articles were found, remaining only 17 after duplicates were removed and inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. The studies were conducted between 2010 and 2019 in Saudi Arabia, Greece, India, Brazil, USA, Italy, and Switzerland. The samples ranged from 15 to 306 children aged between 3 and 10 years old. The children attended the dental office for different reasons, ranging from simple prevention to endodontic treatment under local anaesthesia. Several behaviour modification methods are known to be used before and during a dental consultation. Conclusion: After reading the articles, we concluded that alpha generation children are inserted in a daily environment of modernization and that conventional non-pharmacological techniques using technology, such as audio-visual glasses, are more interesting and make children distracted and relaxed during dental treatment, thus minimizing their stress, anxiety and fear.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a expressão do marcador de células-tronco STRO-1 e o marcador relacionado à diferenciação da Hsp25 e ao desenvolvimento dental durante a odontogênese em ratos. Métodos: Embriões de ratos Wistar de dezoito dias e animais de sete dias de idade foram analisados morfologicamente através da coloração com Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e através de marcação imuno-histoquímica para STRO-1 e Hsp25 em seções seriais de 5uM. Resultados: Na análise morfológica da HE em embriões de 18 dias, o estágio de desenvolvimento dos dentes estava na fase capuz, enquanto nos animais de 7 dias estava na fase de campânula. Conclusão: Nos embriões, a expressão de STRO-1 não foi encontrada na região da papila dentária ou no órgão do esmalte; no entanto, nos animais de sete dias de idade, células positivas para STRO-1 estava presente na região do folículo e papila dentária. Quanto ao Hsp25, este apresentou fraca marcação na fase capuz, enquanto na fase campânula houve reação, principalmente nos odontoblastos. As expressões no local desses marcadores variam de acordo com o estágio do desenvolvimento dentário.

ABSTRACT Objective: Therefore, the purpose of the currently study was to analyze the expression of the STRO-1 stem cell marker and the marker related to Hsp25 differentiation and dental development during odontogenesis in rats. Methods: Eighteen-day Wistar rat embryos and 7-day-old animals were analyzed morphologically via Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining and via immunohistochemical marking for Stro-1 and Hsp25 in 5uM serial sections. Results: In the HE morphological analysis in 18-day embryos, the stage of tooth development was in the cap phase, while in the 7-day old animals it was in the bell phase. Conclusion: The expression of STRO-1 in the embryos was not found in the region of the dental papilla or enamel organ, however, in the 7-day-old animals, STRO-1-positive cells were found in the region of the dental follicle and dental papilla. As for the Hsp25, this exhibited weak marking in the cap phase while in the bell phase, there was a reaction, mainly in the odontoblasts. The expressions in the site of these markers vary according to the stage of tooth development.

Abstract: The increasing number of cases of COVID-19 worldwide poses challenges to healthcare systems not only in effectively identifying individuals positive for SARS-CoV-2, but also in isolating cases to minimise contagion in early diagnosing more severe cases that will need hospitalization. Less-invasive collection methods are indispensable in a pandemic scenario as large-scale tests are necessary to understand the actual evolution of contagion in different populations, thus enabling decision-making based on scientific evidence. Saliva has been shown to be an alternative for diagnosing viral infections as this biological fluid can be easily and quickly collected without using specific devices and causing less discomfort during collection, which is an important factor for use in children. Despite the smaller percentage of severe cases of COVID-19 among children, they seem to play an important role in the contagion as they have the same potential of transmission as that of adults. Knowing the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic in children is extremely important, mainly regarding the changing in rules of social distancing, such as re-opening schools and recreational activities spaces. In addition, countless cases of a severe multi-systemic inflammatory syndrome that shares clinical and laboratory features with Kawasaki's disease have been recently related to SARS-CoV-2 infections in children, adolescents and young adults. In view of this scenario, the aim of this study was to present saliva as an alternative for seeking diagnostic and prognostic markers of COVID-19 in children, including adequate sample collection techniques for different age groups.

RESUMO O medo e ansiedade infantil são dois sentimentos que causam estresse no tratamento odontopediatrico. Muitas técnicas de condutas e manejo são descritas na literatura onde principalmente o objetivo é controlar esse comportamento acaba sendo um grande desafio para cirurgião dentista. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso clinico de uma criança de 5 anos de idade que não cooperava com o tratamento odontológico por apresentar medo e ansiedade de experiências passadas. Para isso, foi elaborado um quadro de incentivo, especifico para atendimento odontológico, para ajudar a criança a perceber a sua rotina e auxiliar na introdução de atividades diárias. O uso do quadro de incentivo, foi bastante eficaz na conduta e amadurecimento do paciente durante o tratamento odontologico. O uso desse quadro acaba sendo uma alternativa a mais, a ser utilizada como abordagem de comportamento no consultório particular, público ou mesmo nas Universidades.

ABSTRACT Infant fear and anxiety are two feelings that cause stress in pediatric dental treatment. Many management techniques have been described in the literature, with the aim of controlling this anxiety and fear that are ultimately a big challenge for the dental surgeon. The aim of this study is to present a clinical case of a five-year-old child who would not cooperate with the dental treatment. To this end, an incentive chart was devised that is specific for treatment. The chart focuses on encouraging the child to comply with rules in the pediatric dentist office and, as the child completes his objectives, the chart is filled with happy faces and at the end of the appointment, depending on the outcome, the patient is rewarded with something. We concluded that the use of the incentive chart was particularly satisfactory in terms of the patient’s conduct and developing maturity over the course of his dental treatment and it may be an additional option to use as an adjunct in the approach to behavior in private or public dental clinics, and even in Universities.

Knowledge on internal dental morphology is extremely important to the correct execution of the treatment and modeling of root canals. The aim of the present study was to analyze, "in vitro", the configuration of the canal system in the mesial root of 180 maxillary first molars obtained from a Brazilian sample. The teeth diaphanized in order to confirm the presence of the MB2 canal and to determine the internal anatomy. Only in 41 % of the teeth the orifice of MB2 canal emerged from the pulp chamber floor. Among teeth two apical foramina were found in 23.3 %, a single apical foramen was observed in 15,5 % and three apical foramina were present in 2,2 %. Considering the hole sample, the MB2 canal was observed in 65.4 %, merged with the MB1 or branching from the MB1 or even independent all the way. In 55.1 % of the teeth a single orifice stemmed from the pulp chamber floor. A single apical foramen was found in 43,5 % of these cases, two apical foramina were present in approximately 12 % and apical delta was found in 0,5 % of the specimens. Three orifices which emerged from the pulpal floor were observed in 1.1 % of the sample. Paths considered very atypical were observed at 2.8 % of the teeth. The MB root canal anatomy was complex. The frequency of occurrence of the bifurcated or double canal, isthmus, accessory canals and apical delta must be taken into consideration as a possible cause of otherwise unexplained failure during endodontic treatment of first maxillary molars.

El conocimiento de la morfología dental interna es muy importante para la correcta ejecución del tratamiento de conductos radiculares. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar "in vitro", la configuración del sistema de canales en la raíz mesiobucal del 180 primeros molares maxilares obtenidos de una muestra brasileña. Mediante el uso de la diafanización de los dientes se confirmó la presencia del canal MB2 y su anatomía interna. Solamente 41 % de los dientes el canales MB2 emergió desde el piso de la cámara pulpar. De estos dientes fueron encontrados dos forámenes apicales en 23,3 %, un solo foramen apical en 15,5 % y tres forámenes apicales estaban presentes en el 2,2 %. Teniendo en cuenta la totalidad de la muestra, 65,4 % presentaron el MB2; que se fusionó con el MB1, a veces se observó como una rama de este canal, o sigue siendo independiente hasta el final. En 55,1 % de los dientes un solo foramen provenía del piso de la cámara pulpar. Un solo foramen apical se encontró en 43,5 % de estos casos, dos forámenes apicales estaban presentes en aproximadamente el 12 % y el delta apical se encontró en 0,5 % de los especímenes. Tres canal a partir del piso pulpar se observaron en 1,1 % de la muestra. Caminos considerados muy atípicos se observaron a 2,8 % de los dientes. La morfología del sistema de canales radiculares en la raíz MB de los primeros molares maxilares es compleja y variable. La alta frecuencia de canal MB2, bien como la presencia del canal bifurcado o doble, istmo, conductos accesorios y delta apical deben tenerse en cuenta como posible causa de la falla de otro modo inexplicable durante el tratamiento endodóntico de los primeros molares maxilares.

As crianças podem apresentam uma grande variedade de patologias bucais, como lesões da mucosa oral, lesões ósseas, tumores, cistos e lesões cutâneas. Diferentes técnicas têm sido descritas para o tratamento destas lesões, mas todas elas são invasivas. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura e apresentar clinicamente a eficácia da criocirurgia como alternativa para tratamentos cirúrgicos não invasivos das lesões bucais mais comuns em crianças. Esta técnica tem sido bem tolerada por pacientes pela ausência de anestesia, hemorragia mínima e rápida cicatrização. A crioterapia tem muitas aplicações na medicina oral e é uma alternativa extremamente útil em pacientes nos quais a cirurgia é contra-indicada devido a idade ou história médica. É uma técnica simples de se executar, minimamente invasiva, barata e muito efetiva na clinica de odontopediatria.

Children can exhibit a wide variety of oral pathologies, such as oral lesions, bone lesions, tumors, cysts and cutaneous lesions. Different techniques have been described for the treatment of these lesions, but all of them are invasive. This paper presents a series of cases that demonstrate the clinical efficacy of cryosurgery as an alternative to invasive surgical treatments of the most common oral lesions in children. This technique has been well tolerated by patients due to the absence of anesthesia, rapid healing and minimal bleeding. Cryotherapy has many applications in oral medicine and is an extremely useful alternative in patients to whom surgery is contraindicated due to age or medical history. It is a simple procedure to perform, minimally invasive, low-cost and very effective in pediatric dentistry clinic.

A síndrome de Chediak-Higashi (CHS) é uma doença rara hereditária e fatal se não for tratada. Estas alterações estão associadas com várias doenças e síndromes que, principalmente, causa a doença periodontal assim como perda prematura de dentes. Este artigo descreve o monitoramento de perda prematura de dentes decíduos, que começou quando a criança tinha 05 anos. Na apresentação os dentes estavam com mobilidade e apresentava sangramento gengival. As radiografias panorâmicas revelaram perda óssea generalizada e grave, e os dentes sem suporte ósseo suficiente para a sua estabilidade. Foi realizada o exame de sangue para avaliar a saúde geral da criança no qual foi encontrado células gigantes com grânulos citoplasmáticos, confirmando o diagnóstico de CHS. O tratamento da doença periodontal por meio de métodos mecânicos e químicos são necessários para controle da infecção e da placa bacteriana.

The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare hereditary fatal disease, if not treated. These changes are associated with various diseases and syndromes that mainly cause periodontal disease and thus the premature loss of teeth. This paper describes the monitoring of premature loss of primary teeth that began when the child was 5 years old. On presentation his teeth were mobile and there was a history of gingival bleeding. Panoramic radiography revealed generalized and severe bone loss, and the teeth showed no bony support enough for their stability. Blood test was ordered to assess the overall health of the child and giant cells with cytoplasmic granules were found, confirming the diagnosis of CHS. The management of periodontal disease focused on the control of infection and bacterial plaque by mechanical and chemical methods.

A histoplasmose do tipo pulmonar apresenta lesões limitadas aos pulmões, cujos sintomas são clínica e radiologicamente similares à tuberculose pulmonar crônica. Esse trabalho descreve as características clínicas de quatro casos de histoplasmose. Os aspectos do diagnósticos clínicos, epidemiológicos, laboratoriais e exames de imagem são relacionados, além da situação clínica dos indivíduos, 5 após o início da doença. O tratamento de escolha foi atravésde medicação oral, aonde todos os pacientes evoluíram bem. É importante conhecer o quadro clínico e da dificuldade em diagnosticar a histoplasmose para ajudar a conduzir as boas indicações dos casos, reduzindo assim o malentendido com outras entidades patológicas.

The type of pulmonary histoplasmosis presents limited lesions to the lungs, with symptoms that are clinically and radiological similar to chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. This paper describes the clinical features of four cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Aspects of diagnostic and clinical, epidemiological, laboratorial and imaging exams are discussed, in addition to the clinical status of the individuals five years after disease onset. The treatment of choice was oral medication, following which all the patients improved. It is important to understand the clinical status and the difficulties concerning the differential diagnosis of histoplasmosis, to assist the proper indication of cases, thus reducing potential confusion with other diseases.