The method is based on the adsorptive accumulation of complex molybdenum(VI) with 8-hydroxyquinoline, using voltammetric square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry. The composition and concentration of the supporting electrolyte, frequency (Hz), amplitude (mV) and deposition time (s), were optimized by factorial design in relation to current reduction of molybdenum(VI). The optimum methodology provided the following values for the process variables: scan increase (0.5 mV), pulse amplitude (127 mV), frequency (96 Hz), adsorption time (80 s) and drop size (0.60 mm2), the concentration of KNO3 (2.0 mol L-1), acetate buffer (0.5 mol L-1) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (0.01 mol L-1). The results obtained after optimization showed a linear response in the range from 1.0 to 6.0 mg L-1 and limits of detection and quantification, respectively equal to 0.02 and 0.08 mg L-1. The molybdenum contained in the samples were determined using the optimized methodology, with values consistent with the values determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-AES).

Effluents from pulp mills have a high organic load and can still contain high organic bio-recalcitrant material that is harmful to the aquatic environment, even after undergoing biological treatment in effluent treatment plants. This study presents a novel treatment method tested on effluents (prior to and after biotreatment) from a Brazilian kraft pulp mill, based on hydroxyl radical production and hydrogen peroxide obtained by plasma generated by high-voltage electrolysis. These species present significant oxidation potential that could enable the complete breakdown of the organic matter. From the application of plasma to treat pulp mill effluent for a 7-hour period, it was obtained a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal between 88.2 and 99.7%, total organic carbon (TOC) removal of 90.3 to 95.6%, and a color removal of 95.0 to 98.0%. The final pH of the treated effluent was 11.6 to 11.9. The results obtained in this study showed that the high-tension plasma treatment, applied on effluent from kraft pulp mills before and after biological treatment, can be an attractive alternative.

Improper disposal of electronic waste in the environment facilitates migration of heavy metals, especially lead, into the soil and can contribute to the bioavailability of this species. Based on a simplex-centroid mixture experimental design, small-scale tests were performed for incubation of printed circuit boards (PCBs) in mixtures containing organic matter (OM), kaolinite (KA) and iron oxides (IO) to verify lead migration. Regression equations were acquired and were adjusted to the obtained responses. Results showed high total content of Pb, ranging from 400 to 4000 mg kg-1, depending on the mixture and incubation time. Mobility and/or bioavailability of lead in the mixtures were evaluated by a three-step sequential extraction. The bioavailability factor (BF) was obtained from the ratio of the sum of exchangeable fraction (F1) and the organically bound fraction (F2) by F1, F2 and the residual fraction (F3) and the values of bioavailability factor for Pb, the heavy metal considered of greatest environmental concern in this study, ranged between 0.16 and 0.52.

Electrodegradation of atrazine in water was performed using homemade (PA and PB) and purchased (PC) boron-doped diamond anodes. The degradation was monitored off-line by analyzing total organic carbon and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and at-line by UV spectroscopy. The spectra were recorded every 2 min. The rank deficiency problem was resolved by assembling an augmented column-wise matrix. HPLC was employed to separate the original and byproducts degradation components. Aiming the same goal, multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to resolve the UV spectroscopic data. Comparison between HPLC and MCR-ALS separations is presented. By using MCR-ALS the spectra of atrazine and two byproducts were successfully resolved and the resulted concentration profiles properly represented the system studied. The ALS explained variance (R2) for PA, PB and PC was equal to 99.99% for all of them and the lack of fit for PA, PB and PC were 0.39, 0.34 and 0.54 respectively. The correlation (R) between the recovered and pure spectra were calculate for each electrodegradation, validating the MCR-ALS results. The average R was equal to 0.997. The spectral and concentration profiles described with this new approach are in agreement with HPLC-DAD results. The proposed method is an alternative to classical analyses for monitoring of the degradation process, mainly due to the simplicity, fast results and economy.

RESUMO AVALIAÇÃO DA BIODISPONIBILIDADE DE METAIS PESADOS APÓS VERMICOMPOSTAGEM EM PRESENÇA DE LIXO ELETRÔNICO Os metais pesados presentes no lixo eletrônico, descartado de forma inadequada, podem se tornar biodisponíveis após a vermicompostagem, representando risco ao ambiente. Foram realizados experimentos de vermicompostagem em pequena escala na presença de placas de circuito impresso (PCI) para investigar a migração de metais pesados (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni e Sn) para o composto obtido, assim como a mobilidade e biodisponibilidade desses metais. Os resultados evidenciaram elevados teores totais de Pb, Sn e Cu nas amostras de esterco com resíduo eletrônico (ERE) e vegetais com resíduo eletrônico (VRE). Levando-se em consideração os teores iniciais dos metais nas PCIs e as concentrações dos mesmos no composto obtido, a ordem de migração desses metais para as amostras ERE e VRE foi Sn (23,1 %)>Pb (18,4 %)>Ni (4,63 %)>Zn (0,46 %)>Cu (0,14 %) e Sn (24,3 %)>Pb (23,6 %)>Ni (11,33 %)>Zn (1,76 %)>Cu (0,60 %), respectivamente. A avaliação da mobilidade e biodisponibilidade dos metais no composto foi realizada mediante a extração sequencial em três etapas, sendo F1 a fração trocável, F2 a fração orgânica e F3 a fração residual. O fator de biodisponibilidade (FB) foi obtido pela razão entre a soma das frações F1 e F2 pela soma total das frações (F1 + F2 + F3). O maior valor do FB (0,92) foi encontrado para o Pb, metal pesado considerado de maior preocupação ambiental neste estudo, o que indica alta mobilidade desse metal, podendo tornar-se biodisponível.

ABSTRACT Heavy metals contained in electronic waste, if discarded improperly, can become bioavailable after vermicomposting, posing a risk to the environment. Small-scale vermicomposting experiments were carried out with printed circuit boards (PCBs) to investigate the migration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Sn) to the final compost, as well as the mobility and bioavailability of these metals. High total levels of Pb, Sn and Cu in samples of manure with electronic waste (MEW) and vegetables with electronic waste (VEW) were detected. Based on the initial metal levels in the PCBs and their concentration in the resulting compost, the order of migration of these metals to the MEW and VEW samples was Sn (23.1 %)>Pb (18.4 %)>Ni (4.63 %)>Zn (0.46 %)>Cu (0.14 %) and Sn (24.3 %)>Pb (23.6 %)>Ni (11.33 %)>Zn (1.76 %)>Cu (0.60 %), respectively. Mobility and bioavailability of these metals in the compost were evaluated by three-stage sequential extraction, where F1 was the exchangeable fraction, F2 the organic fraction and F3 the residual fraction. The bioavailability factor (BF) was calculated by the ratio of the sum of fractions F1 and F2 divided by the total sum of the fractions (F1 + F2 + F3). The highest bioavailability factor (BF = 0.92) was found for Pb, the heavy metal considered the greatest environmental concern in this study, indicating the high mobility and the possibility of becoming bioavailable of this metal.

The adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution by magnetic particles of crosslinked chitosan-ethylenediamine-Fe(III) (MPCh-EDA-FeCL) was studied in a batch system. Fe3+ in the MPCh-EDA-FeCL permitted that adsorption of Cr(VI) occurred with maximum efficiency between pH 3 and 11. The maximum adsorption capacity at pH 7.0 was 81.04 mg g-1 at 25 ºC. The adsorption kinetic process was described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous, exothermic and chemical adsorption nature. The adsorbent was successively regenerated using a 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution. Results were satisfactory for treatment of wastewater from the electroplating industry.

OBJETIVO: examinar o papel da organização temporal do discurso na expressão das atitudes de certeza e dúvida em grupo de adultos com gagueira, comparando-a em um grupo de adultos fluentes. MÉTODO: participaram desta pesquisa 24 indivíduos, sendo 12 com gagueira (GE1 e GE2) e 12 sem gagueira (GC). Foram coletadas amostras que teve como base um corpus de 10 frases chave que foram produzidas nas formas neutra, de dúvida e de certeza, totalizando 840 enunciados. A análise acústica foi realizada por meio do programa Praat e os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: tempos e taxas de elocução e articulação, ocorrência e duração de pausas e disfluências, duração das vogais tônica e pré-tônica e ocorrência da vogal pós-tônica. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Kruskall Wallis e qui-quadrado, com índice de significância de 95%. RESULTADOS: a expressão da dúvida apresenta taxa de articulação mais baixa no grupo controle, seguida da forma neutra e de certeza, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Ainda no grupo controle, foi observado presença de pausas e disfluências somente na expressão de dúvida. No grupo experimental, a maior diferença encontrada foi na duração da vogal da sílaba tônica. CONCLUSÃO: de uma forma geral, o GC variou mais sua organização temporal a fim de expressar as atitudes. No entanto, é possível observar também uma tendência semelhante no grupo de pessoas com gagueira. Quanto à velocidade de fala, ao retirar as pausas e as disfluências, vemos que tanto GE1 quanto GE2 diferenciam a certeza, articulando cada sílaba de forma mais rápida.

PURPOSE: to examine the role of speech temporal organization on the expression as for the attitudes of certainty and doubt in the group of adults who stutter, comparing such analysis with a group of speech-fluent adults. METHOD: we analyzed 24 individuals, 12 with stuttering (SG1 and SG2) and 12 without stuttering (CG). Samples were collected with a corpus of 10 key phrases that were produced in the neutral form, expressing doubt and certainty, totaling 840 utterances. The acoustic analysis was performed using Praat and the following parameters were analyzed: time and speech rate and articulation, presence and duration of pauses and disfluencies, duration of vowels in pre-tonic and tonic syllables and occurrence of post-tonic vowel. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskall Wallis and chi-square tests, with a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: the expression of doubt has the lowest rate of articulation in the control group, followed by neutral and certainty expressions, with statistically significant differences. Also in the control group, there was presence of pauses and disfluencies only in the expression of doubt. In the experimental group, the largest difference was found in the vowel duration of the stressed syllable. CONCLUSION: generally speaking, CG varied more its temporal organization in order to express attitudes. However, it is also possible to note a trend in the group of people who stutter. As for the speech rate, by removing the pauses and disfluencies, we see that both GE1 and GE2 differentiate certainty, faster articulating each syllable.

OBJETIVO: definir medidas aerodinâmicas em falantes do português brasileiro, sem queixas vocais, obtidas pelo programa EVA. MÉTODO: participaram do estudo 20 homens e 20 mulheres, que tiveram suas vozes analisadas. RESULTADOS: os valores médios referentes à pressão subglótica para vozes femininas e masculinas foram, respectivamente: Pressão subglótica= 5,84 hPa e 6,7 hPa, média da intensidade= 79,21 dB e 81,7 dB, média do fluxo oral= 0,09 dm³/s e 0,16 dm³/s, eficiência glótica= 13,87 dB/hPa e 12,78 dB/hPa, eficiência laríngea= 188,08 dB/(hPa.dm³/s) e 97,11 dB/(hPa.dm³/s), resistência laríngea= 96,26 hPa/(dm³/s) e 52,64 hPa/(dm³/s), média da frequência fundamental (F0)= 208,28 Hz e 136,56 Hz e pico da pressão do fluxo oral= 0,093 e 0,098. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao gênero para as medidas de média de intensidade, eficiência laríngea, resistência laríngea e média da frequência fundamental. Os valores médios referentes ao fluxo oral para vozes femininas e masculinas foram respectivamente: Pressão subglótica= 6,05 hPa e 6,6 hPa, média da intensidade= 65,50 dB e 66,3 dB, média do fluxo oral= 0,10 dm³/s e 0,13 dm³/s, eficiência glótica= 11,12 dB/hPa e 11,77 dB/hPa, eficiência laríngea= 144,83 dB/(hPa.dm³/s) e 97,89 dB/(hPa.dm³/s), resistência laríngea= 78,98 hPa/(dm³/s) e 61,81 hPa/(dm³/s), média da F0= 222,52 Hz e 139,20 Hz e pico da pressão do fluxo oral= 0,047 e 0,053. CONCLUSÃO: o EVA é um programa ainda novo no Brasil, e a análise de medidas aerodinâmicas, em falantes do português brasileiro, permite a obtenção de valores de referência, possibilitando assim comparações com estudos futuros.

PURPOSE: to define aerodynamic measures in Brazilian Portuguese speakers without voice complaints, obtained by the EVA program. METHOD: the study included 20 men and 20 women who had their voices analyzed. RESULTS: the mean values with subglottic pressure for female and male voices were: Subglottic pressure = 5.84 hPa and 6.7 hPa; average intensity = 79.21dB and 81.7dB; oral mean flow = 0.09 dm3/s and 0.16 dm3/s; glottic efficiency = 13.87dB/hPa and 12.78 dB/hPa; laryngeal efficiency = 188.08 dB/(hPa.dm3/s) and 97.11dB/(hPa.dm3/s); laryngeal resistance = 96.26 hPa/(dm3/s) and 52.64 hPa/(dm3/s); mean fundamental frequency (F0) = 208.28 Hz and 136.56 Hz and peak mouth pressure flow = 0.093 and 0.098. There was a statistically significant difference in relation to gender for the measures of average intensity, efficiency, larynx, laryngeal resistance and mean fundamental frequency. The average flow for the oral female and male voices were: subglottic pressure = 6.05 hPa and 6.6 hPa; average intensity = 65.50 dB and 66.3 dB; oral mean flow = 0, 10 dm3/s and 0.13 dm3/s; glottic efficiency = 11.12 dB/hPa and 11.77 dB/hPa; laryngeal efficiency = 144.83 dB/( hPa.dm3/s) and 97.89 dB/( hPa.dm3/s); laryngeal resistance = 78.98 hPa/(dm3/s) and 61.81 hPa/( dm3/s); average F0 = 222.52 Hz and 139.20 Hz and peak pressure oral flow = 0.047 and 0.053. CONCLUSION: EVA is a new program in Brazil, and analysing the aerodynamic measures in Brazilian Portuguese speakers, allows us to obtain reference values, thus allowing comparisons with future studies.

Monitoring of soil carbon storage may indicate possible effects of climate change on the terrestrial environment and it is therefore necessary to understand the influence of redox potential and chemical characteristics of humic substances (HS) of Antarctic soil. Five soils from King George Island were used. HS were extracted, quantified and characterized by potentiometry and the content of total carbon and nitrogen determined. HS of these soils had greater aliphatic character, low content of phenolic groups, lower acidity and lower formal standard electrode potential, compared to HS of soils from other regions, suggesting they are more likely to be oxidized.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar como falantes fluentes do português brasileiro percebem a expressão das atitudes de certeza e dúvida em falantes com gagueira. Para tanto, foram coletados dados em dois momentos: 1. material de fala e 2. teste perceptivo. Dois grupos participaram do primeiro momento, sendo 12 indivíduos com gagueira (GE) e 12 sem (GC). Esses participantes gravaram 2 frases em cada uma das três formas estudadas (neutra, expressão de dúvida e expressão de certeza). Para teste perceptivo participaram 60 juízes: 30 julgaram os enunciados do GC e 30 julgaram os enunciados do GE. Foram contabilizadas 1440 respostas para o GC e 1080 respostas para o GE. Foi utilizado o teste de uma afirmativa sobre uma e duas proporções, com significância de 95%. Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os resultados dos juízes do GC e os juízes do GE: os juízes reconhecem melhor as atitudes expressas pelas pessoas sem gagueira do que aquelas expressas pelas pessoas com gagueira.

The purpose of this study is to verify how fluent speakers of Brazilian Portuguese perceive the expression of certainty and doubt attitudes on stutterers' speech. For such, data was collected in two moments: 1. speech material; and 2. perceptive test. Two groups participated in the first moment: 12 stuttering people (EG) and 12 non-stuttering people (CG). These participants recorded two utterances in each of the three forms studied (neutral, certainty and doubt). For the perceptive test, 60 judges have participated: 30 judged CG's utterances and 30 judged EG's utterances. 1,440 responses were recorded for CG and 1,080 for EG. The statistical test of an affirmative over one and two proportions was used, with 95% significance. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the results of CG and EG judges: judges recognize attitudes expressed by non-stuttering people better than those expressed by stuttering ones.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a qualidade vocal e a qualidade de vida entre pacientes do sexo masculino com doença de Parkinson idiopática e indivíduos sem a doença (Grupo Controle). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que avaliou a voz de 27 indivíduos com doença de Parkinson, com idades entre 39 a 79 anos (média de 59,96). O Grupo Controle foi pareado em sexo e idade. Avaliação perceptiva foi feita usando escala GRBASI, que considera G como o grau global da disfonia, R como a rugosidade, B como soprosidade, A como astenia, S como tensão e I como instabilidade. Os parâmetros acústicos analisados foram: frequência fundamental, jitter, shimmer e harmonic to noise ratio (NHR). Para análise da autopercepção vocal, utilizou-se o protocolo Qualidade de Vida e Voz. RESULTADOS: As medidas frequência fundamental e jitter apresentaram valores mais altos no grupo com doença de Parkinson. Valores de NHR foram maiores no Grupo Controle. Análise perceptivo-auditiva mostrou desvio da qualidade vocal. O distúrbio de autopercepção vocal demonstrou impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÕES: Indivíduos com doença de Parkinson idiopática apresentam qualidade vocal alterada e impacto negativo na qualidade de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To compare voice and life quality of male patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, with individuals without disease (Control Group). METHODS: A cross-sectional study that evaluated the voice of individuals with Parkinson's disease, the group was composed of 27 subjects, aged from 39 to 79 years-old (average 59.96). The Control Group was matched on sex and age. Participants underwent voice recording. Perceptual evaluation was made using GRBASI scale, which considers G as the overall degree of dysphonia, R as roughness, B as breathiness, A as asthenia, S as strain and I as instability. The acoustic parameters analyzed were: fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonic to noise ratio (NHR). For vocal self-perception analysis, we used the Voice Related Quality of Life protocol. RESULTS: Fundamental frequency and jitter presented higher values in the Parkinson's group. NHR values were higher in the Control Group. Perceptual analysis showed a deviation ranging. The vocal disorder self-perception demonstrated a worse impact on quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with Parkinson's disease have an altered voice quality and a negative impact on quality of life.

O Método Multiparamétrico de Avaliação Vocal Objetiva Assistida (EVA) foi projetado para o estudo da maioria dos parâmetros de produção da fala. OBJETIVO: Definir as medidas médias dos parâmetros eletroglotográficos em falantes do português brasileiro para o EVA. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 40 vozes, 20 homens e 20 mulheres sem queixa vocal, extraindo-se as medidas eletroglotográficas, a fim de obter valores de referência de normalidade. Estudo de caso: estudo descritivo com corte transversal. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de normalidade encontrados nas vozes masculinas foram: F0 = 127,77 Hz, coeficiente de variação de F0 = 2,51%, jitter absoluto = 1,707 Hz, perturbação média relativa = 0,0083, jitter factor = 1,34%, jitter ratio = 13,45%, e QF = 0,447. Para vozes femininas, foram: F0 = 204,87 Hz, coeficiente de variação de F0 = 1,58%, jitterabsoluto = 3,30 Hz, perturbação média relativa = 0,0102, jitter factor = 1,60%, jitter ratio = 16,23%, e QF = 0,443. O tipo de onda foi em 100% da amostra classificada como pulso inclinado em ambos os gêneros. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao gênero para os parâmetros de média F0 e jitterabsoluto. Ao utilizar um programa de análise acústica, os usuários devem basear-se em parâmetros inerentes ao próprio programa para realizar a análise dos dados coletados.

EVA was designed to study various speech production parameters. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to define the mean values for electroglottography tests of Brazilian Portuguese speakers on EVA. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The voices of 20 men and 20 women without voice-related complaints were analyzed through electroglottography so as to obtain reference values for normality. Case study: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The mean values for normal male voices were: F0 = 127.77 Hz; F0 coefficient of variation = 2.51%; absolute jitter = 1.707 Hz; relative average perturbation = 0.0083; jitter factor = 1.34%; jitter ratio = 13.45%; QF = 0.447. The values for female voices were: F0 = 204.87 Hz; F0 coefficient of variation = 1.58%; absolute jitter = 3.30Hz; relative average perturbation = 0.0102; jitter factor = 1.60%; jitter ratio = 16.23%; QF= 0.443. Wave type for the entire sample was categorized as tilted pulse. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant differences were found for gender on parameters average FO and absolute jitter. While using acoustic analysis software, users must be based on parameters inherent to the software program when analyzing the collected data.

Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) é uma planta arbórea com altura variando de 5 a 14 m, típica da vegetação secundária de terrenos arenosos, principalmente de savana. No Brasil, é encontrada nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais e São Paulo. O processo de extração Soxhlet das sementes desta espécie vegetal com hexano produziu um óleo rico em triacilglicerídeos dos ácidos linolênico e linoléico e que apresenta índice de iodo igual a 182,15 g de I2 per 100 g de óleo. Descreve-se neste trabalho a produção de um biopoliol a partir do óleo de M. fistulifera Mart., empregando-se um processo de hidroxilação in situ. Ensaios univariados permitiram determinar o tempo ótimo de reação como sendo 720 min. Além disso, realizou-se ainda um planejamento fatorial 2² composto central (CCD) contendo 12 ensaios experimentais que permitiram investigar diferentes razões molares dos reagentes empregados na síntese do biopoliol, bem como avaliar sua aplicabilidade como matéria-prima na síntese de poliuretanos com característica rígida.

Mabea fistulifera Mart. (Euphorbiaceae) is an arboreal plant with height varying from 5 to 14 m, typical of secondary vegetation of sandy lands, mainly savannah. In Brazil, it is found in the Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States. Soxhlet extraction of M. fistulifera seeds with hexane provided an oil rich in tryacylglycerides of linolenic and linoleic acids, presenting iodine index of 182.15 g of I2 per 100 g of oil. In this study, the synthesis of polyols from M. fistulifera oil using an in situ hydroxylation procedure is described. Univariate assays were applied to determine the optimal reaction time of 720 min. In addition, a 2² factorial central composite design was carried out containing 12 experimental assays that allowed the investigation of different molar ratios of the reagents used in polyol synthesis, as well as the applicability of polyols for the preparation of rigid polyurethanes.

A disfonia da muda vocal mais comum é o falsete mutacional. Foram analisadas de forma perceptivo-auditiva e acústica as vozes de quatro jovens do gênero masculino com falsete mutacional nas situações pré e pós fonoterapia para apresentar o resultado da intervenção fonoaudiológica. Para coleta dos dados foi solicitado que os pacientes falassem os dias da semana. Quatro fonoaudiólogas avaliaram auditivamente tais emissões por meio dos parâmetros perceptivo-auditivos: grau geral da disfonia, rugosidade, soprosidade, tensão, instabilidade e pitch. As emissões de cada paciente correspondentes aos momentos pré e pós fonoterapia foram apresentadas aos avaliadores aleatoriamente, e os avaliadores não tinham conhecimento prévio da condição da voz analisada (pré ou pós tratamento). A avaliação foi realizada por comparação e os avaliadores deveriam informar se a segunda emissão era melhor, pior ou sem modificação em relação à primeira. Quando houve modificação, deveriam selecionar três parâmetros perceptivo-auditivos referentes à mudança expressiva. Foi informado aos avaliadores somente a idade e o gênero dos pacientes. A frequência fundamental média, assim como a máxima e a mínima foram extraídas de cada emissão dos pacientes utilizando-se o Programa Praat (versão 5132). Foram extraídos e analisados, ainda, os valores de semitom. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. Na condição pós fonoterapia os avaliadores consideraram que houve melhora na qualidade vocal de todos os pacientes e foi observada diminuição dos valores da frequência fundamental média, mínima e máxima e nos semitons resultando em um padrão vocal mais grave e estável.

The most common mutational voice disorder is the mutational falsetto. The voices of four young male patients with mutational falsetto were acoustically and auditory-perceptively analyzed in pre- and post-therapy situations to verify the result of speech-language intervention. For data collection, the patients were asked to say the days of the week. Four speech-language pathologists performed auditory assessment of these emissions using auditory-perceptual parameters: overall grade of dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, strain, instability, and pitch. The emissions of each patient corresponding to pre- and post-therapy were randomly presented to the evaluators, who did not have prior knowledge of the condition being analyzed. The assessment was performed by comparison, and the evaluators should inform whether the second emission was better, worse or unchanged when compared to the first. When change was observed, they should select three auditory-perceptual parameters regarding the expressive modification. The evaluators were informed only about subjects' age and gender. Mean, maximum and minimum fundamental frequencies were extracted from each emission of the patients using the Praat Program (version 5132). Semitone values were also extracted and analyzed. Data was statistically analyzed. In the post-therapy condition, the evaluators found an improvement in the vocal quality of all patients, as well as a decrease in the mean, minimum and maximum fundamental frequencies and in the semitones, resulting in a deeper and more stable vocal pattern.

Neste estudo empregou-se resíduos de Mabea fistulifera Mart. como bioadsorvente para a remoção dos corantes Reactive Blue 21 (RB 21) e Direct Red 80 (DR 80) em soluções aquosas e em amostras de efluentes reais fortificados com estes corantes. Foram investigados os ensaios da influência do pH, cinéticos e adsortivos para a remoção dos corantes por meio de uma série de experimentos de batelada. O bioadsorvente exibiu máxima adsorção em pH = 2,0 para ambos os corantes. O tempo de equilíbrio da adsorção foi estabelecido em 300 minutos para o DR 80 e 120 minutos para o RB 21. O modelo de Langmuir descreveu com maior fidelidade o comportamento do sistema sortivo, apresentando coeficiente de determinação (R²) superior a 0,98. Por meio da Isoterma de Langmuir, foi possível obter a capacidade máxima de adsorção dos corantes Direct Red 80 e Reactive Blue 21 pelo bioadsorvente sendo encontrados os valores de 4,92 mg g-1 e 11,13 mg g-1, respectivamente. O modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem melhor descreveu o processo de adsorção do corante RB 21 sob o bioadsorvente, embora a difusão intra-partícula também esteja envolvida no mecanismo de adsorção. Já para o corante DR 80 o modelo de difusão de Morris e Weber sugeriu que a difusão intra-partícula é predominante em todo o processo de adsorção. Depois de otimizadas as condições adsortivas, o bioadsorvente foi empregado a amostras de efluentes têxteis reais fortificadas com soluções aquosas dos corantes, obtendo-se 85 % de remoção do RB 21 e 94 % de remoção do DR 80 na matriz do efluente.

Residues of Mabea fistulifera Mart. were used in this study as a bioadsorbent for the removal of the Reactive Blue 21 (RB 21) and Direct Red 80 (DR 80) dyes from aqueous solutions and samples of real effluents enriched with these dyes. The influence of pH, kinetic, and adsorptive parameters for the removal these dyes were investigated by conducting a series of batch experiments. The maximum adsorption using this bioadsorbent was observed at pH = 2.0 for both dyes. The time of adsorption equilibrium was established at 300 minutes for DR 80 and 120 minutes for RB 21. The Langmuir model stood out because it described the behavior of the sorptive system with higher fidelity than the Freundlich model showing the coefficient of determination (R²) above 0.98. It was possible to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity of the bioadsorbent, for the Direct Red 80 and Reactive Blue 21 dyes, using the Langmuir Isotherm; these values were determined as 4.92 mg g-1 and 11.13 mg g-1, respectively. The pseudo-second order kinetic model best described the adsorption process of the RB 21 dye by the bioadsorbent, however, the intra-particle diffusion is also involved in the mechanism of adsorption. The Morris and Weber diffusion model suggested that the intra-particle diffusion is prevalent throughout the process of adsorption for the DR 80 dye. The bioadsorbent was employed on real textile effluent samples enriched with aqueous solutions of these dyes after the adsorptive conditions were optimized; 85 % RB 21 and 94 % DR 80 removal rates were obtained from the effluent's matrix.