Resumo Bulbine natalensis Baker e Chorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques são potenciais fontes medicinais para o tratamento de cânceres. A Leucemia Mieloide Crônica (LMC) é um distúrbio das células-tronco hematopoiéticas que é tratado com inibidores da tirosina quinase, mas frequentemente, causa recorrência da leucemia após a interrupção da terapia, portanto, requer um tratamento alternativo. Este estudo determinou o efeito anticancerígeno de extratos metanólicos e aquosos de folha, raiz e bulbo de B. natalensis e C. comosum na linhagem celular de leucemia mieloide humana crônica (K562) por ensaios de MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimida nuclear e anexina V. O extrato metanólico da raiz de B. natalensis e C. comosum apresentou alta citotoxidade de 8,6% e 16,7% respectivamente, na linhagem celular K562 com a concentração de 1,000 μg / ml. Perda morfológica da integridade da membrana celular causando degradação dos núcleos, citoplasma e encolhimento celular foi observada no extrato metanólico da raiz de ambas as plantas. Uma alta apoptose (p <0,0001) foi induzida nas células K562 por extratos de folhas e raízes de C. comosum em comparação com B. natalensis. Este estudo mostrou que ambas as plantas possuem efeito apoptótico contra leucemia mieloide in vitro que contribui para as propriedades anticâncer gerais de B. natalensis e C. comosum para justificar futuras aplicações terapêuticas contra câncer de sangue de LMC.

Abstract Bulbine natalensis and Chorophytum comosum are potential medicinal source for the treatment of cancers. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is a hematopoietic stem cells disorder treated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors but often cause recurrence of the leukaemia after cessation of therapy, hence require alternative treatment. This study determines the anti-cancer effect of leaf, root and bulb methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. natalensis and C. comosum in chronic human myelogenous leukaemia (K562) cell line by MTT, Hoechst bis-benzimide nuclear and annexin V stain assays. The root methanolic extract of B. natalensis and C. comosum showed a high cytotoxicity of 8.6% and 16.7% respectively on the K562 cell line at 1,000 μg/ml concentration. Morphological loss of cell membrane integrity causing degradation of the cell and fragmentation were observed in the root methanolic extract of both plants. A high apoptosis (p < 0.0001) was induced in the K562 cells by both leaf and root extracts of the C. comosum compared to the B. natalensis. This study shows both plants possess apoptotic effect against in vitro myelogenous leukaemia which contributes to the overall anti-cancer properties of B. natalensis and C. comosum to justify future therapeutic applications against chronic myelogenous leukaemia blood cancer.

INTRODUCTION: It is essential to provide timeous and appropriate treatment in cases of dental emergencies. First responders such as Emergency Care Practitioners (ECPs) usually provide this prehospital care. The successful management of casualties experiencing common dental emergencies is dependent on two fundamental factors; the first responder's knowledge and ability to render the appropriate level and standard of medical care, and; secondly, the time that expires between the onset of the incident and the initiation of definitive emergency medical treatment. Delayed or inappropriate management can have long term physiological and psychological effects. OBJECTIVES: This was an exploratory and descriptive study, using quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the knowledge and attitudes of Emergency Care Practitioners of the eThekwini District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in the management of dental emergencies. RESULTS: The results revealed that Emergency Care Practitioners had inadequate knowledge, training, and understanding of the management of common dental emeregncies by ECPs. There was limited initial training, with a significant portion of the participants (44.9%, p 0.233) having not received any training at all in the management of orofacial traumas, and with a significant majority (78.3%, < 0.001) having no further education and training. Most ECPs indicated a desire to receive such training. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that ECPs lacked confidence in managing dental emergencies, which highlighted a need for specific dental awareness and training programs to further empower ECPs in the management of such emergencies.

Resumo As maçãs são fontes ricas em ácido ursólico (UA) e ácido oleanólico (OA), que são os principais e mais proeminentes triterpenos na casca de uma maçã. Os triterpenos pentacíclicos são nutracêuticos ideais devido à sua capacidade de reduzir o risco de muitas doenças potencialmente fatais, como câncer, doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o conteúdo de UA e OA no extrato de casca de maçã de diferentes cultivares cultivadas na África do Sul, bem como a correlação do seu nível de conteúdo com a capacidade antioxidante. Análise quantitativa de UA e OA em cascas de maçã de três cultivares – maçãs red delicious (RD), royal gala (RG) e granny smith (GS) – foi realizada por meio de HPLC e sua capacidade antioxidante foi analisada pelo ensaio DPPH. A RD apresentou o maior teor de UA e OA (248,02 ± 0,08 µg/ml e 110,00 ± 0,08 µg/ml respectivamente) no extrato de casca de maçã e também apresentou um nível significativamente alto de capacidade antioxidante (97,3 ± 0,40%; p <0,0001) em comparação com as cultivares RG e GS. Uma forte correlação positiva foi observada entre o UA, OA e as capacidades antioxidantes de todas as cultivares. Porém, apenas a cultivar RD apresentou correlação significativa; UA (r = 0,9570; p = 0,0027) e OA (r = 0,8503; p = 0,0319). Este estudo demonstrou que as cascas de maçã RD e RG possuem o maior teor de UA e OA, o que invariavelmente aumenta suas atividades antioxidantes em comparação com a maçã GS. Assim, ambas as cultivares de maçã seriam úteis e recomendadas para consumo alimentar e valores nutracêuticos para melhorar a saúde humana.

Abstract Apples are rich sources of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) which are the major and most prominent triterpenes in the peel of an apple. Pentacyclic triterpenes are ideal nutraceuticals due to their ability to reduce the risk of many life-threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and diabetes. This study was to determine the content of UA and OA in the apple peel extract from different cultivars grown in South Africa as well as the correlation of their content level with antioxidant capacity. Quantitative analysis of UA and OA in apple peels from three cultivars; red delicious (RD), royal gala (RG) and granny smith (GS) apples was carried out using HPLC and their antioxidant capacity was analyzed using the DPPH assay. The RD showed the highest content of UA and OA (248.02 ± 0.08 µg/ml and 110.00 ± 0.08 µg/ml respectively) in the apple peel extract and also displayed a significantly high level of antioxidant capacity (97.3 ± 0.40%; p < 0.0001) compared to the RG and GS cultivars. A strong positive correlation was noted between the UA, OA and antioxidant capacities of all the cultivars. Only the RD cultivar showed a significant correlation though; UA (r = 0.9570; p = 0.0027) and OA (r = 0.8503; p = 0.0319). This study demonstrated that the RD and RG apple peels possess the highest UA and OA content which invariably increases their antioxidant activities compared to GS apple. Thus, both apple cultivars would be useful and recommended for food consumption and nutraceuticals values to improve human health.