ABSTRACT The interest in new techniques to support digital soil mapping (DSM) is increasing. Numerous studies pointed out that the measure of magnetic susceptibility (MS) can be extremely useful in the identification of properties related with factors and processes of soil formation, applied to soil mapping. This study addressed the effectiveness of magnetic soil susceptibility to identify and facilitate the distinction of different pedogenic environments of a representative hillslope in the highland Planalto Médio in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. In a 350-ha area in the municipality of Santo Augusto, RS, a representative transect was selected, trenches opened for soil characterization and 29 grid points marked at regular distances of 50 m, where soil samples were collected (layers 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.15, 0.15-0.30, and 0.30-0.60 m) to analyze soil properties. Data from the transect samples were subjected to descriptive statistics. Limits of the pedogenetic environments along the slope were identified by the Split Moving Window (SMW) Boundary Analysis. The combined use of soil magnetic susceptibility and the SMW technique was effective in identifying different pedogenetic environments in the study area.

ABSTRACT Terrain attributes (TAs) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) are frequently used in digital soil mapping (DSM) as auxiliary covariates in the construction of prediction models. The DEMs and information extracted from it may be limited with regard to the spatial resolution and error magnitude, and can differ in the behavior of terrain features. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and limitations of free DEM data and to evaluate a topographic survey (TS) underlying the choice of a more appropriate model, for use in DSMs at a scale of 1:10,000. The study was conducted in an area of 937 ha in the watershed of Lajeado Giruá, in southern Brazil. The DEMs: DEM-TS, DEM-Topographic Map (TM), DEM-ASTER, DEM-SRTM, and DEM-TOPODATA were evaluated with regard to the precision elevation by statistical tests based on field reference points, the root mean square error (RMSE), identification of the number and size of spurious depressions, and the application of the Brazilian Cartographic Accuracy Standards Law (BCASL) to define the scale of each DEM. In addition, the TA derived from each DEM was compared with the TA from DEM-TS, considered to be terrain reality. The results showed that the elevation data of DEM-TS had the best quality (RMSE = 1.93 m), followed by DEM-SRTM (RMSE = 5.95 m), DEM-Topographic Map (RMSE = 8.28 m), DEM-TOPODATA (RMSE = 9.78 m) and DEM-ASTER (RMSE = 15.57 m). The DEM-TS was well-represented at a 1:10,000 scale, while the DEM-Topographic Map and DEM-SRTM fitted 1:50,000, the DEM-TOPODATA 1:50,000 and the DEM-ASTER a 1:100,000 scale. The results of DEM-SRTM and DEM-TOPODATA were closest to terrain reality (DEM-TS) and had the lowest number of spurious depressions and RMSE values for each evaluated attribute, but were inadequate for not fitting detailed scales compatible with small areas. The techniques for the acquisition of elevation data of each DEM and mainly the flat to gently undulating topography were factors that influenced the results. For a DSM at a scale of 1:10,000 in similar areas, the most appropriate model is DEM-TS.

O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o maior produtor de arroz irrigado do País, com destaque para a região da Fronteira Oeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação em plantio direto e convencional, em níveis de palha residual de arroz em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro experimentos e 10 repetições nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3 e seis no experimento 4. Os sistemas de manejo foram: experimento 1 (E1), sistema PD (E1PD) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens na camada de 0-7 cm + remaplan (E1C), em área de um ano de cultivo de arroz, após sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz e semeadura de azevém no inverno, com pastejo animal o ano todo; experimento 2 (E2), sistema PD (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; experimento 3 (E3), sistema PD (E3PD) e sistema convencional (E3C), após plantio direto de arroz irrigado durante dois anos em área de campo nativo; e no experimento 4 utilizaram-se quatro níveis de palha residual antes da semeadura do arroz. A produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação não diferiu entre os sistemas plantio direto e convencional. A massa seca residual do arroz antes da semeadura não influenciou a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação.

The State of Rio Grande do Sul is the greatest producer of flooded rice of Brazil, concentrated mostly along the western border. The objective was to evaluate soil physical properties and flooded rice yield in no-till and conventional tillage systems and rice straw levels in no-till system. The study consisted of four experiments (E), laid out in experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with four experiments (E) and 10 repetitions in experiment 1, 2 and 3 and 6 in experiment 4. The management system in E1 consisted of no-till (E1PD) and conventional tillage with two harrowings (layer 0.0-0.07) m after levelling (E1C), on soil where rice had been gown for one year followed by seven years of fallow, with rye grass sowing in the winter and grazing all year long; E2: no-till (E2PD) and conventional tillage (E2C), after native grassland; E3: no-till (E3PD) and conventional tillage (E3C) after no-tillage rice for two years on a native grassland area; E4: four rice straw levels had been used before rice sowing. The yield of flooded rice did not differ between no-till and conventional tillage. The residual dry mass of rice before sowing did not influence the flooded rice yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação no sistema plantio direto, na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, em comparação ao sistema convencional. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três experimentos e dez repetições: E1, sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno (E1PDR) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens a 0,0-0,07 m após nivelamento do terreno (E1C), sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz, com semeadura de azevém no inverno e pastejo animal; E2, sistema plantio direto (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; E3, sistema plantio direto (E3PD), sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno com remaplan (E3PDR) e sistema convencional (E3C), após arroz irrigado em sistema convencional, durante um ano sob campo nativo. As propriedades físicas do solo diferiram pouco entre os sistemas de plantio direto e o sistema convencional. O cultivo continuado com arroz irrigado causou compactação do solo na camada 0,07-0,10 m. A produtividade de arroz não diferiu nos sistemas plantio direto e convencional, nos experimentos 1 e 2. No experimento 3, com maior quantidade de restos culturais de arroz, a produtividade foi superior no sistema convencional

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physical properties and the yield of flooded rice under no-tillage, in the west border of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, compared with the conventional tillage system. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three experiments (E) and ten replicates: E1, no-tillage after leveling (E1PDR) and conventional tillage with two harrowings at 0.0-0.07 m layer after leveling (E1C), after seven years of fallow of rice tillage, with sowing of rye grass in winter and grazing; E2, no-tillage (E2PD) and conventional tillage (E2C), after native field; E3, no-tillage (E3PD), no-tillage after leveling (E3PDR), and conventional tillage (E3C) after rice under conventional tillage, during one year under native field. The soil physical properties differed little between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage. Continued tillage with irrigated rice caused soil compaction in the 0.07-0.10 m layers. The rice yield did not differ between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage, in the experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 3, with greater amount of remaining rice straw, the yield was greater in the conventional tillage system