Abstract Global warming is attributed to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes significantly impact on GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 44% of the country’s emissions in 2019. This review addresses the main pathways of GHG formation in the soil, focusing on the influence of land use changes on GHG emissions. It is found that soil CO2 emissions are related to root respiration, microorganisms, and organic matter (OM) decomposition in the soil. Changes in land use can alter soil characteristics, favoring increased CO2 emissions. Soil CH4 emissions occur under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic microorganisms; however, land use changes, such as forest conversion to pasture, can increase CH4 emissions due to a higher concentration of methanogenic microorganisms in the soil. On the other hand, N2O is produced in the soil during nitrification and denitrification processes by microorganisms, and nitrogen fertilization in agricultural areas can increase N2O emissions, especially when associated with soil moisture and the availability of organic carbon. It is important to understand the dynamics of GHG formation and emissions resulting from land use changes because efficient management strategies can reduce these emissions and contribute to Brazil’s goals for GHG reduction as established in international agreements. (GHG CO2, CO , (CO2) CH4, CH (CH4) N2O. NO . N O (N2O) 44 countrys country s 2019 respiration OM (OM characteristics however pasture hand Brazils Brazil agreements (CO2 (CH4 (N2O 4 201 (CO (CH 20 2

Resumo O aquecimento global é atribuído ao aumento das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O). As mudanças no uso da terra têm impactos significativos nas emissões de GEE, sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 44% das emissões do país em 2019. Essa é uma revisão que aborda as principais rotas de formação dos GEE no solo com foco na influência das mudanças do uso da terra nas emissões de GEE. Constata-se que as emissões de CO2 pelo solo estão relacionadas à respiração de raízes, microrganismos e decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) do solo, assim mudanças no uso da terra podem alterar as características do solo, favorecendo a intensificação das emissões de CO2. As emissões de CH4 pelo solo ocorrem em condições de anaerobiose por microrganismos metanogênicos, no entanto as mudanças no uso da terra, como a conversão de florestas em pastagens, podem aumentar as emissões de CH4 devido a uma maior concentração de microrganismos metanogênicos no solo. Já o N2O é produzido no solo durante o processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação por microrganismos, e a fertilização nitrogenada em áreas agrícolas pode aumentar as emissões de N2O, especialmente quando associada à umidade e disponibilidade de carbono orgânico no solo. Destaca-se a importância de compreender as dinâmicas de formação e emissão de GEE decorrentes das mudanças de uso da terra, pois estratégias eficientes de manejo podem reduzir essas emissões e contribuir para o cumprimento das metas do Brasil em relação à redução de GEE estabelecidas em acordos internacionais. , (GEE) CO2, CO (CO2) CH (CH4 N2O. NO . N (N2O) 44 2019 Constatase Constata se raízes MO (MO pastagens Destacase Destaca internacionais (GEE (CO2 (CH (N2O 4 201 (CO 20 2

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effects of relocation time (RT; Experiment 1) and storage time after relocation (ST; Experiment 2) on microbial population, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silage was stored for 30 d, subjected to different RT (0–60 h), and stored again for 30 d. Thirty experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 2, after 150 d of ensiling, silage was removed from a bunker silo, exposed to air for 9 h, relocated to experimental silos, and stored for periods ranging from 0 to 128 d. Twenty-eight experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Relocation time had no effect on fungi counts and concentrations of lactic and propionic acids in corn silage but resulted in a significant increase in dry matter content. In experiment 2, dry matter recovery and concentration of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased in corn silage stored for more than 32 d after relocation. Exposure of corn silage to air during relocation for up to 60 h followed by 30 d of storage did not compromise the fermentation profile or nutritive value of the silage. Increased storage time of relocated corn silage (up to 128 d) consistently decreases its nutritional value. The storage period seems to have an increased impact on nutrient loss in relocated silage than the relocation period. (RT 1 ST (ST 2 population characteristics 3 0–60 060 (0–6 , h) design treatment 15 ensiling silo 12 Twentyeight Twenty eight content nonfiber non fiber 6 0–6 06 (0– 0– (0 (

Abstract The effect of high dietary lipid on the meat quality parameters of shoulder meat adult goats in raw meat and during curing and smoking was evaluated by classical and multivariate approaches. The animals were divided into two groups of different finishing strategies: without whole full-fat linseed (WFFLG, n = 9) and whole full-fat linseed (FFLG, n = 9), with diets containing an ether extract content of 2.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The physicochemical attributes did not vary according to the experimental diets in raw meat. The colorimetric parameters and pH varied during curing and smoking. Through multivariate analysis the first two principal components (PC), it was possible to identified variables were highly importance the total variation (L*, a*, b*, C*, h*, and fat content) in raw meat and smoking. The fat content and color b* presented the highest scores for importance of the variable in the projection. Lipid supplementation of adult goats did not influence the quality parameters physicochemical of the raw shoulder meat. However, after curing and smoking there was a significant effect of diet on Hue angle (h*).

ABSTRACT. We aimed to determine the effect of relocation of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) with different fermentation profiles on ingestive behavior of lambs. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs, were used in a completely randomized block design based on initial body weight (17.5 ± 1.8 kg) for the following treatments: CS: WPCS (not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Ingestive behavior was observed as continuous (feeding, ruminating, and idling) and specific (urination, defecation, and water and salt access frequency) activities for 48h (3h intervals for a total of eight periods in 24h). The behavioral activities were affected only by periods (p = 0.0001). Feeding peaks was high at 8:00-11:00am (54.2%) and 5:00-8:00pm (54.9%) in compare to ruminating and idling at the same period. Rumination time was intense at night, at 63.7% (2:00-5:00am) and 69.7% (5:00-8:00am). Idling time (49.7%) was long after silage supply. The specific activities were intense during the morning periods. Supply of WPCS relocated up to 24h did not alter the ingestive behavior.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de profundidades de semeadura e da inoculação com Pseudomonas fluorescens sobre a germinação, emergência, crescimento aéreo e radicular da Urochloa brizantha . O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 6 × 2, com 12 repetições. Foram avaliadas a profundidade de semeadura (PS): 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 e 12 cm; e a inoculação da semente com P . fluorescens (I): sem e com. As avaliações foram realizadas 25 dias após a emergência das plântulas. Não foram observados efeitos da interação PS × I nem de I para todas as variáveis avaliadas(P> 0.05). Os percentuais de germinação e emergência diminuíram linearmente (P< 0.05) em função do aumento da PS, sendo que na profundidade de 12 cm, não foi observada emergência de plantas. As características morfométricas das plantas (altura, número de folhas, comprimento de raiz e largura de lâmina foliar) diminuíram linearmente em função do aumento da PS (P< 0.05). As produções de massa seca de parte aérea e de raiz não foram afetadas pela PS (P> 0.05), porém, foi observada diminuição da relação parte aérea:raiz com o aumento da OS (P< 0.05). A inoculação com Pseudomonas fluorescens na semente não apresenta efeitos sobe o crescimento inicial do capim Marandú. Por outro lado, profundidades de semeadura maiores afetam negativamente o crescimento inicial.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of sowing depth and inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens on germination, emergence, shoot and root growth of Urochloa brizantha . A completely randomized design was used, in a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 12 repetitions. The following sowing depths (SD) were evaluated: 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 cm; and the seed inoculation with P . fluorescens (I): with and without. Evaluations were carried out 25 days after plant emergence. No effects of the PS × I or I interaction were observed for all variables evaluated (P> 0.05). The germination and emergence percentages decreased linearly (P <0.05) as the SD increased. No plant emergence was observed at and at 12 cm depth. The morphometric characteristics of the plants (height, number of leaves, length of root and leaf blade width) decreased linearly with the increase of SD (P <0.05). Dry matter production of the aerial part and root were not affected by SD (P> 0.05). However, an effect was observed on the shoot:root ratio, where plants sown more superficially had a greater relationship. The inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens in the seed, has no effect on the initial growth of Marandu grass. On the other hand, greater sowing depths affects negatively the initial growth.

RESUMO O uso da silagem de raiz de mandioca na alimentação animal representa uma opção viável tanto para os produtores que cultivam mandioca (visando ter um produto para comercialização alternativa), quanto para os pecuaristas que compram milho a preços elevados. Assim, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de variedades e da correção da acidez do solo sobre as populações microbianas, características fermentativas, composição química, estabilidade aeróbia e perdas de silagens de raízes de mandioca. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2×3 com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados dois genótipos de mandioca (Caeté e Manteiguinha) e três tipos de correção de acidez do solo (calagem, gessagem e calagem+gessagem). Após 11 meses, as raízes foram colhidas, trituradas e ensiladas em silos do tipo PVC, onde permaneceram por 45 dias. Não observamos efeito de interação entre genótipos e correção do solo para os parâmetros testados. As silagens do genótipo Caeté apresentaram as maiores concentrações de matéria seca (421 g kg-1 matéria fresca) e carboidratos não fibrosos (893 g kg-1 matéria seca), e menores de fibra em detergente neutro (37.1 g kg-1 matéria seca). Não houve diferenças significativas entre tratamentos para bactérias ácido láticas, leveduras e mofos nas silagens. Ambos os genótipos resultaram em silagens com perfil de fermentação adequado e estabilidade aeróbia consideravelmente elevada, mas com elevadas perdas de efluentes. O genótipo Caeté apresentou condições potencialmente melhores para produção de silagem devido a sua maior recuperação de matéria seca. Devido à alta perda de efluente, recomendamos testar o efeito da adição de um aditivo absorvente de umidade durante o processo de ensilagem dessas raízes de mandioca.

ABSTRACT The use of cassava root silage for animal feeding is a suitable option for farmers who grow cassava as an alternative product and for cattle ranchers who have to deal with high prices of corn. Our objective was to determine the effects of cassava genotypes and the correction of soil acidity on the microbial population, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, aerobic stability and losses of cassava root silage. We used a 2 × 3 factorial design in completely randomized blocks, with four replications. We evaluated two cassava genotypes (Caeté and Manteiguinha) and three methods of soil acidity correction (lime, gypsum, and lime+gypsum). The roots were harvested 11 months after planting, ensiled in PVC silos, and stored for 45 days. No interaction was observed between genotypes and soil acidity correction for any of the evaluated parameters. The silage of Caeté genotype showed the highest concentration of dry matter (421 g kg-1 fresh matter) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (893 g kg-1 dry matter), and the lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (37.1 g kg-1 dry matter) . No significant differences were observed among treatments for lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold counts in silages. Both genotypes resulted in silages with an adequate fermentation profile and considerably high aerobic stability, but with high effluent loss. The Caeté genotype showed to be potentially better for silage production due to its higher dry matter recovery. Due to the high level of effluent loss, it is recommended to test the effect of a moisture-absorbing additive during the ensiling process of these cassava roots.

RESUMO As silagens de capim elefante têm alto teor de umidade, que ocasiona perda de nutrientes, principalmente pela produção de efluentes. O uso de aditivos absorventes de umidade, como a torta de patauá, Oenocarpus bataua, pode ser uma estratégia para reduzir as perdas nessas silagens. Assim, objetivou-se determinar as perdas fermentativas, composição microbiológica, características fermentativas e composição química em silagens de capim elefante com níveis crescentes de inclusão de torta de patauá. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro concentrações de torta de patauá (7%, 14%, 21% e 28%, com base na matéria natural) e um controle sem patauá, e cinco repetições. O capim elefante foi coletado aos 60 dias de crescimento. Após o corte, o capim foi homogeneizado, misturado com a torta de patauá de acordo com os tratamentos estabelecidos, e ensilado em silos experimentais de 15 L. A inclusão da torta de patauá em silagens de capim elefante teve efeitos positivos sobre a composição química e as perdas por efluentes. Houve aumento significativo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro e ácido, extrato etéreo, lignina e carboidratos não fibrosos das silagens. Além disso, houve redução de perdas por efluentes, teor de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, e celulose das silagens. Nossos resultados contribuem para a redução de impactos ambientais gerados pela produção de efluentes no processo de ensilagem de gramíneas tropicais e fornecem uma utilidade potencial para o resíduo da produção de óleo de patauá, evitando o descarte no meio ambiente.

ABSTRACT Elephant grass silages have high moisture content, causing nutrient loss, mainly by effluent production. The use of moisture absorbent additives, such as patauá, Oenocarpus bataua meal, can be a strategy to reduce losses in these silages. The aim of this study was to determine the fermentation losses, microbiological composition, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of elephant grass silage with increasing levels of inclusion of patauá meal. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with four concentrations of patauá meal (7%, 14%, 21%, and 28%, based on fresh matter) and a control without patauá, and five replicates. The elephant grass was collected manually after 60 days of growth. After chopping, the grass was homogenized, mixed with the patauá meal according to the established treatments, and ensiled in experimental silos of 15 L. The inclusion of patauá meal in elephant grass silage had positive effects on the chemical composition and effluent loss. It significantly increased dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen insoluble in neutral detergent and acid, ethereal extract, lignin, and non-fibrous carbohydrates of the silages. It also reduced effluent losses, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, and cellulose. Our findings contribute towards reducing the environmental impact caused by the production of effluents during ensilage of tropical grasses and providing a potential use for the residue from the production of patauá oil, thus avoiding disposal in the environment.

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cutting height (25 or 40 cm above ground) and bacterial inoculation (a combined inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici) on the chemical and microbial compositions, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage and nitrogen balance, intake, and apparent nutrient digestibility by sheep. To evaluate silage characteristics and sheep metabolism, we performed analyses based on a completely randomized block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement (two cutting heights, with or without bacterial inoculant). We evaluated the chemical and microbial compositions, pH, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of silage. To examine nutrient digestibility of silage, we used 24 male sheep over a 21-day period. We found that the aerobic stability did not differ among the silages. Sheep fed silages produced from corn harvested at 40 cm had increased intakes of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, and total digestible nutrients, whereas the non-fiber carbohydrate intake of inoculated corn silages was found to be higher than that of uninoculated silage. Furthermore, the amounts of nitrogen retained by sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 40 cm were higher than those of sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 25 cm. Collectively, our findings indicate that, despite the observed effects, a difference of 15 cm in cutting height results in relatively small changes in the chemical composition of corn silage and a limited effect on the nutrient intake and nitrogen balance of animals fed this silage. Moreover, although bacterial inoculation promotes an efficient fermentation, it has no marked effects on the aerobic stability of silage.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor nutritivo de quatro genótipos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum). Foram avaliados a composição química, o consumo por ovinos e a digestibilidade de diferentes genótipos (G1, G2, G3 e G4). A digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) foi avaliada por meio da coleta total de sobras e fezes de 20 ovinos mantidos em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo. O G3 apresentou menor consumo de MS em gramas por animal por dia comparado ao G1 e ao G2, e maiores valores de digestibilidade, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Entre os genótipos avaliados, G1, G2 e G4 apresentam os melhores valores nutritivos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to assess the nutritive value of four elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) genotypes. The chemical composition, intake by sheep, and digestibility of different genotypes (G1, G2, G3, and G4) were evaluated. A dry matter (DM) digestibility assay was performed with total leftovers and feces collected from 20 sheep kept in metabolic cages. G3 had lower DM intake in grams per animal per day compared with G1 and G2, and it had greater digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber values. G1, G2, and G4 have the best nutritive values among the evaluated genotypes.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes frequências de desfolhação em períodos fixos sob as características estruturais e produtivas do dossel de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq) em condições climáticas Am no ano de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos correspondentes a seis frequências de desfolhação (14; 21; 28; 35; 42 e 49 dias) e cinco repetições e os dados foram submetidos a análise de regressão. A interceptação luminosa (IL) aumentou (P<0,05) de maneira assintótica com o aumento dos períodos de descanso, no qual a máxima interceptação de luz foi de 98% e ocorreu aos 42 dias de rebrotação. O índice de área foliar (IAF) e o acúmulo de matéria seca, aumentaram (P<0,05) linearmente variando de 3,6 a 7,1 e de 880,3 a 4051,7 kg.ha-1 de matéria seca de forragem, nas frequências de 14 a 49 dias, respectivamente. A altura variou de 44 a 119 cm nas frequências de 14 a 49 dias, respectivamente. A frequência de desfolhação que representa uma IL de 95% está relacionada ao período de descanso de 29 dias, em que o dossel de capim-Tanzânia apresentou altura em torno de 63 cm, IAF crítico de 5,1 e acúmulo de matéria seca de forragem de 2.160 kg.ha-1.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different frequencies of defoliation at fixed periods on the structural and productive characteristics of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) under Am climate conditions in 2014. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks with six treatments corresponding to six frequencies of defoliation (14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days) and five repetitions. The data was submitted to regression analysis. The light interception (LI) increased (P <0.05) in an asymptotic way with increasing rest periods. The maximum light interception was 98% and occurred at 42 days of regrowth. The leaf area index (LAI) and the dry matter accumulation increased (P <0.05) linearly varying from 3.6 to 7.1 and from 880.3 to 4051.7 kg.ha-1 of forage dry matter in the frequencies 14-49 days, respectively. The height ranged 44-119 cm at frequencies 14-49 days, respectively. The frequency of defoliation at 95% LI is related to the rest period of 29 days, where the Tanzania grass canopy presented around 63 cm height, critical LAI of 5.1, and forage dry matter accumulation of 2,160 kg ha-1.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a temperatura nos diferentes estratos e profundidades do perfil frontal de silos do tipo superfície antes e após o desabastecimento. Avaliou-se ainda, valores de pH na porção superior e inferior do perfil, densidade da matéria natural (MN) e matéria seca (MS) em silagens de milheto com partículas de 5 ou 20 mm, contendo ou não inoculante bacteriano, utilizando-se a silagem de milho como controle. Houve interação (P<0,05) silagem × estrato do perfil e silagem × profundidade do perfil para as temperaturas antes do desabastecimento, sendo que as silagens de milheto apresentaram menores temperaturas no estrato superior quando comparadas as de milho. Os gradientes de temperatura entre silagem e ambiente em silos de milheto e milho foram menores no estrato inferior do perfil, comprovando -se nas termografias pelo clareamento nessa região. O gradiente de temperatura após o desabastecimento foi menor a 50 cm de profundidade em todos os silos de milheto. Não foram observadas diferenças nas densidades da MN e MS das silagens estudadas. Os valores de pH das silagens antes da retirada, foram maiores no estrato superior e menores no estrato inferior em todas as silagens de milheto, exceto na silagem de milho. Silos de milheto apresentaram menores valores de pH no estrato inferior do silo. Silagens com tamanho de partícula de 5 mm proporcionam menores temperaturas na porção mediana do painel antes do desabastecimento. O uso do inoculante bacteriano no presente trabalho não foi capaz de alterar as características avaliadas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the temperature at different depths of the stack silo and strata front profile before and after the removal of silage. Also, the pH values in the upper and lower profile and the silage density of the fresh materials (FM) and dry matter (DM) in pearl millet silages with particle sizes of 5 or 20 mm, with or without inoculant, were assessed, using corn silage as controls. There was an interaction (P<0.05) silage × stratum profile and silage × depth profile for the temperatures before the removal of silage, and the pearl millet silages had lower temperatures in the upper stratum compared to corn. The temperature gradient between the silage and environment pearl millet and corn silos were smaller in the lower stratum profile. The temperature gradient after the removal of the silage was less than 50 cm deep at all the pearl millet silos. There were no differences in the densities of the FM and DM of the studied silages. The pH values of the silages before their removal were higher in the upper stratum and lower stratum in the bottom of all the pearl millet silages, in contrast with corn silage. The pearl millet silos had lower pH values in the lower stratum of the silo. Silages with 5 mm particle size provide lower temperatures in the middle portion of the panel before the removal of the silage. The use of bacterial inoculant in this study did not change the characteristics evaluated.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and yield of three sugarcane cultivars grown under Af climate conditions. Three sugarcane cultivars were examined, namely, IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011, in a randomized block design with three treatments, four blocks, and two replicates per block; means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability level. Significant differences were observed for dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, lignin (LIG), cellulose, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates, carbohydrate fractions B2 and C, and dry matter yield. The fiber components (NDFap, LIG, and fraction C) displayed low values. The cultivars produced high dry matter yields, especially IACSP93-6006 and SP79-1011. There were no differences among sucrose (Pol) values and the NDF/Pol ratios. The low Pol values indicate that sugarcane grown under Af climate conditions does not produce high levels of sucrose. The three sugarcane cultivars grown under the Af climate conditions produce high yields of DM/ha but low concentrations of the fiber components, as well as low Pol concentrations.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de farelo de dendê (BP) como aditivo na silagem de capim-elefante. A composição química e fermentação foram analisadas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, sendo um sem BP (C) e seis repetições, em que as médias dos resultados dos dias de fechamento e abertura foram analisadas por análise de regressão. As amostras foram coletadas no momento da ensilagem e após 190 dias de armazenamento para avaliação da matéria seca, proteína bruta, carboidratos (total, não fibrosos, solúvel em água, celulose e hemicelulose), cinzas, lignina e extrato etéreo. Na fase aeróbia, foram coletadas amostras para pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, fungos e leveduras. O capim-elefante do experimento apresentou valores de 13,9% de MS e 8,25% de PB, enquanto a BP tem 77,2% de MS e 16,9% de PB. A inclusão de BP inibiu o crescimento de fungos e leveduras. O aumento do teor de BP diminuiu a concentração de NH3-N. Maiores concentrações de BP tornaram as silagens mais estáveis, tendo sua quebra em 72 horas, enquanto que a estabilidade de C foi de 19 horas. As silagens com concentrações superiores a 15% BP não apresentaram variações significativas no pH, na fase aeróbica. A inclusão de farelo de palma, em concentrações de 10% a 15% pode ser usado em silagem de elefante, inibindo fermentação indesejável e tornando-as mais estáveis. Concentrações acima deste valor podem afetar o valor nutritivo da silagem pelo alto teor de lignina do aditivo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding palm kernel meal (BP) as an additive in elephant grass silage. The chemical qualitative and fermentation were analysed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, one with no BP (C) and six replications, where the averages of the results of days of closing and opening were analysed by regression analysis. We collected samples at the time of ensiling and after 190 days of storage for evaluation of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrates (total, non-fibrous, water-soluble, cellulose and hemicellulose), ash, lignin and ether extract. In aerobic phase, we collected samples for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, fungi and yeasts. The elephant grass of this experiment showed values of 13.9% DM and 8.25% CP while the BP has 77.2% DM and 16.9% CP. The inclusion of BP had inhibited the growth of fungi and yeasts. The increase in the content of BP decreased the concentration of NH3-N. Higher concentrations of BP in silage were more stable, and the stability breaks in 72 hours, while the stability of C was 19 hours. Concentrations above 15% BP had no significant variations in pH in the aerobic phase. The inclusion of palm kernel meal at concentrations 10% to 15% can be used in silage of elephant grass, inhibiting undesired fermentation and making them more stable. Concentrations above this value may affect the nutritive value of silage by high lignin content of the additive.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica e a digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS) de silagens de capim-elefante em diferentes tempos (70; 90 e 110 dias) de crescimento do capim, com inclusão (0, 5, 10 e 15%) do farelo da vagem de algaroba. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), arranjado em um esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. Como silos experimentais foram utilizados tubos do tipo PVC com 100 mm de diâmetro. Passados 30 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos e retiradas amostras para determinação da composição químico-bromatológica e DIVMS. A inclusão do farelo da vagem de algaroba (FVA) elevou os teores de MS e PB. Não foi observada interação (p > 0,01) concentração do FVA × idade de corte do capim-elefante nos teores de MS, PB e FDN das silagens. Foi observada diminuição (p < 0,01) nos teores de FDN, FDA e MM com a inclusão do FVA. Houve aumento linear (p < 0,01) na DIVMS com o aumento na concentração do FVA e diminuição (p < 0,01) na DIVMS com o aumento da idade de corte do capim-elefante. A inclusão do farelo da vagem de algaroba contribui para melhorar a composição química e a digestibilidade das silagens.

This study evaluated the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of elephant grass silages at different growth stages (70, 90 and 110 days), with the addition (0, 5, 10 and 15%, on a fresh matter basis) of mesquite pod meal. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with four replications. PVC pipes 100 mm in diameter were used as experimental silos. After 30 days of ensilage, samples were taken from the open silos to determine chemical composition and IVDMD. The inclusion of mesquite pod meal (MPM) increased (p < 0.01) the concentrations of DM and CP. No interaction (p > 0.01) was detected between MPM concentrations and elephant grass cutting age for DM, CP and NDF contents in the silages. A decrease (p < 0.01) was observed in NDF, ADF and MM concentrations with the inclusion of MPM. There was a linear increase (p < 0.01) in IVDMD with increasing levels of MPM; and IVDMD decreased (p < 0.01) with increasing cutting age of the elephant grass. The inclusion of mesquite pod meal contributed to improve the chemical composition and digestibility of silages.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary energy and recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) injection to identify genes that might control mammogenesis. Total RNA was extracted from the parenchymal tissue of 32 heifers randomly assigned to one of four treatments: two diets (a standard diet and a high energy, high protein diet), each with or without bST. To perform microarray experiments, RNA samples were pooled (2 animals/pool) before reverse transcription and labeling with Cy3 or Cy5. A 4-node loop design was used to examine the differential gene expression among treatments using a bovine-specific cDNA microarray (National Bovine Functional Genomics Consortium Library, NBFGC) containing 18,263 unique expressed sequence tags (EST). Significance levels of differential gene expression among treatments were assessed using a mixed model approach. Injection of bST altered the expression of 12 % of the genes on NBFGC slide related to tissue development, whereas 6% were altered by diet. Administration of bST increases the expression of genes positively related to cell proliferation and mammary parenchyma to a greater extent than a high energy diet.