This article puts forward love, care, and reverence for all people and our nonhuman kin as the center of posthumanist education. Opening our spiritual eye and building intimate relationships with nature and with all elements of the universe is envisioned as part of a schooling or post-schooling experience; our body, heart and spirit, along with our mind, is an essential part of learning. The article describes the experiences of students taking a graduate level course focusing on global climate change and education at a university in the United States. We use the course as an example to explore what posthumanist education entails. In this qualitative study, students taking the course, along with the faculty designing and teaching the course, describe the course curriculum and pedagogies and reflect on the course's impact on them. Data sources include the syllabus, students' reflection papers, nature contact journals, final projects, art works, and group conversations. Although situated in North America, the article is rich with international perspectives as student authors came from six different countries. The article posits that posthumanist education must be eco-centric and love-based, engaging students' whole being to feel for and love Mother Nature.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de caracterizar la morfometría e índices corporales de Eremophilus mutisii, se usaron treinta y tres peces (27 hembras y 6 machos) provenientes del río Bogotá, específicamente de la región de Suesca. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal se determinó mediante el software de análisis de imágenes ImageJ®. Se calculó el índice gonadosomático, hepatosomático y rendimiento en canal para cada pez. Para el análisis de los datos se usaron correlaciones, regresiones y técnicas de análisis multivariado (análisis discriminante canónico). Como resultado del estudio se encontró que el sexo no afecta la forma del cuerpo de los peces. La relación entre la longitud y el peso se ajustó para cada sexo. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal presentó un promedio de 1,57 lo que sugiere que la especie presenta hábito sedentario o de natación lenta. El índice gonadosomático de las hembras en maduración (media: 14,43%, rango: 8,84% a 23,22%) aumentó en función del peso corporal y fue mayor que el de los machos (media: 5,32%, rango: 2,31% a 8,29%). Por lo tanto, el rendimiento de la carcasa fue menor en las hembras en maduración. La media del índice hepatosomático para hembras fue 0,86% (rango: 0,43% a 1,88%) y para machos fue 0,63% (rango: 0,39% a 1,09%). En conclusión, Eremophilus mutisii es una especie sedentaria y las hembras se caracterizarán por presentar mayor índice gonadosomático y menor rendimiento en carcasa que los machos.

ABSTRACT With the aim of characterizing the morphometry and body indexes of Eremophilus mutisii, thirty-three fishes (27 females and 6 males) coming from the Bogotá river, specifically of the Suesca region, were used. The aspect ratio of the caudal fin was determined with the aid of the image analysis software ImageJ®. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes and carcass yield were determined for each fish. Correlation, regression and multivariate (canonical discriminant analysis) techniques were used for data analysis. Results indicated that sex does not affect the body shape of the fishes. The relationship between length and weight was fitted for each sex. The average aspect ratio of the caudal fin was 1.57, which suggests that the species has sedentary habits or slow swimming. The gonadosomatic index of the maturing females (mean: 14.43 %; range: 8.84 % to 23.22 %) increased as a function of body weight and was greater than in males (mean: 5.32 %; range: 2.31 % to 8.29 %). Therefore, the carcass yield was lower in maturing females than in males. The mean of the hepatosomatic index for females was 0.86 % (range: 0.43 % to 1.88 %) and for males was 0.63 % (range: 0.39 % to 1.09 %). As a conclusion, Eremophilus mutisii is a sedentary fish species, and females exhibit greater gonadosomatic index and lower carcass yield than males.

Abstract Introduction: different diets during pregnancy might have an impact on the health as reflected by the birth weight of the newborn. The consumption of meat and meat products during pregnancy and its relationship with the newborn health status have been studied by several authors. The studies carried out show inconsistent results Objective: to analyse the association between maternal dietary intake of meat and meat products and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) newborn. Methods: a matched case-control study of 518 cases and controls of pregnant women was performed in Spain. Cases were women with a SGA newborn. Data about demographic characteristics and diet were collected. Meat consumption was gathered through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Meat and meat products intakes were categorized in quintiles (Q1-Q5).The association between maternal meat and meat product intakes and SGA was assessed by logistic regression models with adjustment for confounding factors. Results: an intake of meat products above 6.8 g/day was associated with a lower risk of SGA delivery (OR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.53-0.93) after adjusting for smoking, body mass index, previous preterm-low birth weight, newborn gender and adherence to Mediterranean diet. Conclusions: meat consumption was not associated with SGA, whereas meat products showed a moderate protective relationship.

Resumen Introducción: la ingesta dietética durante el embarazo es un factor clave en la salud maternal y fetal, pudiendo tener un impacto en el peso al nacer del recién nacido. El consumo de carne y productos cárnicos durante el embarazo y su asociación con el estado de salud del neonato ha sido estudiado, sin embargo los hallazgos encontrados muestran resultados contradictorios. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre la ingesta dietética materna de carne y productos cárnicos durante el embarazo y el riesgo de tener un bebé pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG). Metodología: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles emparejados en mujeres españolas embarazadas (518 casos y 518 controles). Los casos fueron mujeres con un recién nacido PEG. El consumo de carne se obtuvo a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos validado. La carne y la ingesta de productos cárnicos fueron categorizados en quintiles (Q1-Q5). La asociación entre la ingesta materna cárnica durante el embarazo y el riesgo de tener un recién nacido PEG se evaluó mediante modelos de regresión logística ajustados por factores confusores. Resultados: una ingesta de productos cárnicos ≥ 6,8 g/día se asoció significativamente con un menor riesgo de tener un recién nacido PEG (OR = 0,7; IC 95%, 0,53-0,93) después de ajustar el modelo por factores confusores: fumar, índice de masa corporal, embarazos previos con bajo peso al nacer, sexo del recién nacido y adherencia materna a la dieta mediterránea. Conclusiones: el consumo materno de carne no se asoció con recién nacidos PEG, sin embargo el consumo de productos cárnicos mostró una moderada asociación protectora. Estos hallazgos respaldan el consejo de una dieta variada para mujeres embarazadas, que proporciona ingesta de proteínas y otros micronutrientes de diferentes fuentes alimentarias.

Introduction: Single suture craniosynostosis is the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures. It leads to abnormal skull growth and in some cases to structural and/or functional brain abnormalities. If these anomalies cause a psychomotor development lag and/or cognitive impairment is a controversial topic. This study aims to review the main findings related to psychomotor development and cognitive functioning in children with craniosynostosis, from birth to school age, dividing them into three stages: birth to 3 years, preschool and school. Method: An electronic search was made in PubMed from 2000 to 2015, using the following keywords: "craniosynostosis and neurodevelopment", "craniosynostosis and neuropsychological", "craniosynostosis and cognition". Results: In the early stage of life some children with craniosynostosis can have motor, language and cognition deficits; these impairments are also present in a variable percentage of preschool children, in some cases accompanied with behavior disorders; deficits in attention, executive functions and learning disorders, are reported in school years. Conclusion: Some neuropsychological alterations are found in a variable proportion of patients with craniosynostosis in all stages of development whichare revealed depending on the demands of each age. It is difficult to draw a cognitive profile for this population because of the heterogeneity related to characteristics of the sample, time of assessment, functions assessed and instrument used. It is important to make longitudinal neuropsychological assessments to know how children with craniosynostosis are developing in late stages and to develop consensus about cognitive functions and assessment instruments appropriate for each age.

Introducción: La craneosinostosis simple es el cierre prematuro de una o más suturas craneales que provoca crecimiento anormal del cráneo y en algunos casos anormalidades cerebrales estructurales y/o funcionales. Es un tema controversial si estas anormalidades causan el retraso psicomotor y/o cognitivo reportado en estos pacientes. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo abordar los hallazgos encontrados en el desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo en niños con craneosinostosis, desde el nacimiento hasta la edad escolar, dividiéndolos en tres etapas: nacimiento a 3 años, etapa preescolar y escolar. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed del 2000 al 2015, utilizando estas palabras claves: "craniosynostosis and neurodevelopment", "craniosynostosis and neuropsychological", "Craniosynostosis and cognition". Resultados: En las etapas tempranas de la infancia, los niños con craneosinostosis pueden tener deficiencias motoras, de lenguaje y cognitivas; estos déficits están presentes en un porcentaje variable en la etapa preescolar y pueden acompañarse de alteraciones conductuales; deficiencias atencionales, ejecutivas y de aprendizaje, se reportan en la edad escolar. Conclusión: Se reportan alteraciones neuropsicológicas en un porcentaje variable en estos pacientes en todas las etapas del desarrollo, que se van manifestando conforme las demandas del ambiente. Es difícil establecer un perfil neuropsicológico debido a la heterogeneidad de las características de las muestras en los estudios, el tiempo de la evaluación, las funciones estudiadas y los instrumentos utilizados. Es importante realizar un seguimiento longitudinal para conocer el desarrollo de estos niños, así como el hacer un consenso sobre las funciones cognitivas a evaluar e instrumentos a utilizar para cada edad.

Background. There is a high prevalence of nutritional disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). This study was designed to assess the relationships between liver function, IFG-I/IGFBP-3, nutritional status, leptin, ghrelin and glucagon in 21 patients waiting for liver transplantation (LT). Methods. We studied 21 men aged 56±2.1 years who were on the LT list. They were classified according to Child-Pugh (CP) score from low to high liver dysfunction in CPA (n=4), CPB (n=11) and CPC (n=6). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and body fat (%) was measured by air-displacement plethysmography. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and its variation over Harris-Benedict values (GER%) were assessed by indirect calorimetry. Fasting serum samples were taken to measure albumin, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, leptin, total ghrelin, glucagon, IGF-I and IGFBP3. Results. There were no differences in fat % and leptin values in the three groups according to CP classification. The CPC group showed higher ghrelin values than CPA and CPB (p<0.05). All groups displayed high glucagon levels and GER% values superior to 100%. Positive correlations were found between glucagon and GER% (r=0.56; p<0.01) and between glucagon and ghrelin values (r=0.66; p<0.01). IGF-I and IGFBP3 were low in all groups and showed a positive correlation with plasma albumin (r=0.52; p<0.05 and r=0.45; p<0.05 respectively). Conclusions. These results show an increase in ghrelin plasma values in patients with severe liver dysfunction. Hyperglucagonemia was correlated with GER%, supporting a role of glucagon in the hypermetabolic state associated to LC, raising the possibility of becoming a therapeutic target. The measurement of IGF-I/IGFBP3 represents a good marker of liver function in patients with LC.

Fundamento. Las alteraciones del estado nutricional son frecuentes en la cirrosis hepática. El presente estudio se ha llevado a cabo para establecer las relaciones existentes entre la función hepática, los niveles de IGF I/IGFBP-3, el estado nutricional y las concentraciones de leptina, ghrelina y glucagón en 21 pacientes en lista de espera de trasplante hepático (TH). Material y métodos. Se han estudiado 21 varones de 56±2,1 años de edad en lista de TH clasificados por estadio Child-Pugh (CP) de menor a mayor disfunción hepática en CPA (n=4), CPB (n=11) y CPC (n=6). Se determinó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de grasa corporal (%) mediante pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire, gasto energético mediante calorimetría indirecta, calculando su desviación respecto al valor calculado por Harris-Benedict (GER%), y determinaciones analíticas en ayunas de albúmina, glucosa, insulina, HbA1c, leptina, ghrelina total, glucagón, IGF-I e IGFBP3. Resultados. No hubo diferencias significativas entre % grasa corporal y leptinemia en los tres grupos clasificados por CP. El grupo CPC mostró valores de ghrelina superiores a los CPA y CPB (p<0,05). Los tres grupos mostraron un valor de GER% superior al 100% e hiperglucagonemia, sin mostrar diferencias entre ellos. La concentración de glucagón se correlacionó positivamente con el valor de GER% (r=0,56; p<0,01), y con la concentración de ghrelina (r=0,66; p<0,01). El valor de albúmina se correlacionó positivamente con IGF-I (r=0,52; p<0,05) e IGFBP3 (r=0,45; p<0,05), encontrándose ambos disminuidos por igual en los tres grupos. Conclusiones. Estos resultados muestran un aumento de ghrelina en pacientes con mayor afectación funcional hepática, así como un patrón hipermetabólico asociado a hiperglucagonemia, lo que sugiere a este factor como desequilibrador del balance energético y potencial diana terapéutica. El sistema IGF-1/IGFBP3 constituye un marcador de función hepática en la cirrosis.

Background. To estimate the association of age and sex with the intensity of exposure of cyclists in Spain, between 1993 and 2009, in a global way and for subtypes of use. Methods. From the distribution of cyclists passively involved in collisions with other vehicles included in the register of the Spanish General Traffic Directorate between 1993 and 2009, we have estimated the increase in intensity of exposure by age groups and sex, for global exposure and for subtypes of exposure (e.g. riding with or without a helmet, or riding on an open road or in urban areas), using males aged 45-49 as a reference. Results. Males have a greater exposure than females and this difference increases with age, although it has tended to decrease in recent years. In both sexes the exposure is greater in young people and goes down with age, while in males the excess in young people has disappeared in recent years. Regarding subtypes of use, female underexposure riding on an open road should be highlighted, as well as overexposure in both women and extreme age groups among non-helmet users. Conclusion. There is a close association of age and sex with the intensity of bicycle use, which changes depending on the type of use and the time period considered. Consequently, estimations of the effect of factors affecting the accident rate and the morbidity and mortality of cyclists in Spain have to be adjusted by the age and sex of the cyclist.

Fundamento. Estimar la asociación de la edad y el sexo con la intensidad de exposición de los ciclistas en España, entre 1993 y 2009, globalmente y para subtipos de uso. Métodos. A partir de la distribución de los ciclistas pasivamente implicados en colisiones con otros vehículos, incluidos en el registro de la Dirección General de Tráfico entre 1993 y 2009, se ha estimado el incremento en la intensidad de exposición por grupos de edad y sexo para la exposición global y para subtipos de exposición (conducción con o sin casco, en carretera o en zona urbana), tomando como referencia los varones de 45-49 años. Resultados. Los varones presentan una mayor exposición que las mujeres, diferencias que aumentan con la edad, aunque tienden a reducirse en años más recientes. En ambos sexos la exposición es mayor en jóvenes y desciende con la edad, si bien en los varones el exceso en los jóvenes desaparece en los últimos años. Por subtipos de uso, destaca la menor exposición de las mujeres en la conducción en carretera, así como la mayor exposición, en las mujeres y en los grupos de edad extremos, entre los no usuarios de casco. Conclusión. Existe una estrecha asociación entre el sexo y la edad con la intensidad de uso de la bicicleta, que cambia en función del tipo de uso y del período considerado. En consecuencia, las estimaciones del efecto de los factores que inciden sobre la accidentalidad y la morbi-mortalidad de los ciclistas en España deben ser ajustadas por la edad y el sexo del ciclista.

En Colombia se ha presentado sobreproducción de papa con aproximadamente 18% de remanente no comercializable, constituyéndose en una alternativa potencial para su aprovechamiento en la obtención de almidón nativo, dirigido a la industria de alimentos. Para tal fin, se caracterizaron 17 clones promisorios de papa procedentes del Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Corpoica, a partir de las variables agronómicas de las plantas y las características fisicoquímicas de los tubérculos. Se analizaron los resultados con estadística descriptiva, correlación de Pearson y análisis clúster. Se seleccionó el clon 36 como potencial para la extracción de almidón nativo, el cual mostró agronómicamente: plantas con altura de 75 cm, tallo verde con forma de alas onduladas, floración moderada de color morado intenso y blanco, forma de corola semiestrellada, baya verde de forma globosa, tubérculo de forma ovalada con color de piel blanco-crema y con manchas salpicadas de morado; fisicoquímicamente se obtuvo tubérculos con: gravedad especifica de 1,090; materia seca 23,12%; almidón 16,82% (amilosa 22% y amilopectina 78%); azúcares reductores 0,122%; proteína 2%; cenizas 0,82 % y pH de 5,69. El almidón extraído presentó un rendimiento de 53,66% con una humedad de 19,32%.

Colombia has been overproducing potatoes with around 18% remaining unmarketable, constituting a potential alternative use in obtaining native starch for the food industry. To this end, 17 promising potato clones from the Programa de Mejoramiento Genético of Corpoica were characterized for agronomic variables, as well as physicochemical variables for the tubers. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and cluster analysis. Clone codified 36 was selected as having potential for the extraction of native starch, showing agronomically: a plant height of 75 cm, a green and undulating stalk, moderate deep purple and white blooming, semi-stellate-shaped corolla, green globe-shaped berries, oval tubers with a creamy white peel color and dotted with purple spots; physicochemically the tubers had: 1.090 specific gravity, 23.12% dry matter, 16.82% starch (22% amylose and 78% amylopectin), 0.122% reducing sugars, 2% protein, 0.82% ash and a pH of 5.69. The extracted starch showed a yield of 53.66% with 19.32% moisture.

O acido indolacético (IAA) é uma auxina natural e um dos principais reguladores do crescimento de plantas superiores. A quantidade de ácido indolacético extracelular produzida pela cultura de microalga verde Scenedesmus obliquus foi estabelecida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Avaliou-se o efeito de três variáveis de processo na produção de IAA extracelular nestas culturas usando planejamento fatorial 2³ para uma metodologia de screening. As variáveis de planejamento experimental foram agitação, iluminância (intensidade do fluxo luminoso) e fonte de carvão (mistura CO2/air v/v (%)) em três diferentes níveis. A concentração de IAA e a taxa de crescimento específico foram usadas como variáveis de resposta. As análises de HPLC mostraram que em condições experimentais, a quantidade de IAA que foi liberada no meio pela alga S. obliquus depende somente da variável iluminância. Os efeitos da luz e as concentrações de carvão no meio de cultura foram significantes (p < 0.05) para uma taxa de crescimento específico.

The indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a natural auxin and one of the main growth regulators in higher plants. The extracellular indoleacetic acid (IAA) amount produced by the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus culture was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was evaluated the effect of three process variables in the extracellular IAA production in these cultures using 2³ factorial design for screening methodology. The experimental design variables were agitation, illuminance (intensity of luminous flux) and carbon source (CO2/air v/v (%) mixture) at three different levels. The IAA concentration and the specific growth rate were used as response variables. The HPLC analyses showed that under experimental conditions, the IAA amount that is released to the medium by S. obliquus depends only on the illuminance variable. The light effects and the carbon concentrations in culture medium were significant (p < 0.05) for specific growth rate.

The wide range of morphological variations in the "loxurina group" makes taxa identification difficult, and despite several reviews, serious taxonomical confusion remains. We make use of DNA data in conjunction with morphological appearance and available information on species distribution to delimit the boundaries of the "loxurina" group species previously established based on morphology. A fragment of 635 base pairs within the mtDNA gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) was analysed for seven species of the "loxurina group". Phylogenetic relationships among the included taxa were inferred using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Penaincisalia sigsiga (Bálint et al), P. cillutincarae (Draudt), P. atymna (Hewitson) and P. loxurina (C. Felder & R. Felder) were easily delimited as the morphological, geographic and molecular data were congruent. Penaincisalia ludovica (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. loxurina astillero (Johnson) represent the same entity and constitute a sub-species of P. loxurina. However, incongruence among morphological, genetic, and geographic data is shown in P. chachapoya (Bálint & Wojtusiak) and P. tegulina (Bálint et al). Our results highlight that an integrative approach is needed to clarify the taxonomy of these neotropical taxa, but more genetic and geographical studies are still required.

A clear cut relationship between particulate matter air contamination and the mortality and morbidity due to respiratory disease has been observed in the last decades. However there is also a relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases. In big cities, a big or small particle concentration increase of 10 ¡xg/m³ is associated with a significantly higher risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction, both when acute or chronic exposures are considered. The risk is higher for small particles. Similar risk increases are observed in patients with hypertension, stroke or severe arrhythmias. This association is independent of environmental distracters such as weather, temperature or humidity and of classical cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. Physicians should be aware of the problem and explain their patients the increased risk that they are facing due to air pollution (Rev Méd Chile 2009; 137: 1217-24).

Background: Atmospheric contamination due to particles is recognized as a factor related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Santiago has one of the greatest concentrations of MP 10 and MP 2.5 particles in the world. Aim: to determine the association of daily changes in particle concentration and cardiovascular morbidity in 6 emergency consultation centers in Santiago. Methods: Total number of consults, myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertensive crisis were included as endpoints. Concentration of particles was obtained from registries routinely made in 7 centers of a city based environmental agency ("Monitoring quality of air in the Metropolitan Region", MACAM). Air temperature and humidity were obtained from the Chilean Meteorology Institute. Data were analyzed using a multiple regression model (GAM). Results: Throughout 2007, concentration of MP 10 was above the norm recommended by WHO. This was associated to a 10% increase in CV related consultations. In relation to MP 2.5 the risk was increased 17%. The CV risk peaked at 15% and 28% in June and July, respectively. All relations were highly significant (p<0.001) including the 4 and 13% increase in hypertension emergencies. Conclusion: Increased particle concentration in the air is significantly associated to a higher risk of cardiovascular consultation in Santiago. The risk is higher in relation to increased MP 2.5 particle concentration.

Resumen Introducción: En la literatura se reconoce que la contaminación del aire por partículas en diversas ciudades determina un exceso del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Santiago es una de las urbes con mayor polución de partículas MP 10 y MP 2,5 en el mundo. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre la concentración diaria de partículas y la morbilidad cardiovascular en los 6 Servicios de Urgencia de la ciudad. Métodos: Se consideraron el número total de consultas cardiovasculares en el año 2007, el Infarto miocárdico, accidente cerebro-vascular y crisis hipertensiva. La concentración de partículas se obtuvo de los registros de 7 centros de la red de Monltoreo de la Calidad del Aire de la Reglón Metropolitana (MACAM) y las variables temperatura y humedad, del Instituto de Meteorología de Chile. Estadísticamente se Implemento un modelo de regresión múltiple GAM. Resultados: Se observó que para todo el año 2007 las concentraciones de partículas ambientales MP 10 estuvieron altas, sobre la norma recomendada por la OMS. Ello se asoció a un Incrementó del 10% del riesgo de consultas cardiovasculares durante todo el año 2007. Para las partículas MP 2,5 el riesgo aumentó en un 17%. En los meses Invernales Junio y Julio, el riesgo aumentó en 15% y 28% respectivamente. Todas las cifras resultaron altamente significativas (p< 0.001). Para la crisis hipertensiva, los aumentos del riesgo fueron 4 y 13%, también significativos. Conclusión: Se concluye que la contaminación por partículas se asocia significativamente a un mayor riesgo de consultas por enfermedades cardiovasculares en la ciudad de Santiago y que el riesgo es mayor en presencia de partículas MP 2,5.

Background: Although quality of life has been incorporated as a comprehensive indicator of health status, there are no standards available. Objective: To report values that can be used as standards in clinical and public health areas. Methods: 1 678 children and adolescents (8 to 18 years old) were evaluated. They came from public, semiprivate and private schools in the city of Antofagasta (North of Chile) utilizing KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire. Results: The study shows mean and decile values for each of the five domains assessed (physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, relationship with parents and autonomy, social support and peers, school environment) for gender, age range and type of school. Conclusion: Values were presented which can be used as standards for Chilean children and adolescents in the specified domains. In general, best quality of life was found among boys, younger age children, and those from private schools. These findings are similar to those reported in studies in Spain, utilizing the same instrument.

Introducción: Aun cuando se ha ido incorporando la calidad de vida como un indicador comprensivo del estado de salud, no se tienen valores de referencia. Objetivo: Reportar valores que puedan ser utilizados como referencia en el campo clínico y de la salud pública. Método: Se evalúa a 1 678 niños y adolescentes de entre 8 y 18 años de establecimientos públicos, subvencionados y particulares de la ciudad de Antofagasta a través del cuestionario KIDSCREEN-27. Resultados: Se reportan las medias y deciles de cada una de las cinco dimensiones evaluadas (bienestar físico, bienestar psicológico, relación con los padres y autonomía, apoyo social y pares, ambiente escolar) para hombres y mujeres, rangos de edad y tipos de establecimiento educacional. Conclusión: Los valores presentados en las diferentes dimensiones evaluadas pueden ser utilizados como valores de referencia en población infanta juvenil chilena. En general, los hombres reportan una mejor calidad de vida que las mujeres, al igual que los rangos de menor edad y los establecimientos privados. Estos hallazgos son similares a los reportados en la población española utilizando similar instrumento.

Aim. To analyse the frequency, characteristics and diagnosis of synchronic neoplastic lesions in colorectal cancer. Methods. A review was carried out of 384 colorectal cancers, diagnosed through complete colonoscopy and resected. The synchronic cancers and the characteristics of the adenomas were determined: number, size, histological type, dysplasia, as well as their localisation in the colon and with respect to the carcinoma. Results. Twenty-eight synchronic cancers were found (7.3% of the total); 8 developed tumours and 20 malignant polyps. In 54.4% of the cases there was a synchronic adenoma. In patients with synchronic lesions, 43% showed an advanced adenoma. Twenty percent of the synchronic polyps found were proximal to the splenic flexure; 41% were distal and 38% had both localisations. Fifty-nine point one percent of the patients had some adenoma proximal to the cancer, with criteria of advanced adenoma in 13.9%. The distribution of the adenomas was more uniformly spread in the cancers with a proximal localisation (p = 0.038). Seventeen percent of the distal cancers presented synchronic lesions with a proximal colon localisation exclusively. Partial endoscopies would diagnose the distal cancers, but would omit a synchronic adenoma in 42.3% of the sigmoidoscopies and 40% of the short colonoscopies. Conclusions. High rates of carcinoma and synchronic adenomas were registered. We underline the high index of advanced adenomas and the frequency of synchronic lesions proximal to the cancer, which is why incomplete colonoscopies, although allowing the diagnosis of the distal cancer, omit a high percentage of synchronic adenomas, including advanced lesions. All of this confirms the need to perform a complete pre-, intra- and post operational colonoscopy in resectable colorectal cancer.

Objetivo. Analizar la frecuencia, características y el diagnóstico de las lesiones neoplásicas sincrónicas en el cáncer colo-rectal. Material y métodos. Se han revisado 384 cánceres colo-rectales, diagnosticados mediante colonoscopia completa y resecados. Se ha determinado los cánceres sincrónicos y las características de los adenomas: número, tamaño, tipo histológico, displasia, así como su localización en el colon y respecto al carcinoma. Resultados. Se han encontrado 28 cánceres sincrónicos (7,3% del global): 8 tumores desarrollados y 20 pólipos malignizados. El 54,4% de los casos tenía algún adenoma sincrónico. En los pacientes con lesiones sincrónicas, un 43% presentaba un adenoma avanzado. El 20% de los pólipos sincrónicos encontrados fueron proximales al ángulo esplénico; distales el 41% y con ambas localizaciones el 38%. El 59,1% de los pacientes tenía algún adenoma proximal con respecto al cáncer, con criterios de adenoma avanzado en el 13,9%. La distribución de los adenomas estuvo más uniformemente repartida en los cánceres de localización proximal (p = 0,038). Un 17% de los cánceres distales presentó lesiones sincrónicas localizadas exclusivamente en colon proximal. Las endoscopias parciales diagnosticarían los cánceres distales, pero omitirían un adenoma sincrónico en el 42,3% de las sigmoidoscopias y en el 40% de las colonoscopias cortas. Conclusiones. Se registraron unas elevadas tasas de carcinoma y adenomas sincrónicos. Destacamos el alto índice de adenomas avanzados y la frecuencia de lesiones sincrónicas proximales al cáncer, por lo que las colonoscopias incompletas, aunque permitan el diagnóstico del cáncer distal, omiten un alto porcentaje de adenomas sincrónicos, incluyendo lesiones avanzadas. Todo ello confirma la necesidad de efectuar una colonoscopia completa pre, intra o post-quirúrgica en el cáncer colo-rectal resecable.

Aim: few data have been published regarding the causes of synchronous lesions in patients with colorectal cancer. The aim of our study was to identify potential factors that might be implicated in the development of multicentric lesions, since this knowledge could be useful for tailored follow-up once initial synchronous lesions have been removed. Methods: we retrospectively reviewed 382 colorectal cancer cases diagnosed by total colonoscopy and histological study of surgical specimens. We divided our population into 2 groups, based on whether they had synchronous lesions or otherwise. Several data related to personal and family history, habits, symptoms, and tumor characteristics were assessed. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: 208 (54.5%) patients had synchronous adenomas and 28 (7.3%) had synchronous cancer. A multivariate analysis showed that the following parameters were consistently related to the presence of multicentric lesions -male gender: OR = 1.97; CI = 1.13-3.45; p = 0.017; age ≥ 59 years: OR = 2.57; CI = 1.54-4.29; p < 0.001; personal history of colonic adenomas: OR = 3.04; CI = 1.04-8.85; p = 0.042; and obstructive tumors: OR = 0.48; CI = 0.27-0.85; p = 0.012. Conclusion: our results show that several parameters that are easy to measure could be considered risk factors for the development of multicentric lesions. These factors need to be confirmed with follow-up studies analyzing their role in patients with and without metachronic lesions once all synchronous lesions have been removed.

Objetivo: en el cáncer colorrectal son poco conocidas las causas del frecuente desarrollo de lesiones neoplásicas sincrónicas. Pretendemos identificar posibles factores que pudieran influir en la multicentricidad lesional. Su conocimiento sería útil para, tras el tratamiento de las lesiones iniciales, optimizar el seguimiento en los pacientes que los presentaran. Pacientes y métodos: estudiamos retrospectivamente 382 cánceres colorrectales diagnosticados mediante colonoscopia completa y estudio de la pieza quirúrgica. Comparamos una serie de parámetros referentes a los antecedentes personales y familiares, hábitos, datos clínicos y del tumor entre los grupos con y sin lesiones neoplásicas sincrónicas, mediante análisis estadístico univariable y multivariable. Resultados: doscientos ocho (54,5%) pacientes presentaron adenomas sincrónicos y 28 (7,3%) carcinoma sincrónico. En el análisis multivariable el sexo masculino: OR = 1,97; IC = 1,13-3,45, p = 0,017; la edad superior a 59 años: OR = 2,57; IC = 1,54-4,29, p < 0,001; el antecedente personal de pólipo colónico: OR = 3,04, IC = 1,04-8,85, p = 0,042 y el carácter obstructivo del cáncer: OR = 0,48; IC = 0,27-0,85, p = 0,012 se asocian significativamente con la multicentricidad lesional. Conclusión: en los enfermos con cáncer colorrectal, nuestro estudio muestra una serie de parámetros, de fácil determinación, que podrían comportarse como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de multicentricidad lesional. Estos factores deberán confirmarse mediante un estudio de seguimiento, analizando su comportamiento entre los pacientes que presenten o no lesiones metacrónicas tras la limpieza quirúrgico-endoscópica inicial.

Background: The relationship between air pollution and health damage has been sufficiently documented. In station "R" of the air quality monitoring system, located in a community of Metropolitan Santiago (Cerro Navia), the Chilean standard of 150 µg/m³, averaged in 24 hours, for particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), has been exceeded more days than in the rest of the city stations. Aim: To investigate if the population living near that station has a higher proportion of lower respiratory infections than the Metropolitan Region (MR) as a whole. Material and methods: An outpatient clinic located near station "R" (Centro Albertz), was implemented as a sentinel center according to UNICEF methodology, used since 1992 by the Acute Respiratory Infections National Program. Daily information was collected between May and December 2004. Monitoring data included total number of consults by children less than 15 years old for lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, obstructive bronchitis syndrome in children and by adults over 64 years old for lower airway disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. Results were compared with those of the rest of MR. Results: Compared with the MR, children from the sentinel clinic had a significantly higher proportion of consults for obstructive bronchial syndrome (20.1% and 26.4% respectively, in p <0.01) and pneumonia (1.3 and 2.7% respectively, p <0.01). In the elderly, the average consults for lower airway disease were 17% in the sentinel clinic and 12.2% in MR (p <0.04). Conclusions: Children and elderly subjects at the sentinel clinic had a significantly higher proportion of respiratory infections (pneumonia and obstructive bronchial syndrome in children and lower airway disease in the elderly) as compared to the Metropolitan Region