Abstract This study analyzed how the compositional variability of dimension stone residues influences the characteristics of rustic porous ceramic tiles. The specimens were prepared by adding 20 wt% of dimension stone residue to the clay and sintered at 1000 °C for 1 h. The testing assays performed were physical properties and structural analysis through scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that water absorption was lower (~9% to 14%) in samples containing silicate residues compared to carbonate residues (~16%). Apparent porosity of ~21% to 25% and shrinkage of 0.5% to 1.6% were measured in silicate samples while higher apparent porosity of ~30% and expansion of -0.04% were found in carbonate samples. Flexural strength and modulus of rupture were similar, ~16 MPa and ~330 N, respectively, for both sample sets. The samples containing silicate residues whose SiO2 content was between 48% and 58% and the sum of alkaline and alkaline earth oxides was less than 18% were suitable for manufacturing rustic porous ceramic tile, while residues with high SiO2 or carbonate contents impaired the properties of the ceramic bodies. Therefore, it is recommended that the dimension stone residues intended for use in ceramic tiles be previously separated according to chemical and mineralogical characteristics. 2 wt 100 C h microscopy ~9% 9 (~9 14% 14 ~16%. 16 ~16% . (~16%) 21 ~21 25 05 0 5 0.5 6 1.6 30 ~30 0.04% 004 04 -0.04 similar ~1 330 ~33 N respectively sets SiO 48 58 18 tile bodies Therefore 10 ~9 (~ (~16% ~2 0. 1. 3 ~3 0.04 00 -0.0 ~ 33 4 ( (~16 0.0 -0. (~1 -0 -

As propriedades do revestimento cerâmico queimado estão intrinsecamente ligadas às características da massa, dentre estas se encontram o tamanho, a distribuição, o formato e o arranjo das partículas. O efeito da distribuição granulométrica de partículas sobre a estabilidade dimensional de placas cerâmicas para revestimentos de base vermelha foi estudado em três massas, todas continham no mínimo 57% de material advindo da Formação Corumbataí. Foram estudadas duas distribuições granulométricas - uma parecida com aquelas usadas no Pólo Cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes e, outra, com uma massa de grés. De uma maneira geral, granulações mais grossas, semelhantes à massa de Santa Gertrudes, variaram menos dimensionalmente quando as placas apresentaram médias e altas porosidades (absorção de água entre 3,0 e 10,0%). Já, granulações mais finas, similares a massas de grés, foram necessárias para a produção de placas de baixa absorção (menor que 3,0%).

The properties of final ceramic tiles are related with the mass characteristics, among them the size, shape, distribution and arrange of particles. The effect of particle size distribution on dimensional stability of red ceramic tiles was studied in three masses; all of them composed with, at minimum, 57% of Corumbataí Formation's materials. Two particle size distributions were investigated: the first was similar to the masses that are used in the Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Pole's factories and the other was similar to the stoneware mass. In general, masses with larger particle sizes, similar to that of Santa Gertrudes, had greater dimensional stability in the products with 3 to 10% of water absorption. On the other hand, in the manufacture of low porosity tiles (water absorption capacity < 3%) it is recommended the use of smaller grain size.

A maioria das fábricas do Pólo de Santa Gertrudes usa as argilas desta região como única matéria-prima para a fabricação do suporte de revestimento BIIb. Estas argilas são compostas de uma forma geral por illita, albita, quartzo, hematita e em níveis localizados por carbonatos. Illita, hematita e carbonatos aumentam a susceptibilidade à super-queima e à deformação piroplástica. Esta susceptibilidade foi medida através de diagramas de gresificação. Foram testadas as seguintes amostras: perfil de uma mina (C); nível mais albítico desta mina (CV); misturas contendo CV e caulim; CV mais alumina; CV com feldspato potássico; CV com diabásio; CV mais caulim, feldspato e quartzo; CV mais diabásio e caulim; e uma massa industrial de porcelanato. As propriedades de CV variaram menos com a temperatura do que as de C. A adição de diabásio, alumina e feldspato potássico não alterou significantemente a inclinação das curvas de gresificação. A adição de caulim reduziu consideravelmente a susceptibilidade à super-queima e à deformação piroplástica, tendendo à estabilidade dimensional da massa de porcelanato. As variações da absorção e da retração com a temperatura foram menores na mistura que continha CV mais caulim, feldspato e quartzo, porém as peças dessa mistura ficaram frágeis. A massa composta por CV, diabásio e caulim também apresentou menor susceptibilidade à super-queima e à deformação piroplástica.

The majority of Santa Gertrudes region plants use the Corumbataí Formation material as the only raw material for BIIb ceramic tiles manufacture. The formation generally is composed by illite, albite, quartz, hematite and in specific beds by carbonates. The production of low porosity tiles is intricate mainly due to the larger occurrence of dimensional instability problems caused by over firing and pyroplastic deformation. Illite, hematite and carbonates increase susceptibility to these phenomena. This susceptibility was measured through vitrification diagrams. The influence of other raw materials over a feldspar rich lithotype of Corumbataí Formation was analyzed. The following samples were tested: a mine’s outline (C), the more albitic level of this mine (CV), CV and Kaolin-bearing mixtures, CV plus alumina, K-Feldspar bearing CV, CV with diabase, CV plus kaolin/feldspar/quartz, CV plus diabase and kaolin. CV is less sensitivity to temperature variability than C. The addiction of diabase, alumina and K-feldspar did not increase dimensional stability. Kaolin’s addition considerably decreased the susceptibility to over firing and to pyroplastic deformation. The absorption water and linear shrinkage’s variability with temperature of specimens with CV, kaolin, feldspar and quartz were small, but the mechanical resistance decreased. The CV-kaolin-diabase composition decreased the susceptibility of pyroplastic deformation.