ABSTRACT Selection indexes represent the real efforts of a breeding program to obtain genetic gains for various significant traits simultaneously. As such, this study selected superior F5 lines by combined selection for fruit quality using an index based on predicted genotypic values via residual or restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) methodology weighted by agronomic weights. To do so, 97 F5 papaya lines obtained by the single seed descent method, resulting from the biparental cross between the genotypes JS-12 and Sekati, were evaluated for the main traits related to fruit quality. Results of the analysis of deviance and the genetic parameters indicated that there was genetic variability, indicating possible success in the selection process. Based on the selection index, 29 lines were selected as superior for fruit quality with ‘Formosa’ pattern. The strategy of the selection index combining BLUPs of multiple traits of interest associated with agronomic weights allows maximizing genetic progress while discarding less-promising genotypes.

ABSTRACT: The growing demand for quality of papaya by the domestic and international markets requires the development of genotypes that are capable of incorporating traits, such as high yield and fruit quality. This study estimated the genetic parameters and the specific combining ability of F4 papaya lines crossed to the SS-72/12 tester to identify genotypes with higher genetic value for hybrid production. We evaluated 169 treatments consisting of 62 topcross hybrid combinations, 97 F5 lines, and 10 controls in a 13 × 13 lattice design with five replicates and two plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first-fruit insertion height (FFIH), number of marketable fruits (NMF), number of deformed fruits (NDF), number of fruitless nodes (NFN), average fruit weight (FW), and yield (YLD). Differences p < 0.05 were found in most traits evaluated. The specific combining ability estimates indicate that hybrids formed by the cross between SS-72/12 tester and the following lines are promising, considering the multiple traits: UCLA08-088, UCLA08-101, UCLA08-071, UCLA08-014, UCLA08-025, UCLA08-028, UCLA08-122, UCLA08-055, UCLA08-026, and UCLA08-092. These hybrids meet the demands for domestic and international markets and may be available to producers as new papaya cultivars.

RESUMO O milho-pipoca apresenta alta suscetibilidade a helmintosporiose (Bipolaris maydis) (h-Bm). O melhoramento genético desta cultura deve priorizar a resistência a h-Bm e desenvolver cultivares que ofereçam maior sustentabilidade ao cultivo, principalmente em solos com escassez de fósforo (P). O P-mineral normalmente é suprido à cultura do milho pela aplicação de adubos fosfatados, produzidos a partir de fontes de minério rico em P, cujas reservas naturais se esgotarão a médio prazo. Com o objetivo de selecionar genótipos de milho-pipoca resistentes a h-Bm e com maior capacidade de aproveitamento de fósforo (P), este trabalho avaliou a incidência e a severidade a h-Bm de 25 linhagens (S7) de milho-pipoca, cultivadas em ambientes de alto e baixo fósforo. Houve interação significativa entre genótipo (linhagem) e adubação de P para resistência a h-Bm, expressa pelos valores de severidade da doença na folha da primeira espiga. Observou-se variabilidade genética quanto à resistência a doença. A análise de incidência identifica as Linhagens L-65 L-69, L-70 e L-76 como genótipos potencialmente resistentes, apresentando baixos valores médios de h-Bm. A avaliação de severidade, no entanto, apresenta como potencialmente resistentes, as linhagens L-69, L-76, P-3 e P-7 tanto em ambiente com adubação de P quanto em ambiente sem a adubação. A união das informações obtidas mostra que as linhagens L-69, L-76 foram as que tiveram melhor desempenho quanto a resistência em ambos os ambientes. Conclui-se que a resistência genética a h-Bm pode, de algum modo, correlacionar-se com a resposta a adubação de P no plantio, em solos de baixa fertilidade natural.

ABSTRACT Popcorn culture is highly susceptible to helminthosporiosis (Bipolaris maydis) (h-Bm). The genetic breeding of this culture should prioritize resistance to h-Bm and develop cultivars that offer greater crop sustainability, especially in soils with phosphorus (P) scarcity. P-mineral is usually supplied to maize culture by the application of phosphate fertilizers, which are produced from mineral sources rich in P, the natural reserves of which will be depleted in the medium term. With the aim of selecting popcorn genotypes resistant to h-Bm and with higher P utilization capacity, the present study evaluated h-Bm incidence and severity for 25 popcorn lines (S7) cultivated under high and low phosphorus conditions. There was a significant interaction between genotype (lines) and P fertilization for h-Bm resistance, expressed as disease severity values in the first ear leaf. There was genetic variability for disease resistance. The incidence analysis identifies the lines L-65 L-69, L-70 and L-76 as potentially resistant genotypes, presenting low mean values of h-Bm. The severity analysis, however, presents L-69, L-76, P-3 and P-7 genotypes as potentially resistant in environments with fertilization and without fertilization. The obtained data show that the lines L-69 and L-76 had the best resistance performance in both environments. The genetic resistance to h-Bm can somehow correlate with the response to P fertilization at planting in soils with low natural fertility.

ABSTRACT: The selection of superior Carica papaya (L) genotypes depends on the availability of genetic variability and on the favorable and simultaneous response of the genotypes to those traits of most interest. However, manual phenotyping (MP) demands intensive labor, is time-consuming and expensive. The aim of the current study is to access the efficiency of image-based phenotyping (IBP) in estimating genetic parameters and in selecting F4 recombinant inbred lines. The genetic parameters and values were estimated in accordance with the REML/BLUB procedure and combined selection using the selection index based on standardized genetic values. The majority of traits accessed through IBP showed experimental coefficients of variation similar to those found through MP. Both methodologies showed genetic parameters of similar magnitude, indicating expressive genetic variability between lines in the traits accessed in this study. The same superior lines were indicated in both methodologies and expressive genetic gains obtained through the lines were selected for all traits. IBP performance was similar to that of MP with respect to the estimates of breeding-relevant traits such as commercial fruits and yield. Thus, IBP showed efficient phenotypic assessment, as well as selective accuracy in accessing genetic variability and genetic gains, when it was compared to MP. Since IBP is far less dependent on labor, it is expected to be incorporated into the routine of papaya breeding programs as a way of increasing the number of accessed lines and, consequently, increasing genetic gains.

A palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis) é uma das espécies mais importantes da Mata Atlântica. E. edulis faz parte da lista das espécies florestais ameaçadas de extinção. A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, é a principal doença do fruto da juçara. O patógeno prejudica a germinação das sementes e pode causar perda total da produção da polpa do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento de quatro isolados de C. gloeosporioides obtidos de frutos de juçara. Os isolados foram obtidos de frutos doentes da região de Paraty-RJ e Ubatuba-SP. Dos isolamentos monospóricos de C. gloeosporioides, discos de micélio com 7 mm de diâmetro foram transferidos para placas de Petri contendo meio BDA e submetidos às temperaturas de 20º, 25º, 28º, 32º e 35ºC durante sete dias sob fotoperíodo de 12 horas em câmara tipo BOD. Foram avaliados as variáveis: crescimento micelial diariamente por meio de medições ortogonais na placa, produção e germinação de conídios aos sete dias de idade (inoculação). A maior taxa de crescimento micelial de C. gloeosporioides ocorreu aos 28ºC, seguida pela temperatura de 25ºC. A produção de conídios foi maior a 28ºC, seguida na temperatura de 30ºC. A germinação de conídios foi maior a 28ºC atingindo 84% a 87%. Concluiu-se que o crescimento micelial, a produção e germinação dos conídios dos isolados de C. gloeosporioides é maior na temperatura de 28ºC.

Juçara palm tree (Euterpe edulis) is one of the most important species in the Atlantic Forest. E. edulis is in the list of endangered forest species. Anthracnose, caused by C. gloeosporioides, is the major disease of juçara fruit. This pathogen affects seed germination and can cause total loss of fruit pulp production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the development of four Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from juçara fruits. The isolates were obtained from diseased fruits from the region of Paraty-Rio de Janeiro State and Ubatuba-São Paulo State, Brazil. From C. gloeosporioides monosporic isolates, 7mm-diameter mycelial discs were transferred to Petri dishes containing PDA medium and subjected to the temperatures of 20º, 25º, 28º, 32º and 35ºC for seven days at 12-h photoperiod in a BOD chamber. The following variables were evaluated: mycelial growth by daily measuring the orthogonal plate, conidial production and germination at seven days of age (inoculation). The highest C. gloeosporioides mycelial growth rate occurred at 28ºC, followed by 25ºC. Conidial production was higher at 28ºC, then at 30ºC. Conidial germination was higher at 28ºC, reaching 84% to 87%. It was concluded that the mycelial growth and the conidial production and germination for C. gloeosporioides isolates is high at the temperature of 28ºC.

Relata-se a incidência de mancha, queima foliar e desfolha, causadas respectivamente por Cylindrocladium candelabrum (Calonectria scoparia) em Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh (araçá-boi) e C. spathiphylli (Calonectria spathiphylli) em Eugenia patrisii Vahl (ubaia-da-amazônia), no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Em ambos os hospedeiros, a doença caracteriza-se por lesões necróticas de diferentes dimensões e formas, coloração marrom escura, contendo uma massa branca brilhante de esporulação típica de Cylindrocladium, facilmente observada sob microscópio estereoscópico ou com o auxílio de uma lente de bolso de 10 20 x de aumento. Sob condições favoráveis à infecção, as plantas podem sofrer intensa queda prematura de folhas. Embora, o maior número de conídios germinados e o maior crescimento micelial foram obtidos a 25ºC para ambas as espécies, C. candelabrum foi mais sensível às variações de temperatura (10, 20, 30 e 40 ºC) que C. spathiphylli. Este é o primeiro relato de C. candelabrum em Eugenia stipitata e C. spathiphylli em Eugenia patrisii no Brasil.

Leaf blight and defoliation of Eugenia stipitata Mc Vaugh and Eugenia patrisii Vahl, caused respectively by Cylindrocladium candelabrum (Calonectria scoparia) and C. spathiphylli (Calonectria spathiphylli) are reported in the state of Pará, Brazil. On both host species, the disease is characterized by dark brown lesions of different sizes and shapes. A whitish bright sporulation, resembling Cylindrocladium is observed on the necrotic lesions by using a stereomycroscope or a pocket lense (10-20 X). Under favorable conditions and depending on the level of infection, intense premature tree defoliation may also be found.Although the conidial germination and mycelial growth were higher at 25ºC for both species, C. candelabrum was more sensitive to the variation of temperature (10, 20, 30 and 40 ºC) than C. spathiphylli. This is the first report of C. candelabrum and C. spathiphylli on Eugenia stipitata (araçá-boi) and on Eugenia patrisii (ubaia-da-amazônia), respectively in Brazil.