ABSTRACT: Improved spray deposition can be attained by electrostatically charging spray droplets, which increases the attraction of droplets to plants and decreases operator exposure to pesticide and losses to the environment. However, this technique alone is not sufficient to achieve desirable penetration of the spray solution into the crop canopy; thus, air assistance can be added to the electrostatic spraying to further improve spray deposition. This study was conducted to compare different spraying technologies on spray deposition and two-spotted spider mite control in cut chrysanthemum. Treatments included in the study were: conventional TJ 8003 double flat fan nozzles, conventional TXVK-3 hollow cone nozzles, semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with electrostatic spray system (ESS) and air assistance (AA), and semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with AA only (no ESS). To evaluate the effect of these spraying technologies on the control of two-spotted spider mite, a control treatment was included that did not receive an acaricide application. The AA spraying technology, with or without ESS, optimized spray deposition and provided satisfactory two-spotted spider mite control up to 4 days after application.

Várias espécies de fitonematoides já foram relatadas em pomares de citros, porém poucas são consideradas praga-chave para a cultura. No Brasil, Tylenchulus semipenetrans é o principal nematoide em citros, amplamente disseminado nos pomares brasileiros. Diferentes variáveis são utilizadas para determinar o nível de dano desse nematoide. Sendo assim, esse experimento teve por objetivo correlacionar o número de fêmeas com o número de juvenis de T. semipenetrans em amostras de solo e raiz de laranja 'Pera Rio' enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo'. O trabalho foi realizado em pomar de 14 anos, localizado na Fazenda São Gabriel, distrito de Vitoriana, município de Botucatu - SP. A coleta das amostras foi realizada em setembro de 2011, numa profundidade de 0-30 cm, em 10 plantas sem sintomas, 10 com sintomas e as adjacentes das plantas sintomáticas, totalizando 60 plantas. Para extração dos nematoides presentes no solo seguiu-se a metodologia de flutuação em centrífuga e para a dos nematoides nas raízes seguiu-se a técnica do liquidificador e centrifugação. Para contagem das fêmeas, 1 g de raiz de cada amostra foi colorida. Os dados de nematoide no solo, nematoide na raiz, soma de nematoide no solo e raiz e fêmeas por grama de raiz foram submetidos à análise de correlação de Pearson e posteriormente à análise de matriz de correlações. Dentre os dados analisados, pode-se verificar uma forte correlação entre o número de juvenis presentes na raiz e a soma do número de juvenis no solo e na raiz. Entretanto, não foi constatado correlação desta variável com o número de fêmeas na raiz e o número de juvenis no solo. O número de fêmeas na raiz não apresentou correlação com nenhuma das outras variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a melhor variável para determinar a população de T. semipenetrans é o número de juvenis por 10 g de raiz.

Several phytonematode species have been reported for citrus orchards, but few are considered key pests for this crop. In Brazil, Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the main nematode of citrus orchards widely spread among the country. Different variables are used to determine the level of damage caused by this nematode. Thus, this experiment aimed to correlate the number of females with the number of juveniles of T. semipenetrans in samples of soil and root from 'Pera Rio' orange grafted onto 'Rangpur' lime. The study was conducted in a 14-year-old orchard, located at São Gabriel Farm, Vitoriana District, Botucatu - SP. Sampling was performed in September 2011 at a depth of 0-30 cm, using 10 plants without symptoms, 10 plants with symptoms and plants adjacent to symptomatic ones, totaling 60 plants. For extraction of the nematodes present in the soil, the methodology of centrifugal flotation was adopted, while for the nematodes in the roots the technique using blender and centrifugation was employed. To count the number of females, 1g root of each sample was colored. The data about soil nematode, root nematode, sum of soil and root nematode and females per gram of root were subjected to Pearson's correlation analysis and subsequently to correlation matrix. Considering the analyzed data, there was a strong correlation between the number of juveniles present in the root and the sum of the number of juveniles present in the soil and the root. However, there was no correlation of this variable with the number of females in the root and the number of juveniles in the soil. The number of females in the root was not correlated with any of the other analyzed variables. It is concluded that the best variable to determine the population of T. semipenetrans is the number of juveniles per 10 g of root.