ABSTRACT This study used a pedigree analysis to monitor trends in the genetic structure of the Mangalarga breed and identify factors that could impact its genetic variability. For this, genealogical information was used from the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo da Raça Mangalarga, considering as total population (TP) the animals born between 1919 and 2018 (n = 206,426) and as reference population (RP) those born between 2009 and 2018 (n = 20,539), which is the most recent generation according to the average generation interval calculated for the breed of 9.37 years. We evaluated the number of male and female births per year, foals produced by Mangalarga breeding animals, using the ENDOG 4.8, generation interval, proportion of known ancestors per parental generation, number of equivalent generations known per animal, inbreeding coefficient, increase in inbreeding, average relatedness (AR), effective population size, effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors, and founder genome equivalent. The number of equivalent generations known per animal increased over time, reaching an average of 2.75 in TP and 4.88 in RP. The calculated F was 2.26% for TP and 5.57% for RP, while AR was 2.41% for TP and 4.10% for RP. The effective population size was 40.85 for TP and 38.89 for RP. The 206,426 registered Mangalarga horses (TP) were derived from the genetic contribution of 9,011 founders and 8,908 ancestors, whereas those registered in or after 2009 (RP) originated from 2,662 founders and 2,193 ancestors. The effective number of founders represented 1.11 and 1.35% of the total number of founders in TP and RP, respectively. For RP, 11 animals accounted for 29.21% of the genetic pool of the breed. The analysis of population parameters estimated in the present study indicates that the Mangalarga horse population was formed through uneven contributions from founders and ancestors; therefore, genetic management of the breed is required to restrict average inbreeding from increasing over generations. variability this (TP 191 201 n 206426 206 426 RP (RP 200 20,539, 20539 20,539 , 20 539 20,539) 937 9 37 9.3 years year 48 4 8 4.8 coefficient AR, (AR) time 275 2 75 2.7 488 88 226 26 2.26 557 5 57 5.57 241 41 2.41 410 10 4.10 4085 40 85 40.8 3889 38 89 38.8 206,42 9011 011 9,01 8908 908 8,90 2662 662 2,66 2193 193 2,19 111 1 1.1 135 35 1.35 respectively 2921 29 21 29.21 therefore 19 20642 42 2053 20,53 53 93 3 9. 4. (AR 27 7 2. 22 2.2 55 5.5 24 2.4 4.1 408 40. 388 38. 206,4 901 01 9,0 890 90 8,9 266 66 2,6 219 2,1 1. 13 1.3 292 29.2 2064 205 20,5 5. 206, 0 9, 8, 6 2, 29. 20,

RESUMO: Objetivou-se analisar as alterações demográficas e biométricas dos animais registrados da raça Mangalarga, ao longo das décadas. Foram utilizadas informações de 206.428 equinos Mangalarga, extraídas do sistema de registro genealógico da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos da Raça Mangalarga. Dos animais nascidos entre 1930 e 2018, foram consideradas informações referentes ao sexo, data de nascimento, pelagem, localização do criatório, pontuação obtida no ato do registro genealógico e três medidas corporais dos equinos. Utilizando a medida de altura à cernelha e os perímetros torácico e de canela foram calculados cinco índices morfométricos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas pelos sexos e as subparcelas constituídas pelas décadas de seleção. Entre 1930 e 1990 houve aumento progressivo na emissão de registros genealógicos, com destaque para as décadas de 70 e 80, quando se registrou maior taxa de crescimento do rebanho. Em 2018 identificou-se criatórios da raça Mangalarga em 23 estados brasileiros, sendo o Estado de São Paulo detentor do maior rebanho, seguido de Minas Gerais e Bahia. Entre 1970 e 2018 registrou-se aumento na altura à cernelha das fêmeas, garanhões e machos castrados, que se tornaram 5,1 cm, 3,1 cm e 2,1 cm mais altos, respectivamente. Enquanto o perímetro torácico dos garanhões aumentou 3,3 cm, o perímetro de canela das fêmeas reduziu 0,34 cm. Concluiu-se que a raça Mangalarga está distribuída por todo o Brasil, com destaque para a região sudeste. Independente do sexo, a seleção aplicada à raça tornou os equinos Mangalarga mais altos. Além disso, os garanhões ficaram mais pesados e com maior perímetro torácico e as fêmeas tornaram-se hipométricas.

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed the demographic and biometric changes in registered animals of the Mangalarga breed over the decades. Information from 206,428 Mangalarga horses born between 1930 and 2018 extracted from the genealogic registry system of the Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos da Raça Mangalarga was employed. The data referred to sex, birth date, fur coat, breeding site location, score achieved at genealogic registration, and three body measurements. Height at withers and the thoracic and cannon bone circumferences were used to calculate five morphometric indices. Results were submitted to analysis of variance using a completely randomized split-plot design where the plots comprised the sexes and the split-plots comprised the decades of selection. Between 1930 and 1990, genealogic registrations progressively increased, particularly in the 1970s and 80s, when the herd experienced the highest growth rate. In 2018, Mangalarga breeding sites were reported in 23 Brazilian states and the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Bahia held the largest herds. Between 1970 and 2018, the height at withers of mares, stallions, and geldings increased by 5.1, 3.1, and 2.1 cm, respectively. The thoracic circumference of stallions increased by 3.3 cm and the cannon bone circumference of mares decreased by 0.34 cm. It is concluded that the Mangalarga breed is found across Brazil, especially in the Southeast region. Irrespective of sex, the selection of the breed has led to taller Mangalarga horses. In addition, the stallions became heavier and gained thoracic circumference, while mares became hypometric.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the participation frequency and competitive performance of Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador horses in national shows concerning marcha type, sex, and age. To that end, the trial results of national horse shows between 2007 and 2017, comprising 1,781 Campolina and 5,239 Mangalarga Marchador animals, were extracted from the databases of the breeders’ associations of each breed. The results regarding participation frequency in these events and the performance achieved by horses were grouped by breed, marcha type, sex, and age group and then subjected to frequency distribution tests. In both breeds, most animals attended only one national show. However, when the specimens were separated by marcha type, sex, and age, it was observed that 54.39% of marcha batida Campolina males competed twice, with greater participation of adult horses (41.41%) than of young ones (22.22%). For Mangalarga Marchador, irrespective of gait type, the proportion of adult horses (67.22%) that competed was higher than that of young ones (25.63%). For marcha picada competitors, the proportion between young (13.97%) and adult (81.91%) was even higher. It was concluded that, over their competitive careers, most horses of either breed attended only one national show, that marcha picada animals usually compete only when adults, and that marcha batida females compete more often when young. In addition, the age group in which competitors achieve their best performances varies according to the specimen.

RESUMO: Este estudo buscou identificar componentes principais (CP) que explicam os maiores percentuais de variância total e que melhor caracterizam cabritos mestiços da raça Anglo Nubiana, quanto à medidas morfológicas obtidas in vivo, e na carcaça de 28 animais com 8 meses de idade. Foram conduzidas duas análises de componentes principais, sendo uma para 19 características de carcaça e outra para seis características morfométricas in vivo. Os cinco primeiros CP explicaram 82,54% da variância total das 19 características incluídas nessa análise. Estes componentes foram chamados de: CP1 - Tamanho da Carcaça, CP2 - Condição Corporal, CP3 - Largura da Carcaça, CP4 - Profundidade do Tórax e, CP5 - Comprimento do Pernil. Os dois primeiros componentes principais das morfometrias obtidas in vivo explicaram 78,86% da variância total e foram chamados de CP1 - Tamanho in vivo e CP2 - Conformação in vivo.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify the principal components (PC) that explain the highest percentages of total variance and best characterize the in vivo and carcass morphologies of Anglo-Nubian crossbred goats. Nineteen carcass morphometric traits and six in vivo morphometric traits were measured in 28 kids at eight months of age. Principal component analysis indicated that five PC were able to explain 83.57% of the total variance in the 19 original carcass traits. Those components were termed PC1-Carcass Size, PC2 - Body Condition, PC3-Carcass Width, PC4-Chest Depth, and PC5 - Hindquarter. For in vivo morphometric traits, the first two principal components explained 78.86% of the total variance. These components were called PC1-In vivo Size and PC2-In vivo Conformation.

Objetivou-se mapear QTL nos cromossomos 5, 7 e 8 e associá-los a características de carcaça, cortes de carcaça, qualidade de carne, desempenho e órgãos internos de suínos. Uma progênie F2 de 614 animais foi produzida do cruzamento de dois varrões da raça naturalizada brasileira Piau e 18 fêmeas comerciais (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). A população foi genotipada para 14 marcadores microssatélites cobrindo os cromossomos 5, 7 e 8. Em seguida, foi construído o mapa de ligação para cada cromossomo. As análises de associação foram feitas usando o mapeamento de intervalo por regressão para detecção de QTL. Para características de carcaça e cortes de carcaça, foram mapeados 20 QTL nos três cromossomos, enquanto, para características de qualidade de carne, foram encontrados apenas três QTL nos cromossomos 7 e 8. Entre eles, QTL significativos a 5% no genoma foram encontrados para menor espessura de toucinho na região acima da última vértebra lombar, na linha dorsolombar no cromossomo 5; e para comprimento total do intestino delgado, peso da banha-rama e luminosidade no cromossomo 8. Para comprimento de carcaça pelo método brasileiro e comprimento de carcaça pelo método americano, QTL significativos a 1% no genoma foram encontrados no cromossomo 7. Os resultados encontrados facilitarão estudos futuros, como o mapeamento fino e a identificação de genes que controlam a composição corporal e a qualidade de carne e que poderão ser incorporados em programas de seleção assistida por marcadores para acelerar o melhoramento genético de populações de suínos, além de ajudar no melhor entendimento da fisiologia das características de produção de suínos.

The aim of this experiment was to map QTL in chromosomes 5, 7 and 8 and to associate them to carcass traits, carcass cuts, meat quality, performance and internal organs of swines. An F2 offspring with 614 animals was produced from the matting of two Brazilian naturalized Piau boars with 18 commercial females (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). The population was genotyped for 14 microsatellite markers covering chromosomes 5, 7 and 8. After that, it was built the linkage map for each chromosome. Analysis of association were done using interval mapping by regression for QTL detection. For carcass and cuts of carcass traits, 20 QTL were mapped in the three chromosomes, whereas for traits of meat quality, only three QTL were found on chromosomes 7 and 8. Among them, significant QTL at 5% in the genome were found for midline lower backfat thickness above the last lumbar vertebrae on chromosome 5; and for total length of small intestine, abdominal fat weight and brightness on chromosome 8. For carcass length by the Brazilian method and carcass length by the American method, it was found significant QTL at 1% in the genome on chromosome 7. The results found in this work will facilitate future researches as fine mapping and identification of genes that control body composition and meat quality and that will be able to be incorporated in marker-assisted selection programs to accelerate genetic improvement in swine populations, in addition to help a better understanding of the physiology of traits in swine production.

Objetivou-se com este estudo mapear locos de características quantitativas (QTL) nos cromossomos 9, 10 e 11 de suínos (Sus scrofa) e associar seus efeitos em características de carcaça, cortes de carcaça, órgãos e vísceras, desempenho e qualidade de carne. Utilizaram-se amostras de DNA de animais pertencentes a uma população F2, oriunda do cruzamento entre machos da raça Piau e fêmeas Landrace õ Large White õ Pietrain. Um total de 13 locos microssatélites foi utilizado na construção dos mapas de ligação da população atual. As análises de associação foram feitas utilizando-se mapeamento de intervalo por regressão para detecção de QTL. Identificaram-se associações significativas, em nível cromossômico, entre regiões do cromossomo 9 e as características peso total do carré e peso do lombo. No cromossomo 10, foram detectados três QTL significativos para espessura de toucinho na linha dorso-lombar entre a última e a penúltima vértebra lombar, peso de pulmão e índice de vermelho e um QTL significativo, no nível genômico, para peso de fígado. No cromossomo 11, foi detectada apenas uma associação significativa, em nível cromossômico, relacionada à espessura de toucinho imediatamente após a última costela, a 6,5 cm da linha dorso-lombar. As informações dos QTL significativos encontrados são importantes para estudos futuros, como o mapeamento fino e a identificação de genes, que ajudem no melhor entendimento da fisiologia e das características de produção de suínos.

The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) in chromosomes 9, 10 and 11 of swines (Sus scrofa) and to associate their effects on traits of carcass, carcass cuts, organs and guts, performance and meat quality. Samples of DNA of animals from a F2 population originated from crosses between Piau breed males and Landrace õ Large White õ Pietrain females were used. A total of 13 microsatellite loci were used to build link maps of the present population. Analyses of association were done using mapping of intervals by regression for QTL detection. Significant association were identified at the cromossomic level between cromossome 9 regions and total (bone-in) loin weight and boneless loin weight. On cromossom 10, three significant QTL were detected for midline backfat thickness immediately between the last and penultimate the last rib, lung weight and redness and a significant QTL at the genomic level for weight of liver. On chromosome 11, only one significant association was detected at cromosomic level related for backfat thickness immediately after the last rib at 6.5 cm from the midline. Information from significant QTL found here are important for future studies as fine mapping and gene identification, which help on a better understanding of physiology and characteristics of swine production.