RESUMO A cebola é a terceira hortaliça mais consumida no mundo, ao lado da batata e do tomate. Sua conservação é influenciada pela umidade e temperatura e, as maiores perdas pós-colheita ocorrem devido à falta de infraestrutura no armazenamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do resfriamento parcial de silo vertical na conservação pós-colheita de bulbos curados de cebola, cultivar ‘Bola Precoce’. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, com seis repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas de duas condições de armazenamento [bulbos de cebola armazenados em silo 1 com temperatura ambiente (T1) e bulbos armazenados em silo 2 resfriado (T2)] e as subparcelas foram consideradas dois períodos de retirada dos bulbos do armazenamento (0 e 14 dias). Foram avaliados a cor da casca, a partir do croma (C*) e luminosidade (L*) interna e externa; teor relativo de água (TRA) da casca e da polpa dos bulbos e perda de massa fresca (PMF) no momento de instalação do experimento e após 14 dias para ambos os experimentos e aos 21 dias para o T2. As médias de temperaturas obtidas em ambos os silos foram 30,4 e 16,4°C, respectivamente. A vida de prateleira dos bulbos do T1 foi 14 dias enquanto do T2 foi 21 dias. Os bulbos do T1 apresentam-se com casca mais clara no dia 0. O tempo de 14 dias de armazenamento tornou os bulbos mais claros no T2. Em relação à cor da polpa, o tempo de armazenamento tornou a polpa mais clara em ambos tratamentos. No dia 14 os bulbos do T1 apresentaram polpa mais clara que os do T2. Os tratamentos apresentaram comportamento semelhante no dia zero para croma interno. Após quatorze dias de armazenamento, o croma interno e externo foi maior nos bulbos do T2. O tempo de armazenamento reduziu o Hue interno apenas no T2 que apresentou menor Hue interno que o T1 em ambos os períodos de avaliação. O TRA foi maior no T1 que no T2 em ambos os períodos de avaliação. A PMF foi maior com tempo de armazenamento, no entanto, não diferiu entre tratamentos. O armazenamento de bulbos de cebola em silo resfriado aumentou em 7 dias a viabilidade dos mesmos, em relação ao silo sem refrigeração.

ABSTRACT Onion is the third most consumed vegetable worldwide, such as potatoes and tomatoes. Its conservation is influenced by temperature and humidity, and greatest losses occur at postharvest due to lack of storage infrastructure. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial cooling in vertical silo on postharvest conservation of cured onion bulbs cultivar Bola Precoce. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replicates, arranged in split plot scheme. Plots consisted of two storage conditions: onion bulbs stored in silo 1 at room temperature (T1) and bulbs stored in silo 2 with artificial cooling (T2). Subplots were two periods of bulb removal from storage (0 and 14 days). We evaluated peel color, using chroma (C*) and internal and external luminosity (L*); relative water content (TRA) of peel and pulp of bulbs and fresh mass loss (PMF) when the experiment was installed and after 14 days for both experiments and at 21 days for T2. The average temperatures obtained in both silos were 30.4 and 16.4°C, respectively. Bulbs of T1 had 14 days shelf life whereas, bulbs of T2 had a shelf life of 21 days. Bulbs of T1 showed lighter peel on day zero. The 14-day storage made the bulbs lighter in T2. In relation to pulp color, storage period made pulp lighter in both treatments. On day 14, bulbs of T1 showed lighter pulp color comparing to bulbs of T2. Both treatments showed similar behavior on day zero for internal chroma. After 14 days storage, internal and external chroma was higher in bulbs of T2. Storage period reduced internal hue only in bulbs of T2 which showed lower internal hue in both evaluation periods. TRA was higher in T1 in both evaluation periods. PMF was higher according to storage period; however loss did not differ between treatments. Storage of onion bulbs in cooled silos increased their viability in 7 days, in relation to storage without refrigeration.

ABSTRACT Here, Diaporthe myracrodruonis is introduced as new species from Brazil, isolated as endophyte from Myracrodruon urundeuva. Asterina mandaquiensis is epitypified and ilustrated for the first time. Serpula similis is reported as new to the Neotropics, while Perenniporia centrali-africana is reported for the first time as endophyte and Preussia africana as endophyte from Spondias tuberosa in Caatinga in Brazil.

RESUMO A atividade fungiostática pode, principalmente durante o armazenamento, levar à rápida deterioração na qualidade nutricional dos grãos e reduzir seu aproveitamento e inutilização em processo industrial pela contaminação com toxinas (aflatoxinas entre outras). Dentre as tecnologias apontadas como promissoras no controle desses microrganismos se destaca a ozonização. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a concentração e o tempo de saturação do gás ozônio em grãos de arroz e definir o tempo de ozonização eficaz na desinfecção de fungos e leveduras. Grãos de arroz (14,3% b.u.) foram inoculados com Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp. e posteriormente sua ozonização foi realizada na concentração de 10,13 mg L-1, em fluxo contínuo de 1,0 L min -1, em cinco períodos de exposição (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 h). A concentração e o tempo de saturação do gás ozônio nos grãos de arroz foram de 5 mg L-1 e 13,97 min, respectivamente. Observou-se redução em 3,8 ciclos log (100%) na contagem de leveduras e completa inibição para os fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium nos grãos ozonizados.

ABSTRACT The fungistatic activity, especially during storage, can lead to rapid deterioration in the nutritional quality of grains, and reduce their use and disposal in industrial process due to contamination with toxins (aflatoxins and others). Among the technologies identified as promising in controlling these microorganisms, there is ozonation. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration and the saturation time of ozone gas in rice grains and set the effective ozonation disinfection time in filamentous fungi and yeast. Rice grains (14.3% w.b.) were inoculated with Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and, subsequently, ozonized at the concentration of 10.13 mg L-1, under continuous flow of 1.0 L min-1, in five periods of exposure (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h). Ozone gas concentration and saturation time in rice grains were 5.00 mg L-1 and 13.97 min, respectively. There was a reduction of 3.8 log cycles (100%) in the count of yeasts and complete inhibition of fungal from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium in ozonized grains.

Despite the occurrence of several diseases of cassava, the cassava black root rot (CBR) represents one of the main limiting factor for crop rentability in the world. However, the etiology of CBR is complex and it needs to be revised based on current molecular analysis. On this work, molecular and morphological studies allowed for the identification of three species of Botryosphaeriaceae causing black root rot disease of cassava in the states of Maranhão and Paraíba, Brazil, namely: Lasiodiplodia euphorbicola, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium hyalinum. This is the first report of these three fungal species as causal agents of CBR in the world.

Eucalyptus plantations cover approximately 5.1 million hectares of Brazil, an area that will likely increase given the demand for natural products from planted forests. In recent years, anthracnose diseases have been frequently found on eucalyptus in Brazilian nurseries. In 2012, rooted mini-cuttings of clones of E. urophylla x E. grandis ("urograndis") exhibiting leaf spot and stem girdling symptoms were collected from nurseries in the Brazilian states of Pará and Minas Gerais, and cultures of Colletotrichum were obtained from the lesions. The isolates were initially identified to species of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, according to searches of the Q-bank Fungi database with the DNA sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the β-tubulin (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions, combined with morphological characterization, allowed us to conclude that the fungus belongs to C. theobromicola. Conidial suspension sprayed on "urograndis" clone plants induced similar symptoms as those found under natural conditions. Re-isolation of the fungus from symptomatic plants fulfilled the Koch´s postulate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. theobromicola in Brazil.

In addition to the rots that are commonly found on strawberries, a new disease was found in 7% of stored fruits during a survey of strawberry diseases at the postharvest stage. Koch's postulates were satisfied, and the fungi were identified as Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense and N. parvum based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacers, β-tubulin, RNA polymerase subunit II and transcription elongation factor 1-α regions. This is the first report of Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense in Brazil and the first report of Neofusicoccum spp. causing mummification and postharvest rot of strawberry.

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is host to several fungal species, including Irenopsis heveae as described by Hansford in 1961, which causes black mildew on leaves. One specimen of Irenopsis heveae from the state of Espírito Santo and two from the state of Pará were analyzed and showed some morphological differences. Some structures are similar to morphological characteristics as described and illustrated by Vincens in 1915 for Meliola heveae. Morphological comparisons with the type specimen of I. heveae and the alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the 28S rDNA region, however, indicate that the three samples belong to the same species. According to these data M. heveae and I. heveae are heterotypic synonyms with M. heveae being the older name. As the name I. heveae is already occupied by Hansford, Irenopsis vincensii is proposed as new name for the black mildew on H. brasiliensis. This is the first contribution of molecular sequence data for this species.

Several species of Calonectria cause diseases on a wide range of forest tree species that are propagated either via seedlings or rooted cuttings. In nurseries these fungi cause damping-off, cutting and root rots, stem lesions, and leaf blights. Recently a Calonectria sp. was isolated from rooted cuttings of Anadenanthera peregrina (Fabaceae), Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae), and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) exhibiting leaf blight and cutting rot in a forest nursery at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. Morphological comparisons and DNA sequences of three loci containing partial gene sequences of β-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), and elongation factor (TEF-1α) indicated that these isolates represent an unnamed species of Calonectria, described here as C. hodgesii sp. nov. Sprayinoculated plants of all three hosts with a suspension at 1x10(4) conidia mL-1 induced leaf lesions, cutting rot, and intense defoliation as observed under natural conditions. Calonectria hodgesii was re-isolated from infected tissue, which fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed its status as a pathogen with a wide host range.

Calonectria pteridis is one of the most important causal agents of Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil, which is a limiting factor for growth of Eucalyptus plantations. In this study we developed standard procedures for in vitro mass spore production and inoculation of C. pteridis for screening plant species and clones for resistance to CLB. The isolates used in this study were identified using similarity in DNA sequence to reference strains. Among six media tested, glucose asparagine agar induced the highest sporulation production and a significantly enhanced sporulation was found by scraping the aerial mycelium and temporarily submersing the cultures in tap water, followed by drying and additional incubation of the culture. We also demonstrated that the severity of CLB on excised leaves of two Eucalyptus spp. clones increased significantly when the inoculated leaves were incubated in the dark. The optimal temperature for infection was 26ºC when plants were incubated for 48 hours post-inoculation in a mist chamber and then maintained in a greenhouse (25ºC±5ºC) for 50 days. This study identifies environmental conditions to improve spore production and inoculation procedures of C. pteridis for selection of resistant Eucalyptus spp.

Currently there is a large and increasing demand for immature coconuts for fresh consumption of their liquid endosperm (coconut water). The occurrence of post-harvest diseases prevent its sale and change the taste, making it inappropriate for consumption. In 2011, coconut fruits showing internal post-harvest rot symptoms were found in a market in Belo Horizonte and after incubation for 5 days in a humid chamber at room temperature, fungal structures were observed. Fruiting structures show morphology typical of Ceratocystis paradoxa. For molecular identification, DNA sequences were generated for the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 and 2 including the 5.8S rRNA gene, part of the β-tubulin and the Transcription Elongation Factor 1-α gene regions. These data were compared with those of other C. paradoxa using phylogenetic analysis. Koch's postulates was confirmed by inoculation of 6-mm-diameter PDA plugs with the isolate on fruits of coconut. Morphology of the isolates in culture as well as phylogenetic inference showed that the causal agent of internal post-harvest rot disease on coconut is C. paradoxa.

Bellulicauda dialii é relatado pela primeira vez em folhas de Dialium guianense. Trata-se do segundo registro dessa espécie fúngica, anteriormente conhecida apenas do Continente Africano (Serra Leoa).

This is the first report of Bellulicauda dialii on Dialium guianense leaves, and the second record of this fungus, previously known only from Africa (Sierra Leone).