RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se há influência do alagamento temporário do solo no desempenho agronômico e no rendimento de cultivares de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 11x2 (onze cultivares e duas condições hídricas do solo), com quatro repetições. O estresse foi o imposto no estádio antecedente a antese das plantas. Foi realizada a avaliação por dois anos (2016/2017) do número de espigueta da espiga principal, número de sementes da espiga principal, massa de sementes da espiga principal, número de sementes da espiga do perfilho, massa de sementes da espiga do perfilho e rendimento da área útil. Os atributos físicos número de sementes, massa de sementes e o rendimento de sementes de trigo, conforme a cultivar e ano agrícola, são afetados negativamente pelo alagamento temporário (12 dias) do solo. Há influência do alagamento temporário do solo no desempenho agronômico e na produtividade das variedades de trigo. As variedades TBio Toruk, TBio Sinuelo, TBio Sintonia e CD151 são superiores na condição de alagamento do solo para o número de espiguetas, número de sementes e para o atributo massa de sementes. Na condição de capacidade de campo, as sementes produzidas apresentam maior rendimento, atingindo cerca de 309,2 Kg a mais para a cultivar TBio Sinuelo, 262 Kg para a TBio Toruk e 114 Kg na CD1303 em comparação àquelas produzidas sob o período de alagamento imposto.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to evaluate whether there is any influence of temporary soil flooding on the agronomic performance and yield of wheat varieties. The experimental design was completely random blocks, in an 11x2 factorial scheme (eleven varieties and two soil water conditions), with four replications. Stress was imposed in the stage prior to plant anthesis. The assessments were made in two seasons (2016/2017) in relation to the number of spikelets in the main ear, number of seeds in the main ear, mass of seeds in the main ear, number of seeds in the tiller ear, mass of seeds in the tiller ear and yield in the useful area. The physical attributes number of seeds, seed mass and wheat seed yield, according to variety and agricultural year, are negatively affected by the temporary flooding (12 days) of the soil. There is influence of temporary soil flooding on the agronomic performance and yield of wheat varieties. The varieties TBio Toruk, TBio Sinuelo, TBio Sintonia, and CD151 are superior in soil flooding condition for the number of spikelets, number of seeds end for the seed mass attribute. In the soil at field capacity, the seeds produced have higher yield compared to those produced under flooding period, reaching about 309.2 Kg more for the variety TBio Sinuelo, 262 Kg for TBio Toruk and 114 Kg in CD1303.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen dose management on the growth responses and physiological performance of barley seeds. Two barley cultivars (BRS Brau and BRS Cauê) and four nitrogen doses were used. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 2 X 4 factorial scheme (cultivars BRS Brau and BRS Cauê x nitrogen doses 120, 150, 180, and 210 kg ha-1). Successive collections of primary data were performed every fourteen days for growth analysis. The analyzed variables were total dry matter, dry matter production and relative growth rate, assimilated partition, and seed electrical conductivity. Increasing nitrogen doses caused a temporal-quantitative difference in growth, partition, and the accelerated aging test of barley seeds. The 150 kg ha-1 N dose resulted in total dry matter over time (Wt) superiority for both evaluated cultivars. The variable dry matter production rate achieved an increase with the 150 kg ha-1 N dose at 70 days after emergence (DAE) for BRS Brau and at 56 DAE for BRS Cauê supporting Wt. The 180 and 150 kg ha-1 N doses increased the relative growth rate for BRS Brau and BRS Cauê.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del manejo de las dosis de nitrógeno en las respuestas de crecimiento y el rendimiento fisiológico de las semillas de cebada. Se utilizaron dos cultivares de cebada (BRS Brau and BRS Cauê) y cuatro dosis de nitrógeno. El diseño experimental consistió en bloques al azar en un esquema factorial 2 X 4 (cultivares BRS Brau y BRS Cauê x dosis de nitrógeno 120, 150, 180 y 210 kg ha-1). Se realizaron recolecciones sucesivas de datos primarios cada catorce días para el análisis de crecimiento. Las variables analizadas fueron materia seca total, producción de materia seca y tasa de crecimiento relativa, partición asimilada y conductividad eléctrica de las semillas. El aumento de las dosis de nitrógeno causa una diferencia cuantitativa-temporal en el crecimiento, partición y la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado de las semillas de cebada. La dosis de 150 kg ha-1 N resultó en una superioridad total de la materia seca en el tiempo (Wt) para ambos cultivares evaluados. La tasa variable de producción de materia seca logró un aumento para la dosis de 150 kg ha-1 N a los 70 días después de la germinación (DAE) para BRS Brau y a 56 DAE para BRS Cauê apoyando Wt. Las dosis de 180 y 150 kg ha-1 N aumentaron la tasa de crecimiento relativo para BRS Brau y BRS Cauê.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of wheat plant grown from seeds with different vigor levels. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3 x 3 factorial design (cultivar x vigor level) with four replications. The wheat cultivars were Tbio Toruk, Tbio Mestre and Tbio Iguaçu. The classification of vigor levels was high, medium and low, determined by several vigor procedures. The following evaluations were performed: plant height, number of spikelets in the main tiller, number of seeds in the main tiller, seed mass in the main tiller, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds in tillers, seed mass in tillers, number of plants.m-2, number of spikes.m-2, and grain yield per hectare. The use of high vigor seeds provides a greater number of wheat plants and spikes per area. Grain yield is affected significantly by seed vigor level: there is an increase of up to 11% by using high vigor seeds compared to low vigor seeds.

Resumo: A qualidade das sementes e a ocorrência de estresses são determinantes para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das culturas. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do vigor das sementes no crescimento e na partição de massa seca de plantas de trigo submetidas a condições de estresse hídrico. Para avaliação do crescimento o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 8 (nível de vigor x regime hídrico x época de coleta), com quatro repetições. Para avaliação do rendimento de grãos, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de vigor x regime hídrico), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas massa seca total, taxa de produção de massa seca, taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de área foliar, área foliar, eficiência de conversão da energia solar, partição de massa seca e índice de colheita. A produção de massa seca total, a taxa de produção de massa seca, taxa assimilatória líquida, área foliar, razão de massa foliar, eficiência de conversão da energia solar e rendimento foram superiores para plantas provenientes de sementes de alto vigor sob capacidade de campo. O rendimento foi superior para plantas de alto vigor em relação àquelas de baixo vigor na capacidade de campo.

Abstract: The quality of the seeds and the occurrence of stresses are decisive for the development of the crops. Thus, the work aimed to verify the effect of seed vigor on growth and dry weight partition of wheat plants subjected to water stress. For growth evaluation, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 x 8 factorial scheme (vigor level x water regime x collection time), with four replications. To evaluate the yield of the seeds, the design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (level of vigor x water regime), with four replications. Total dry weight, dry weight production rate, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area, solar energy conversion efficiency, dry weight partition and harvest index were evaluated. Total dry weight production, dry weight production rate, leaf area, leaf weight ratio, solar energy conversion efficiency and yield were higher for plants from highly vigorous seeds under field capacity. The yield was higher for plants with high vigor compared to those with low vigor in field capacity.

Este estudo teve objetivo de avaliar a influencia de três níveis de vigor de sementes em caracteres do rendimento de grãos da soja cultivada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido na safra agrícola de 2017/2018 no município de Condor, localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, organizado em esquema fatorial com dois genótipos de soja (NA 5909 RG e BMX Ativa RR) e três níveis de vigor (alto, médio e baixo), dispostos em quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes homocedasticidades dos resíduos e homogeneidade das variâncias, análise de variância e interação entre genótipos de soja x níveis de vigor, correlação linear, algoritmo de Mahalanobis e análise biplot dos componentes principais. O uso de sementes com alto vigor determinou o estande de plantas por unidade de área e o rendimento de grãos da soja. Um incremento de 20% foi obtido para o rendimento de grãos devido o uso de sementes com elevado potencial fisiológico independente do genótipo de soja utilizado. A estabilidade inicial quando comprometida, influencia negativamente os componentes de rendimento, bem como, modificações abruptas na estrutura das plantas não resultaram em efeitos que compensassem a produção.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of three levels of seeds vigor in the attributes of soybean yield when cultivated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in the crop season of 2017/2018, in the city of Condor, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was random blocks organized in factorial scheme, being two soybean genotypes (NA 5909 RG and BMX Ativa RR) x three vigor levels (high, medium and low), and disposed in four replicates. The data was submitted to normality and homoscedasticity analysis of errors, variance analysis and interaction between soybean genotypes x seeds vigor level, linear correlation, Mahalanobis algorithm and Biplot analysis of the main compounds. The use of high vigor seeds determines the plant stand per unit of area and the grain yield of soybean. An increment of 20 % is obtained for grain yield due to the use of seeds with elevated physiologic potential independent of the soybean genotype. The soybean initial establishment, when compromised, negatively influences the yield components, also, abrupt modifications in the plants structure does not results in effects that will compensate production.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar um índice multivariado de vigor em sementes da soja para identificar os efeitos diferenciais da interação genótipos x ambientes na qualidade das sementes produzidas na safra 2016/2017. O experimento foi conduzido na safra agrícola de 2016/2017 em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, organizado no esquema fatorial, sendo: cinco ambientes de produção de sementes (Santa Rosa - RS, Tenente Portela - RS, Campos Borges - RS, Sarandi - RS e Pelotas - RS) x 20 genótipos de soja, dispostos em quatro repetições. Os ambientes de produção de sementes da soja de Tenente Portela - RS e Santa Rosa - RS caracterizam-se como os ambientes que expressam maior magnitude para o índice de vigor das sementes, entretanto biometricamente Sarandi - RS definiu-se como o ambiente ótimo para a produção de sementes de alto vigor diante dos genótipos testados. Elevado índice de vigor das sementes foram expressos para os genótipos TMG 7161 RR, AMS Tibagi RR, BMX Magna RR, Fepagro 37 RR e NA 5909 RG. Os efeitos diferenciais da interação genótipos x ambientes de produção das sementes de soja influencia em mais de 68% o índice de vigor das sementes produzidas.

Abstract : The objective of this work was to apply a multivariate index of vigor in soybean seeds to identify the differential effects of the genotypes x environments interaction on the quality of the seeds produced in the 2016/2017 harvest season. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, organized in the factorial scheme, with five seed production environments x 20 soybean genotypes, arranged in four replications. The seed production environments of Tenente Portela - RS and Santa Rosa - RS soybeans are characterized as the environments that express the highest magnitude for seed vigor index, however biometrically Sarandi - RS has been defined as the optimal environment for the production of high vigor seeds according to the tested genotypes. High seed vigor index were expressed for the genotypes TMG 7161 RR, AMS Tibagi RR, BMX Magna RR, Fepagro 37 RR and NA 5909 RG. The differential effects of the genotypes x production environments interaction of soybean seeds influenced by more than 68% the vigor index of the seeds produced.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar comparativamente o crescimento e a expressão do vigor de sementes de feijão provenientes de plantas submetidas à aplicação de ácido giberélico. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de ácido giberélico nas concentrações de zero; 50; 100 e 200 mg.L-1 no estádio V2. As coletas para análise de crescimento foram realizadas em intervalos regulares de sete dias após a semeadura, até as plantas atingirem o estádio R9. Em cada coleta, as plantas foram separadas em órgãos, para a determinação do crescimento e da partição de matéria seca. Além disso, determinou-se o índice de colheita, massa de mil sementes, número de sementes por planta, inserção da primeira vagem, comprimento e matéria seca total de plântulas. A matéria seca total, as taxas de produção de matéria seca e a eficiência de conversão de energia solar são superiores em plantas submetidas à aplicação exógena de ácido giberélico. O índice de colheita bem como o número de sementes por planta apresentam uma tendência de redução com a elevação da concentração de ácido giberélico. Contudo, a massa de mil sementes tende a ser superior na dose de 50 mg.L-1. O vigor de sementes de feijão, avaliado pelo teste de comprimento de plântulas, é alterado com aplicação de ácido giberélico.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of bean seeds from plants submitted to the application of gibberellic acid. The treatments consisted of the application of gibberellic acid in concentrations of zero; 50; 100 and 200 mg.L-1 in the V2 stage. The samples for growth analysis were performed at regular intervals of seven days after sowing, until the plants reached the R9 stage. At each collection, the plants were separated into organs for determination of growth and dry matter partition. In addition, the harvest index, mass of one thousand seeds, number of seeds per plant, insertion of the first pod, length and total dry matter of seedlings were determined. Total dry matter, dry matter production rates and solar energy conversion efficiency are higher in plants submitted to the exogenous application of gibberellic acid. The harvest index as well as the number of seeds per plant present a tendency of reduction with the increase of the gibberellic acid concentration. However, the mass of one thousand seeds tends to be higher in the dose of 50 mg.L-1. The vigor of bean seeds, evaluated by the test of seedling length, is altered with application of gibberellic acid.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade multicaráter de genótipos de trigo (Triticum aestivum) de acordo com índice fenotípico de vigor de sementes (IFV). Trinta genótipos de trigo foram cultivados em sete ambientes, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante uma safra. Em cada ambiente, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O IFV foi elaborado a partir das seguintes características: primeira contagem da germinação, percentagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica. O índice fenotípico avaliado possibilita definir macroambientes para a produção de sementes de trigo com alto potencial fisiológico e compreender as implicações da interação genótipo x ambiente. O índice fenotípico de vigor de sementes é efetivo para classificar os genótipos ao se considerar a seleção de múltiplas características relacionadas ao vigor de sementes de trigo produzidas na região Sul do Brasil.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the adaptability and multi-trait stability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes according to the phenotypic index of seed vigor (PIV). Thirty wheat genotypes were grown in seven environments in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during one crop season. In each environment, a randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. The PIV was elaborated from the following traits: first germination count, germination percentage, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity. The evaluated phenotypic index makes it possible to define macroenvironments for the production of wheat seeds with high physiological potential and to understand the implications of the genotype x environment interaction. The phenotypic index of seed vigor is effective to rank genotypes considering multi-trait selection related to the vigor of wheat seeds produced in Southern Brazil.

Resumen: El uso de reguladores de crecimiento en trigo tiene el objetivo de reducir los problemas causados por el acamado de plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la expresión del crecimiento y el vigor de las semillas de trigo, tratadas con un regulador de crecimiento, y el uso de fertilización para obtener altos rendimientos. El cultivar utilizado fue OR Topázio, y los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco concentraciones del trinexapac-etilo [0-sin aplicación; 200; 400; 600 y 800 ml de producto comercial ha-1] con ocho períodos de colecta [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 y 112 días después de la emergencia]. Se utilizó un diseño experimental enteramente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial 5 x 8 (cinco concentraciones y ocho períodos de colecta), con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó materia seca total, tasa de producción de materia seca, tasa relativa de crecimiento, tasa de asimilación neta, eficiencia de conversión de energía solar, partición de fotoasimilados, índice de cosecha e índice de velocidad de emergencia. La acumulación de materia seca total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, altura de la planta y el índice de cosecha se redujeron con el regulador de crecimiento, con intensidad variada de acuerdo con la concentración aplicada. La tasa de asimilación neta se redujo cuando las plantas fueron sometidas a las concentraciones de 400, 600 y 800 ml ha-1. La emergencia de las plántulas y el índice de velocidad de emergencia no se vieron afectados por la acción del regulador de crecimiento.

Summary: The use of growth regulators in wheat aims to reduce problems caused by the lodging of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of wheat seeds treated with a growth regulator and the fertilization of plants to achieve high yields. The cultivar used was OR Topázio, the treatments consisted of the combination of five rates of the trinexapac-ethyl [0 - no application; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mL of the commercial product ha-1] and eight harvesting dates [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 days after emergence ]. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 5 x 8 (five rates and eight harvest dates) with four repetitions. The total dry matter, dry matter production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, conversion efficiency of solar energy, photoassimilate partition, harvest index, and seedling emergence index were evaluated. Allocation of total dry matter, relative growth rate, plant height and harvest index were reduced by the growth regulator, with varied intensity according to the rate applied. The net assimilation rate was reduced in plants subjected to 400, 600 and 800 mL ha-1. The seedling emergence and the speed of emergence index were not affected by the action of the growth regulator.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del anegamiento del suelo sobre el comportamiento fisiológico de las semillas y la productividad de las plantas de centeno. Nuestro estudio consistió en tres tratamientos: 1) sin anegamiento; 2) un período de anegamiento; 3) dos períodos de anegamiento. La productividad de la planta se evaluó a partir del número de espigas por planta, el número de semillas por planta, el número de semillas por espiga y el rendimiento de las semillas. Las semillas fueron sometidas a una prueba de germinación para evaluar la calidad fisiológica de acuerdo a la tasa de germinación, tasa de germinación inicial, índice de velocidad de germinación, conductividad eléctrica, longitud del tallo, longitud de la raíz primaria, materia seca de la raíz y del tallo y peso de mil semillas. Las semillas de plantas no expuestas al anegamiento del suelo alcanzaron mayor porcentaje de germinación en menos tiempo y registraron mayores valores del índice de velocidad de germinación. Sin embargo, presentaron un menor peso de mil semillas, y las plántulas registraron mayor longitud del tallo y de la raíz primaria. Las plantas no expuestas al anegamiento tuvieron mayor número de espigas por planta, mayor número de semillas por planta, mayor número de semillas por espiga, y mejor rendimiento de semilla por planta. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el anegamiento del suelo en largos períodos afecta negativamente el rendimiento fisiológico de la semilla y la productividad de la planta de centeno.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of waterlogging on seed physiological performance and plant productivity in rye. Our study consisted of three treatments: 1) no waterlogging, 2) a single waterlogging period, and 3) double waterlogging period. Plant productivity was evaluated from the number of spikes per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the number of seeds per spike, and seed yield. Seeds were exposed to a germination test and seed physiological quality was evaluated from the seed germination rate, initial germination rate, germination speed index, electric conductivity, shoot length, primary root length, shoot dry matter and primary root dry matter, and weight per 1000 seeds. The seeds derived from plants not exposed to waterlogging showed a higher germination rate in a shorter period of time and higher germination speed index than those derived from plants that were exposed to waterlogging; however, the weight per 1000 seeds was lower and seedlings had longer shoots and primary roots. The plants that were not exposed to waterlogging had a higher number of spikes per plant, higher number of seeds per plant, higher number of seeds per spike, and better seed yield per plant. Therefore, it was concluded that waterlogging has a negative effect on seed physiological performance in rye and that plant productivity is reduced under long-term waterlogging

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, assimilate partitioning and seed vigor expression of rye seeds subjected to waterlogging during development. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications and three treatments. The treatments involved different waterlogging periods: a) no waterlogging; b) single waterlogging of three days; and c) two soil waterlogging periods of three days. The plants were collected at regular intervals of 14 days after emergence until the end of the growth cycle, measuring the dry matter accumulation and the leaf area for growth analysis and dry matter partition between the organs and number of flowers. The other calculated indices included the harvest index and relative seedling emergence rate originating from the seeds of plants that were maintained at field capacity and under the effect of soil waterlogging. Rye plants that were not subjected to waterlogging had a higher dry matter, dry matter production rates and harvest index compared to the plants under the effect of two soil waterlogging periods. Plants under the effect of two waterlogging periods showed drastic alterations in their growth rates and assimilate partitioning during development, and seed vigor expression was negatively affected when the plants were subjected to soil waterlogging.