Ambuic acid (AA) is a highly-modified cyclohexenone and known as a promising inhibitor of quorum sensing in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and is thus a candidate as an antivirulence drug. This molecule is mainly produced by the species of Pestalotiopsis and, since its discovery twenty years ago, only a restricted amount of AA-derivatives have been described. Despite being a promising subject, methods for the analysis of modified AA-analogues via mass spectrometry remain unexplored. In order to adress this question, the marine fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. 4A11 associated with the ascidian Didemnum perlucidum was grown in a solid rice medium and its crude extract was chemically studied. From this extract, AA and 10-hydroxy ambuic acid (10-HAA) were isolated and identified using NMR spectroscopy with the aim of obtaining model compounds for the MS analysis. These served as reference compounds (seeds) to guide the dereplication of other AA-analogues via LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking. Based on the manual interpretation of the fragmentation pathways of the seeds and related compounds observed in the networks, six AA-derivatives were dereplicated in the extract. Furthermore, three analogues with unprecedented chemical formulas were proposed as putative unprecedented AA-derivatives. The fragmentation annotation proposed represents a fast and feasible method for characterizing AA-derivatives.

Fridericia speciosa (Bignoniaceae) is a liana that occurs in humid to dry vegetation in eastern and southeastern Brazil. Species belonging to the genus Fridericia are employed as medicinal plants. This study evaluates the antipromastigote and cytotoxic activities of the crude extract, fractions, and compounds isolated from F. speciosa, and an HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) analytical method was used to quantify the bioactive flavonoids. The flavonoids alpinetin (1), luteolin (2), diosmetin (3), and apigenin (4) were isolated from the active EtOAc-soluble fraction (EAF) of the crude ethanol extract (LCE) obtained from F. speciosa leaves. Both LCE and EAF were active against the normal human lung fibroblast cell line GM07492A (IC50 of 460.7 µg mL-1 and 381.4 µg mL-1, respectively). Only EAF showed activity against Leishmania amazonensis (80.4% at 50 µg mL-1). Compounds 1 and 2 were quantified by HPLC-DAD in both LCE (1: 6.21%; 2: 1.11%) and EAF (1: 45.32%; 2: 2.00%). At 100 µM, compounds1-4 inhibited L. amazonensis flagellar motility by 40.2%, 26.8%, 1.0%, and 24.8%, respectively, while their toxicities (IC50) to the normal cell were > 1000, 353.0, 766.2, and >1000 µg mL-1, respectively. Therefore, F. speciosa leaves are a prolific source of bioactive flavonoids.

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit is a folk medicinal species in Northeast Brazil. In this work, seedlings of H. pectinata were cultured in vitro under diverse light quality spectra and under the influence of two distinct chemical elicitors, salicylic acid and silver nitrate (SN), at concentrations of 30 and 60 μM. Growth parameters, biomass and rosmarinic acid (RA) content were evaluated. RA may be associated with the functional properties of this plant. In the light quality experiments, the highest level of rosmarinic acid was found under red light (161.65 ± 8.64 μg g-1 DW (dry weight)) at 20 days (4.26-fold higher than the control white light). Among the evaluated elicitors, elicitation with 60 μM SN at 3 days and 30 μM SN at 6 days favored the highest rosmarinic acid content (6361.70 ± 216.96 and 4542.98 ± 92.53 μg g-1 DW, respectively), with relatively high biomass yield and a similar number of leaves and height as those of control seedlings. This approach is new for H. pectinata.

Abstract The ethanol crude extract from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae) displayed significant antiplasmodial activity (IC50 0.577 µg/ml). Liquid chromatography-high resolution Mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify the main compounds existing in the ethanol extract. The occurrence of anacardic acids, cardols, and 2-methylcardols derivatives was confirmed in the extract. The IC50 obtained, when the main isolated compounds were evaluated in Plasmodium falciparum D6 strain, ranged from 5.39 µM to >100 µM. Tested here for the first time, the data showed that cardol triene 1 (IC50 = 5.69 µM) and 2-methylcardol triene 4 (IC50 = 5.39 µM) demonstrated good antimalarial activity. In conclusion, Anacardium occidentale nuts presented relevant biological potential, and further studies should be considered.

RESUMO: Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) é uma planta medicinal nativa do Cerrado brasileiro. Técnicas de propagação in vitro fazem uso de elicitores para alterar as vias metabólicas, afetando a produção de moléculas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como os elicitores abióticos ácido salicílico (SA) e nitrato de prata (SN) nas concentrações de 30µM ou 60µM influenciam no crescimento de plântulas de Hyptis marrubioides por dois diferentes métodos de cultivo in vitro. O teor de rutina foi quantificado por CLAE-DAD. Em comparação com uma cultura não tratada, os extratos metanólicos de H. marrubioides cultivados em meio MS por 10 dias, seguidos de cultura em meio MS contendo SN (30µM) por 20 dias, apresentaram 1,28 vezes maior teor de rutina. Em um segundo experimento, as plântulas foram cultivadas em meio MS por 20 dias, e então o elicitor desejado foi adicionado à cultura e deixado em contato com o meio por três e seis dias. SA (30µM) forneceu os melhores resultados na produção de rutina, sendo 16,56 vezes maior do que o controle após seis dias. SN (30µM) aumentou o teor de rutina em 1,17 vezes. Nas duas concentrações avaliadas durante os experimentos de elicitação, nem SA nem SN alteraram os parâmetros de crescimento, como comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas ou peso fresco e seco das plântulas de H. marrubioides cultivadas in vitro em relação ao controle. Com base nestes resultados, os elicitores abióticos SA e SN forneceram com sucesso Hyptis marrubioides in vitro com maior conteúdo de rutina.

ABSTRACT: Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant that is native from Brazilian Cerrado. In vitro propagation techniques make use of elicitors to alter metabolic pathways, affecting how molecules are produced both qualitatively and quantitatively. This research aimed to evaluate how abiotic elicitors salicylic acid (SA) and silver nitrate (SN) at concentrations of 30µM or 60µM influence Hyptis marrubioides seedling growth by two different in vitro culture methods. The rutin content was quantified by HPLC-DAD. Compared to an untreated culture, the H. marrubioides methanolic extracts cultured in MS medium for 10 days followed by culture in MS medium containing SN (30µM) for 20 days had 1.28 times higher rutin content. In a second experiment, seedlings were cultured in MS medium for 20 days, and then the desired elicitor was added to the culture and allowed to remain in contact with the medium for three and six days. SA (30µM) gave the best results: rutin production was 16.56-foldhigher than the control after six days. SN (30µM) increased the rutin content by 1.17-fold. At the two concentrations evaluated during the elicitation experiments, neither SA nor SN altered the growth parameters shoot length, leaf number, and fresh and dry weight of H. marrubioides seedlings grown in vitro as compared to the control. Based on these results, the abiotic elicitors SA and SN successfully provide Hyptis marrubioides with increased rutin content in vitro.

ABSTRACT Hyptis marrubioides Epling, Lamiaceae, a species from Brazilian Cerrado, has been used against gastrointestinal infections, skin infections, pain, and cramps. Herein, H. marrubioides seedlings were cultured in vitro under different wavelengths (white, blue, green, red, and yellow) with 50 µmol m-2 s-1 irradiance and a 16-h photoperiod. After 20 and 30 days of cultivation, shoot length, leaf number, fresh mass, and dry mass were evaluated. The flavonoid rutin content was determined by the HPLC-DAD method. The shoots were longer in plants cultivated under yellow (16.603 ± 0.790 cm, 1.8-fold), red (15.465 ± 0.461 cm, 1.7-fold), and green (14.677 ± 0.737 cm, 1.6-fold) lights than in control plants exposed to white light (9.203 ± 0.388 cm). The number of leaves increased in plants exposed to red (23.425 ± 1.138, 1.1-fold) and green (22.725 ± 1.814, 1.1-fold) lights, compared to control plants (20.133 ± 0.827). Fresh (0.665 ± 0.048 g, 1.2-fold) and dry (0.066 ± 0.005 g, 1.3-fold) mass of seedlings were the highest in seedlings grown under red light, compared to seedlings grown under white light (0.553 ± 0.048 and 0.028 ± 0.004, respectively). However, rutin production was higher under white (0.308 mg g-1 of dry weight) and blue lights (0.298 mg g-1 of dry weight). Thus, red light induces plant growth and increases leaf number and dry weight in in vitro-cultivated H. marrubioides, whereas blue and white lights promote the greatest rutin accumulation.

Abstract Recent publications have highlighted the numerous biological activities attributed to the lignan (-)-cubebin (1), Piper cubeba L. f., Piperaceae, and ongoing studies have focused on its structural optimization, in order to obtain derivatives with greater pharmacological potential. The aim of this study was the obtainment of (1), its semisynthetic derivatives and evaluation of antibacterial activity. The extract of the seeds of P. cubeba was chromatographed, subjected to recrystallization and was analyzed by HPLC and spectrometric techniques. It was used for the synthesis of: (-)-O-methylcubebin (2), (-)-O-benzylcubebin (3), (-)-O-acetylcubebin (4), (-)-O-(N, N-dimethylamino-ethyl)-cubebin (5), (-)-hinokinin (6) and (-)-6.6'-dinitrohinokinin (7). The evaluation of the antibacterial activity has been done by broth microdilution technique for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Actinomyces naeslundii, Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. It was possible to make an analysis regarding the relationship between structure and antimicrobial activity of derivatives against microorganisms that cause endodontic infections. The most promising were minimum inhibitory concentration =50 µg/ml against P. gingivalis by (2) and (3), and minimum inhibitory concentration =100 µg/ml against B. fragilis by (6). Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that (1) and its derivatives do not display toxicity.

Respostas histológicas do intestino são fundamentais para avaliar o valor nutritivo de ingredientes alimentares, uma vez que o órgão não é só o principal local de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes, mas também exerce uma importante função imunológica. Alterações histomorfológicas foram avaliadas no intestino de juvenis de cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, alimentado com dietas contendo 0 (controle), 10 e 20% de inclusão de colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL) como fonte de proteína e peptídeos bioativos, aos 30 e 60 dias. Aos 60 dias, peixes alimentados com 20CBL apresentaram macrófagos de aspecto distinto e alguns, uma grande concentração de vacúolos na mucosa retal. A espessura da camada muscular (ECM) em peixes alimentados com CBL foi maior na primeira porção do intestino médio em relação àqueles alimentados com 0CBL. Ao longo do período experimental, todos os peixes mostraram aumento significativo na ECM na segunda porção do intestino médio, entretanto peixes do grupo 20CBL tiveram menores valores para a ECM do que os demais, o que pode estar relacionado com o maior coeficiente intestinal encontrado para este grupo. A ECM no reto foi maior apenas para os peixes alimentados com 10CBL. A inclusão de CBL na dieta do cachara alterou características morfométricas do intestino e, possivelmente, induziu uma reação inflamatória na mucosa retal em função do nível de inclusão, período de alimentação e porção do intestino analisada.

Histological responses of the intestine are key for evaluating nutritional value of feed ingredients, since the organ is not only the chief site of feed digestion and nutrient absorption but also plays an important immunological function. Histomorphological alterations were evaluated in the intestine of juvenile striped catfish, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, fed diets containing 0 (control), 10 or 20% inclusion of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC), as source of protein or bioactive peptides, for either 30 or 60 days. Fish fed 20LBC presented at 60d a distinct pattern of macrophages and, some of them, higher number of vacuoles in rectum mucosa. The thickness of the muscle layer (TML) in fish fed diets with LBC was higher in the first portion of medium intestine than fish fed 0LBC. All fish presented significant increase of TML in the second portion of medium intestine along feeding period, but fish fed 20LBC had smaller values of TML than those of fish fed 0 and 10LBC which might be related to the higher intestinal coefficient found for this group. The TML of rectum was higher just for fish fed 10LBC. Dietary LBC altered morphometrical features of juvenile striped catfish intestine and possibly induced inflammatory reaction in the rectal mucosa, as a function of level of inclusion, feeding period and segment of intestine analyzed.

Objetivou-se determinar a flutuação no nível de anticorpos séricos em cabras nos períodos pré e pós-parto e a eficiência do processo de aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos recém-nascidos utilizando colostros bovino e caprino, visando à avaliação de uma alternativa de manejo de colostro. Foram utilizadas 18 cabras e suas respectivas crias, num total de 33 animais. A coleta de sangue das cabras foi iniciada 45 dias antes da data prevista para o parto e foi realizada em intervalos de cinco dias até o 5º dia após o parto. Os cabritos foram distribuídos em dois grupos: um grupo recebeu colostro caprino e o outro colostro bovino. As coletas de sangue foram feitas às 0, 12, 24 e 48 horas e aos 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 dias de vida. Foram analisadas as concentrações séricas de proteína total e imunoglobulinas, além da concentração de imunoglobinas no colostro. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e as variáveis séricas analisadas como medidas repetidas. A ausência de queda na concentração sérica de proteínas totais e imunoglobinas no período pré-parto indica que a mobilização de anticorpos para glândula mamária ocorre em concentrações que permitem o animal manter essas variáveis sem grandes alterações. No grupo que recebeu colostro bovino, a data de concentração máxima de proteínas totais (7,16 ± 0,28 g/dL) foi verificada às 48,68 ± 0,70 horas de vida e a de imunoglobinas, às 48,75 ± 0,73 horas, com média de 37,56 ± 2,38 unidades ZST (turvação por sulfato de zinco). No grupo que recebeu colostro caprino, os valores máximos de proteínas totais e imunoglobinas séricas ocorreram mais tardiamente, aos 20,05 ± 1,36 e 20,11 ± 1,72 dias de vida, com médias de 5,91 ± 0,22 g/dL e 28,17 ± 2,05 unidades ZST, respectivamente. O colostro caprino pode ser substituído pelo colostro bovino, que promove melhor aquisição inicial de imunoglobulinas aos neonatos.

The objective of this study was to determine the fluctuation of serum antibodies in goats in the period before and immediately after kidding and the passive immunity acquisition efficiency in kids fed bovine and goat colostrum, to assess an alternative for colostrum management. Eighteen goats and their offspring were used in a total of 33 animals. Goat blood samples started to be collected 45 days before the predicated kidding date, at five-day intervals until the 5th day post kidding. The kids were distributed in two groups: one group received goat colostrum and the other cattle colostrums. Blood collections were made 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and at 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days of age. The serum concentration of total protein (TP) and immunoglobulins (Ig), and the colostrum IgG concentration were analyzed. A randomized complete design was used and the serum variables were analyzed as repeated measurements. The absence of fall in TP and Ig serum concentration in the pre partum period, indicated that the mobilization of serum antibodies to mammary gland occurred in concentrations that allow the animals to keep these variables without great alterations. In the group that received cattle colostrum, the highest concentration data for TP was observed at 48.68 ± 0.79 hours after birth, with mean of 7.16 ± 0.28 g/dL, and the highest concentration date for Ig at 48 ± 0.73, with mean of 37.56 ± 2.38 ZST units (zinc sulfate turbidity). In the group that received goat colostrum, the maximum values for serum TP and Ig occurred later, at 20.05 ± 1.36 and 20.11 ± 1.72 days after birth, with means of 5.91 ± 0.22 g/dL and 28.17 ± 2.05 ZST units (zinc sulphate turbidity), respectively. Goat colostrum can be substituted by cattle colostrums, that promotes better initial immunoglobulin acquisition by the neonates.

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos do fornecimento adicional de colostro de diferentes concentrações de IGF-I e IgG, às 12 horas de vida, sobre as características morfológicas dos enterócitos, bem como a relação entre a quantidade total de IGF-I ingerida e a altura dos microvilos intestinais de bezerros até as 72 horas de vida. Adotou-se o fornecimento prolongado de colostros de diferentes concentrações, incluindo colostro enriquecido com colostro liofilizado. Oitenta e dois bezerros da raça Holandesa receberam, ao nascimento, colostro com concentrações variáveis de IgG e, às 12 horas de vida, receberam três pools de colostro com densidades variáveis: colostro baixo - IgG e IGF-I inferiores a 30 mg/mL e 90,65 µg/L, respectivamente; alto - IgG e IGF-I superiores a 100 mg/mL e 344,02 µg/L, respectivamente; ou enriquecido de colostro liofilizado - IgG e IGF-I superiores a 120 mg/mL e 864,68 µg/L, respectivamente. Às 0, 10, 24, 36 e 72 horas de vida, coletaram-se amostras do duodeno, do jejuno (proximal, médio e distal) e do íleo para estudo ultraestrutural. Para determinação da altura dos microvilos, considerou-se o arranjo fatorial 3 × 3 + 1, correspondendo à quantidade total de IGF-I ingerida nas refeições de colostro (0-500, 500-1500, 1500-2500 µg), três idades de abate (10, 24 e 72 horas de vida) e o grupo controle (nascimento). As características morfológicas dos enterócitos diferiram conforme a idade e as quantidades de IgG e IGF-I disponibilizadas. A quantidade total de IGF-I ingerida teve efeito local positivo sobre a altura dos microvilos intestinais.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional colostrum with different IGF-I and IgG concentrations, at 12 hours of life, on morphological characteristics of enterocytes, as well as the relationship of total amount of IGF-I ingested on the microvillus height of the calves small intestine in the first 72 hours after birth. It was utilized prolonged supply of colostrum with different concentrations, including colostrum enriched with lyophilized colostrum. Eighty two Holstein calves received, at birth, colostrum with different IgG concentrations and, at 12 hours of life, they received three colostrum pools with variable density: low colostrum (IgG and IGF-I inferior to 30 mg/mL and 90.65 µg/L, respectively), high (IgG and IGF-I superior to 100 mg/mL and 344.02 µg/L, respectively), or enriched with lyophilized colostrum (IgG and IGF-I superior to 120 mg/mL and 864.68 µg/L, respectively). At 0, 12, 24, 36, and 72 hours after birth, duodenum, proximal, medium, and distal jejunum and ileum samples were collected for ultrastructural studies. It was employed a factorial arrangement 3 × 3 + 1, corresponding to the total amount of IGF-I ingested in colostrum meals (0-500, 500-1500, 1500-2500 µg), three slaughter ages (at 10, 24 and 72 hours of life) and control group (at birth) for determination of the microvillus height. Different morphologic characteristics of the enterocytes were observed as consequence of the age, IgG and IGF-I ingested. The total IGF-I amount ingested showed positively local effect on the microvillus height of the intestinal.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de IGF-I sobre os indicadores de atividade celular hepática e intestinal em bezerros recém-nascidos, 42 vacas holandesas gestantes foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos. O grupo rbST recebeu hormônio de crescimento (500 mg rbST) e o grupo controle recebeu injeção de vitamina E. As aplicações se iniciaram aos 35 dias pré-parto e foram repetidas a cada 14 dias até o parto. Os recém-nascidos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nas seguintes idades de abate: após o nascimento e sem a ingestão de colostro; e 2 e 7 dias de vida com ingestão de colostro das respectivas mães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em estrutura fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo aos grupos das mães e às idades dos bezerros. Amostras do fígado, do jejuno e do íleo foram coletadas. Os bezerros do grupo rbST apresentaram, no jejuno, menores níveis de DNA e proteína aos 7 dias de vida, enquanto a concentração de proteína nesse grupo aumentou aos 2 dias de vida. Esse efeito também foi observado na relação proteína/RNA. No grupo controle, o aumento de proteína foi verificado no 7º dia. Os indicadores de atividade celular analisados sugerem que o IGF-I adicional no colostro de vacas tratadas com rbST teve participação na maturação celular intestinal dos bezerros, sendo determinante no comportamento da primeira geração de enterócitos.

With the objective of evaluating different levels of IGF-I on the hepatical and intestinal indicators of cellular activity in newborn calves, 42 pregnant Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups: a) control: injection of vitamin E or b) rbST: injection of growth hormone (rbST). Injections started 35 days pre-partum and were repeated every 14 days until parturition. Newborn calves were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (two mother groups and three different ages). After slaughter, samples from liver, jejunum and ileum were collected. Calves from rbST group showed lower levels of DNA and protein in jejunum at seven days of age, while protein concentration increased at two days of age. Similar response was observed for the ratio of protein/RNA in jejunum. In the control group, the increase in protein concentration was observed in the seventh day of age. The indicators of cellular activity measured in this trial suggested that greater IGF-I concentration in colostrum of rbST treated cows promoted intestinal cellular maturation by affecting behavior of first generation enterocytes.

Foram utilizadas 42 vacas holandesas gestantes e multíparas, distribuídas ao acaso em dois grupos, com o objetivo de se determinar possíveis alterações na concentração de IGF-I no colostro e nas secreções lácteas em resposta a mudanças na concentração sérica de IGF-I pré-parto, além de se avaliar comparativamente a flutuação sérica pré-parto de IGF-I em relação a IgG. O grupo tratado (n=21) recebeu 500 mg de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) e o grupo controle (n=21) injeções de vitamina E. Os tratamentos foram iniciados 35 dias pré-parto e repetidos a cada 14 dias até o parto. Semanalmente, até o parto, avaliou-se o escore corporal (EC) e coletaram-se amostras de sangue da veia mamária. Foram amostrados o colostro e as secreções lácteas diariamente por sete dias pós-parto. O EC e a concentração sérica de ácidos graxos não-esterificados não diferiram entre os grupos. O grupo rbST apresentou maiores concentrações séricas de IGF-I na segunda e quarta semanas após o início dos tratamentos, não sendo encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos ao parto. A concentração de IGF-I foi superior no colostro das vacas tratadas com rbST, não diferindo nas secreções subseqüentes. As concentrações séricas de IgG não diferiram entre tratamentos durante todo o período experimental, assim como as do colostro e demais secreções lácteas. As concentrações séricas de IGF-I e IgG variaram em função do período experimental, diferindo na amplitude e refletindo as grandes mudanças que ocorrem no último mês de gestação.

Forty-two Holstein cows, pregnants and multiparous, wereassigned randomly to two groups to determine the possible alterations of IGF-I concentration in colostro and mammary secretions by changes in pre-partum blood serum IGF-I concentration, and also to compare its temporal changes with the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in pre-partum period. The treated group (n=21) received 500 mg of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), and the control group (n=21) vitamin E injections. The treatments had been initiated 35 days pre-partum and repeated each 14 days until partum. Weekly it was evaluated body condition scores and was collected blood by mammary venepuncture until partum. Colostrum and mammary secretions were collected daily for seven days pos-partum. Body condition scores and nonesterified fatty acid concentration did not differ between the groups. To the rbST group IGF-I concentration was superior on second and fourth weeks after the treatment had been initiated. However, no treatment differences were found at partum. Concentration of IGF-I was superior in colostrum of cows treated with rbST, but it did not differ in subsequent mammary secretions. IgG serum concentration did not differ between treatments during the experimental period, neither in colostrum and subsequent mammary secretions. IGF-I and IgG serum concentrations showed different responses according to the experimental period, which differed at the range and reflected the main changes that happened at the last month of gestation.

A eficiência de absorção de imunoglobulinas do colostro foi avaliada em cinco bezerros da raça Canchim e sete bezerros da raça Nelore. Os bezerros receberam colostro de "pools" com concentração média de 70,20 ± 6,14 mg/mL, por sonda esofagiana, às 2, 12, 24 e 36 horas após o nascimento. As concentrações de imunoglobulinas dos "pools" foram estimadas por gravidade específica e quantificadas por imunodifusão radial. No sangue obtido ao nascimento e durante os primeiros 70 dias de idade, a proteína total foi analisada pelo método do biureto e as imunoglobulinas séricas, quantificadas por imunodifusão radial. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As concentrações máximas de imunoglobulinas séricas e de proteína total foram observada às 24 horas de idade. Não foi observada diferença significativa quanto à concentração de imunoglobulinas às 24 horas (P>0,5484), com valores médios de 28,80 ± 7,24 mg/mL para Canchim e de 27,32 ± 9,54 mg/mL para Nelore. A eficiência de absorção das imunoglobulinas não diferiu significativamente (P> 0,8715) entre as raças, sendo 64,04 ± 7,74% para Canchim e 62,30 ± 6,93% para Nelore. A ausência de diferença significativa estendeu-se até o 40º dia, período de predominância de anticorpos maternos na corrente sangüínea do bezerro. No período seguinte, dos 40 aos 70 dias de idade, fase de estabelecimento da produção endógena de anticorpos, verificaram-se diferenças na concentração de IgG entre os dois grupos de animais, refletindo provavelmente o comportamento diferenciado das raças. O processo de absorção das imunoglobulinas provenientes do colostro pelos bezerros recém-nascidos não foi afetado pela raça. As diferenças entre raças na concentração sérica de IgG foram relacionadas à fase endógena de produção de anticorpos.

The efficiency of absorption of colostral immunoglobulins was evaluated in five Canchim and seven Nelore calves. They received colostrum pools with concentration of 70.20 ± 6.14 mg/mL through esofageal feeder at 2, 12, 24 and 36 hours after birth. The immunoglobulins concentrations of the pools were estimated through specific gravity and measured by radial immunodifusion. In the blood collection at birth and during the first 70 days of life, the total protein was assayed by biuret method and the immunoglobulins were assayed by radial immunodifusion. Data were analysed as a randomized split-plot statistical model. The highest concentrations of serum immunoglobulins and total protein were observed at 24 hours of age. No significant differences (P>0.5484) were observed for immunoglobulins concentration at 24 hours, with concentrations of 28.80 ± 7.24 mg/mL for Canchim and 27.32 ± 9.54 mg/mL for Nelore. The efficiency for immunoglobulins absorption was not significantly different (P>0.8715) between breeds, 64.04 ± 7.74% for Canchim and 62.30 ± 6.93% for Nelore. The lack of statistical significance persisted until the fourtieth day of life, period of maternal immunoglobulin predominance in the calves blood circulation. In the following period, from 40 to 70 days of age, phase of establishment of the endogenous production of immunoglobulin, differences in the IgG concentrations between the two groups were detected refflecting a possible breed effect difference. The process of colostral IgG absorption by the newborn calves was not affected by breed. The differences between breeds in the calves serum IgG were related to the phase of endogenous production of antibodies.

A imunidade adquirida pelos recém-nascidos depende, no caso de ruminantes, da ingestão e absorção de quantidades adequadas de imunoglobulinas do colostro. A suplementação adicional de colostro pode ser um procedimento que determine a correção de possíveis falhas de manejo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de colostro de superior qualidade imunológica às 12 horas de vida sobre os níveis séricos de proteína total e de imunoglobulinas G, em bezerros recém-nascidos. Foram amostrados 45 bezerros recém-nascidos, distribuídos em dois tratamentos: Tratamento 1 - colostro suplementar após 12 horas de nascimento (10% peso vivo) e Tratamento 2 - controle. Posteriormente, de acordo com a concentração de imunoglobulina G (IgG) sérica adquirida até o momento da suplementação, os animais foram subdivididos em grupos: Grupo 1 (baixo suplementado) IgG< 20 mg/mL; Grupo 2 (alto suplementado) IgG > 20 mg/mL; Grupo 3 (baixo controle) IgG< 20 mg/mL e Grupo 4 (alto controle) IgG> 20 mg/mL. A concentração média de IgG dos "pools" de colostro foi de 68,49 ± 4,21 mg/mL. Nos animais com níveis adequados de anticorpos, independentemente da suplementação, as concentrações foram semelhantes, não sendo verificadas diferenças significativas. Já para os animais com baixa aquisição inicial de anticorpos, verificou-se um processo de compensação em que os animais alcançaram níveis compatíveis aos animais com níveis iniciais normais de anticorpos séricos.

The acquired immunity by newborns calves is dependent of ingestion and absorption of adequate quantity of colostral immunoglobulins. Supplemental pooled colostrum can be an important procedure to correct miscarried management. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of additional colostrum of super immunological quality at 12 hours of live on total serum protein and immunoglobulin G concentration in newborn calves. Fourty five newborn calves, separated in two treatments: Treatment 1 - additional colostrum 12 hours after birth (10% body weight) and Treatment 2 - control, were evaluated. According to the initial level of passive immunity, the animals were allocated to the groups described as follows: Group 1 (low level supplemented) IgG<20 mg/mL); Group 2 (high level suplemented) IgG> 20 mg/mL; Group 3 (low level control) IgG<20 mg/mL); and Group 4 (high level control) IgG> 20 mg/mL. The average concentration of pooled colostrum was 68,49 ± 4,21 mg/mL. In the animals with adequate levels of antibodies, despite of the additional colostrum, the concentrations were similar at all ages, without significant differences. However, in the group with low level of passive immunity the additional colostrum promoted a compensation effect with animals reaching the levels comparable with the ones with normal initial concentration of serum antibodies

A imunidade adquirida pelos recém-nascidos é denominada passiva e no caso dos ruminantes a aquisição de anticorpos depende da ingestão e absorção de quantidades adequadas de imunoglobulinas do colostro. Este trabalho relaciona diferentes teores iniciais de proteção passiva adquirida com o comportamento das variáveis proteína total (PT) e imunoglobulina G séricas (IgG). Os teores séricos de IgG e PT foram avaliados em bezerras da raça Holandesa do nascimento até 60 dias de idade. Os animais foram agrupados de acordo com a concentração inicial de imunoglobulinas séricas adquiridas: grupo 1- animais com baixo nível de imunidade passiva (até 20 mg mL-1); grupo 2- animais com nível médio de imunidade passiva (de 20 a 30 mg mL-1) e grupo 3- animais com alto nível de imunidade passiva (acima de 30 mg mL-1). As amostras séricas foram analisadas quanto a proteína total pelo método de biureto e para quantificação de IgG foi utilizado o método de imunodifusão radial. Os teores séricos de IgG e PT foram avaliados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Para determinar o comportamento dessas variáveis ao longo do período experimental, foram traçadas regressões não-lineares pelo método de DUD, procedimento PROC NLIN do SAS. Nos animais com baixa aquisição inicial de anticorpos verificou-se uma produção de anticorpos mais precoce. Já para os animais com níveis adequados de anticorpos verificou-se uma fase de catabolismo prolongada das imunoglobulinas e um início mais tardio da síntese endógena de anticorpos. Independente dos níveis iniciais, as flutuações dos teores de IgG ocorreram em intervalo de concentrações fisiologicamente adequadas, ou seja de 20 a 25 mg mL-1.

Immunity acquired by newborn animals is known as passive immunity, and for ruminants, antibody acquisition depends on the ingestion and absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins from colostrum. This study relates different initial levels of acquired passive protection and serum total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum immunoglobulin concentration and total protein were evaluated for female Holstein calves in the first sixty days of life. Animals were separated into three groups according to their initial level of passive immunity: group 1- animals with a low level of passive immunity (below 20 mg mL-1); group 2- animals with a medium level (between 20 and 30 mg mL-1), and group 3- animals with a high level (above 30 mg mL-1). Serum total protein was determined through the biuret method and IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized, split-plot statistical design. Fluctuation of the variables along the experimental period was determined through non-linear regression by the DUD method (PROC NLIN - Non Linear SAS). Animals with low antibody acquisition started to produce antibodies earlier, reflecting a compensatory synthesis. On the other hand, animals having adequate levels exhibited an extended period of immunoglobulin catabolism and the beginning of the endogenous phase was delayed. Regardless initial levels, the fluctuations in IgG contents occurred around adequate physiological concentrations, ranging from 20 to 25 mg mL-1.