Abstract This study analyzed the influence of strong and moderate El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the seasonal and interannual variabilities of the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Western Equatorial Atlantic (WEA) Ocean and how the precipitation over the state of Maranhão, in Brazil, responds to the zonal teleconnection. To evaluate the ENSO magnitude and phase in the four Niño regions (1+2, 3, 3.4, and 4), the SODA 3.3.1 oceanic reanalysis database for the period from 1980 to 2015 was used. Our results showed that the La Niña phase with moderate magnitude was the most predominant among the 70 events analyzed, with Niño 3.4 presenting the highest number (20) of ENSO events (both positive and negative phases). At lag = 0, we found that significant negative correlations prevailed between the WEA SST anomalies and ENSO index, with the region of Niño 3.4 showing the most significant correlations (r = −0.25). The whole events of El Niño and La Niña were, respectively, accompanied by a cooling and a heating of up to −0.6°C or +0.8°C in the WEA Ocean. The WEA SST anomalies during El Niño and La Niña events have, respectively, reduced and increased the precipitation in Maranhão around ± 100 mm in a quarter. Strong El Niño events influence a greater precipitation deficit in Maranhão than moderate El Niño events. Moderate La Niña events have more pronounced influence on the precipitation over Maranhão than strong La Niña events do, especially on the negative anomalies. Our results showed that the central, northern, and eastern tip sectors of the state are the most affected by this zonal teleconnection. We concluded that ENSO’s significant influences on the WEA SST seasonal variability, added to the performance of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (Soares, 2019), determine the quality of the rainy season (March–April–May) in the state of Maranhão. NiñoSouthern Southern (ENSO (SST (WEA Brazil teleconnection 1+2, 12 1 2 (1+2 3 34 4 4, , 4) 331 3.3. 198 201 used 7 3. 20 (20 both phases. phases . phases) 0 index r −0.25. 025 −0.25 25 −0.25) were respectively 06C C 6 08C 8 10 quarter do central northern ENSOs s variability Soares, Soares (Soares 2019, 2019 2019) March–April–May MarchAprilMay March April May (March–April–May 1+2 (1+ 33 3.3 19 (2 02 −0.2 1+ (1 ( −0. −0 −

Marés meteorológicas que geram sobre-elevações do nível do mar são freqüentes na costa do Rio Grande do Sul e respondem às variações ocorridas na atmosfera. Torna-se importante, dessa maneira, definir padrões meteorológicos sinóticos responsáveis por gerar eventos de marés meteorológicas intensas na Praia do Cassino como objetivo desse trabalho. O uso de dados de reanálise associados a uma técnica eficiente de localização do ciclone, aplicando o conceito de vorticidade, permitiu definir uma nova classificação com base na trajetória de ciclones extratropicais responsáveis pela subida do nível do mar. Três padrões de trajetórias foram identificados: 1) Ciclogênese ao sul da Argentina com deslocamento para leste e trajetória entre 47.5ºS e 57.5ºS; 2) Ciclogênese ao sul do Uruguai com deslocamento para leste e trajetória entre 35ºS e 42.5ºS; 3) Ciclogênese ao sul do Uruguai com deslocamento para sudeste e trajetória entre 35ºS e 57.5ºS. O estudo de 23 ciclones extratropicais permitiu verificar máximas elevações do nível e erosão respectivamente associados a tempestades ocorridas no inverno e verão. A Praia do Cassino apresentou um comportamento sazonal, com erosão episódica associada a eventos de alta energia mais freqüentes no inverno, e longos períodos de acresção relacionados ao regime hidrodinâmico normal.

The region under study is regularly subject to the occurrence of storms associated with frontal systems and extratropical cyclones, since it is located near one of the cyclogenetic regions in South America. These storms can generate storm surges that cause anomalous high sea level rises on Cassino Beach. The use of reanalysis data along with an efficient technique for the location of the cyclone, using a vorticity threshold, has provided a new classification based upon the trajectories of events that produce positive sea level variation. Three patterns have been identified: 1) Cyclogenesis to the south of Argentina with displacement to the east and a trajectory between 47.5ºS and 57.5ºS; 2) Cyclogenesis to the south of Uruguay with displacement to the east and a trajectory between 35ºS and 42.5ºS; and 3) Cyclogenesis to the south of Uruguay with displacement to the southeast and a trajectory between 35ºS and 57.5ºS. Maximum water level elevation above the mean sea level and beach erosion were associated, respectively, with winter and summer storms. Cassino beach displayed a seasonal morphological behavior, with short periods of episodic erosion associated with winter storm events followed by long periods of accretion characterized by the dominance of fair weather conditions.