The objectives of the present study were to identify species of reef fish that use the Rio Formoso estuary (northeastern Brazil) as a refuge and natural nursery and to describe the spatial distribution of the estuary fish fauna in rainy and dry seasons. A total of 5475 specimens, across 78 species and 39 families, were analyzed; 51.3% of the species were of reef origin. Among these, Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863), E. gula (Cuvier, 1830), and Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758), in this order, were the most abundant in the upper estuary; S. greeleyi Gilbert, 1900, E. melanopterus, and Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most abundant in the mid estuary; and E. gula and Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in the lower estuary. The percentages of reef species were 39.2%, 54.2% and 66.7% for the upper, mid and lower regions, respectively. The greatest diversity was found in the upper estuary and greatest abundance occurred in the mid region. The type of sediment was a strong determinant of the spatial distribution of fish fauna. The most abundant species were found in a mesohaline (5-18) to euhaline (30-40) salinity regimen, suggesting some capacity for osmotic regulation. The fish fauna of the Rio Formoso estuary receives a direct influence from the reefs and coastal region between Sirinhaém and Tamandaré, thereby providing a greater richness of reef fish.

O presente estudo avaliou: 1) se a diversidade da ictiofauna de águas rasas do Rio Formoso (Pernambuco) varia entre as zonas estuarinas superior e inferior, e entre os períodos seco e chuvoso e 2) se houve diferenças espaciais e temporais nas categorias tróficas dessa ictiofauna. Os peixes foram coletados bimestralmente com rede-de-arrasto tipo mangote. Foram coletados 5475 indivíduos pertencentes a 78 espécies, sendo 51,3% de origem recifal. Carangidae e Gerreidae tiveram a maior riqueza específica, enquanto Clupeidae, Engraulidae e Gerreidae a maior abundância. Entre as espécies dominantes (89%), destaca-se Rhinosardinia amazonica (36%). A maioria da ictiofauna é predadora (75%) e com hábito alimentar carnívoro de 2ª. ordem (37,5%). A diversidade foi significativamente mais elevada na zona superior do estuário. A zona superior do estuário é, provavelmente, mais produtiva devido a sua maior complexidade morfológica, à maior abundância de Rhizophora mangle (abrigo e refúgio para vários peixes) e ao sedimento lamoso. O Fator de Contribuição Trófica (FCT) de detritos foi maior na zona estuarina superior, onde há maior teor de silte e argila. O FTC para a produção primária foi mais elevado na zona estuarina média, onde há uma maior biomassa fitoplanctônica. A maioria das espécies encontrava-se em ecofase jovem, evidenciando a importância das águas rasas deste estuário tropical como criadouro natural e abrigo para vários peixes de importância ecológica e econômica.

The goals of the present study were: 1) to test whether the shallow water ichthyofaunal diversity in the Formoso river (Pernambuco) varies between the upper and lower estuarine zones and between the dry and rainy season; and 2) to assess spatial and temporal shifts in their trophic categories. The fishes were collected bimonthly using beach seine. A total of 5,475 individuals were analyzed, belonging to 78 species, of which 51.3% were of reef origin. Carangidae and Gerreidae had the highest diversity, whereas Clupeidae, Engraulidae and Gerreidae were the most abundant. Among the dominant species (89%), Rhinosardinia amazonica was particularly common (36%). Most of the species were predators (75%), including species with carnivorous feeding habits of the 2nd order (37.5%). The only statistically significant difference in diversity occurred between the lower and upper estuarine zones, being higher in the former. This is probably due to the higher morphological complexity, to the larger proportion of Rhizophora mangle (shelter and refuge for several fishes), and to the mud sediment that makes this a more productive area. The Trophic Contribution Factor (FCT) for the debris was higher in the upper estuarine zone, where there is a higher rate of silt and clay. This TCF for primary production was higher in the middle estuarine zone, where there is higher phytoplankton biomass. Most species were in the young ecophase, corroborating the importance of shallow waters in this tropical estuary as a natural nursery and shelter for several fish of ecological and economical importance.