Resumo A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.

Abstract The use of opioids for analgesia is limited or undefined in ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesics opioids, morphine and tramadol, based on the clinical and pedometric evaluations of animals submitted to a temporary experimental arthritis and synovitis, developed at the distal interphalangeal joint after an intra-articular administration of amphotericin B. Six animals were used in two different treatments, using morphine, dose of 0,5 mg/kg, and twenty days later, tramadol, dose of 1,8 mg/kg, both intramuscularly. The animals were evaluated at 3-hour intervals for a total of 27 hours, observing the physiological parameters, ambulation and pedometer activity. Lameness and pedometer variations were observed in both treatments. Based on the variables of pedometric activity, a pattern of restlessness compatible with podal nociception was observed, and there was no interference of any of the drugs on lameness. It was concluded that morphine and tramadol, at the tested doses, were incapable of interfering in the lameness attenuation during the maximum painful stimulation moment in this experimental protocol of orthopedic pain.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a possibilidade de recuperação deumapastagem degradada, deBrachiaria decumbens, com a introdução da leguminosaStylosanthes e adubação fosfatada. O experimento constou de distintos métodos de introdução em um delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (adubado com e sem fósforo), com quatro repetições e compostos pelos tratamentos: testemunha Brachiaria decumbens; dessecação parcial com 1,5L ha-1 de glifosato; dessecação total com 3,0L ha-1 de glifosato; plantio direto; escarificação do solo; gradagem rome e aração mais gradagem. Nos tratamentos gradagem rome e aração mais gradagem a semeadura da leguminosa foi feita a lanço e os demais na forma de semeadura direta. Foram realizados seis cortes para separação dos componentes morfológicos da forragem e composição botânica. Os maiores acúmulos de massa seca total foram encontrados para dessecação parcial com 1,5L ha-1 de glifosato, gradagem rome, aração mais gradagem e dessecação total com 3,0L ha-1 de glifosato em relação aos tratamentos plantio direto da leguminosa e testemunha. A composição bromatológica foi melhor na estação da primavera, PB e FDA apresentaram diferenças significativas entre todos os tratamentos (P<0,05). O adubo fosfatado teve efeito para FDA nas estações da primavera e outono. A introdução da leguminosa, por meio de gradageme aração + gradagem,promoveu a maior produtividade na biomassa total e a dessecação parcial e totalaumentaram a participação da leguminosa. A adubação fosfatada somente apresentou resultados positivos na produtividade e participação da leguminosa durante a época de verão.

SUMMARY This work aimed at evaluating the possibility of recovery of a degradedBrachiaria decumbens pasture with the introduction ofStylosanthes legumes and phosphorus fertilization. The experiment consisted of different input methods in a randomized complete block design with split plots (fertilized with and without phosphorus), with four repetitions and composed by the following treatments: control Brachiaria decumbens; partial drying with 1.5L ha-1 glyphosate; total drying with 3.0L ha-1 glyphosate; tillage; scarifying the soil; rome harrowing and plowing more harrowing. In the rome harrowing and plowing more harrowing treatments , the legume sowing was made by throwing, and the others by direct seeding. Six cuts were made to separate the morphological components of fodder and botanical composition. The highest total dry mass accumulation was found for partial drying with 1.5 L ha-1 glyphosate, rome harrowing, plowing more harrowing and total drying with 3.0 L ha-1 glyphosate in relation to tillage and control groups. The chemical composition was better in the springtime, CP and ADF showed significant differences between all treatments (P<0.05). The phosphate fertilizer took effect to ADF in the spring and fall seasons. The introduction of legumes through harrowing and plowing more harrowing, promoted the highest productivity in the total biomass and the partial and total drying increased the legume participation. The phosphorus fertilization only showed positive results in productivity and legume participation during the summer season.

PURPOSE: To evaluate bone healing in the extraction socket of the feline maxillary canine tooth after grafting. METHODS: Eighteen adult cats were submitted to unilateral extraction of maxillary canine tooth and divided into three groups. In group 1 (n=6), control, the extraction socket was left empty. In group 2 (n=6), the extraction socket was filled with autogenous cancellous bone from the iliac crest and in group 3 (n=6), with bioactive glass particulate material. Cats were euthanized at four weeks postoperative. RESULTS: The radiographic examinations performed four weeks after surgery showed that in all groups the healing process converged to a radiopacity similar to that observed in the surrounding bones. Histological examination showed formation of woven bone within the extraction socket. The percentage of newly formed bone within the extraction socket, measured by the histometry, showed no statistically significant difference among the values of the three groups (Kruskal-Wallis'test p>0.05) (group 1: 63.96 ± 5.85, group 2: 66.84 ± 11.67, group 3: 59.28 ± 15.50). CONCLUSION: The bone regeneration observed in the extraction sockets filled with autogenous cancellous bone or bioactive glass was similar to that observed in the control sites, given an observation period of four weeks after extraction of the maxillary canine tooth.

Hypertension is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. If undiagnosed or untreated, this pathology represents a systemic risk factor and offers unfavorable conditions for dental treatments, especially those requiring bone healing. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate, by analysis of bone mineral density (BMD), that the alveolar bone healing process is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Material and Methods: Wistar rats and SHRs were submitted to extraction of the upper right incisor and were euthanized 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days after surgery. Right maxillae were collected, radiographed and analyzed using Digora software. BMD was expressed as minimum (min), middle (med) and maximum (max) in the medium (MT) and apical (AT) thirds of the dental alveolus. Results: The results were compared across days and groups. Wistar showed difference in med and max BMD in the MT between 7 and 28 and also between 14 and 28 days. The AT exhibited significant difference in med and min BMD between 7 and 28 days, as well as difference in min BMD between 28 and 42 days. SHRs showed lower med BMD in the MT at 28 days when compared to 21 and 42 days. Differences were observed across groups in med and min BMD at day 28 in the MT and AT; and in max BMD at 14, 21 and 42 days in the MT. Conclusions: These results suggest that the alveolar bone healing process is delayed in SHRs comparing with Wistar rats.

The efficacy of estrus synchronization using short-term protocol was evaluated by ultrasound exams in Suffolk ewes during the pre-breeding season. The control Group (n = 12) was synchronized by treatment for 12 days with vaginal sponges impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate, and 400 IU eCG at sponge withdrawal. Experimental groups I, II and III kept the sponge in place for 4 days, and 100 µg of PGF2a was administered at sponge withdrawal. Additionally, Group I (n = 12) had 0.1 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) administered during sponge placement and 50 µg of GnRH 48 hours after sponge removal. Group II (n = 6) had 35 mg of progesterone (P4) injected, and 0.1 mg of EB administered during sponge placement, 400 IU eCG at withdrawal and 48 hours after, 50 µg GnRH were administrated. Group III (n = 12) had 35 mg of P4 and 0.2 mg of EB administered at sponge placement, 400 IU eCG at withdrawal, and 50 µg of GnRH was administrated after 56 hours. Ovaries were monitored through ultrasound scanning. Concerning the first wave, no difference was detected between the control group and the experimental groups. However, the characteristics of ovulatory wave were significantly different between the groups. The duration of the follicular wave was shorter for Group III than for Group II. The follicle in Group I reached its maximum diameter before the Group II. The diameter of the follicle at the sponge withdrawal in the control group was larger than in Group I. After sponge withdrawal, the follicular growth rate was smaller in the control group than in Group III. The maximum diameter of the follicle in Group II was larger than in the other groups. The short-term protocol in which estrogen was used did not synchronize the emergence of the wave of follicular development.

No período de 1994 a 2004, a população canina de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, registrou duas importantes zoonoses: a raiva e a leishmaniose visceral. Analisaram-se as mudanças ocorridas nessa população durante esse período, utilizando resultados de censos caninos e de coletas censitárias de sangue realizados em 1994, 1999 e 2004. A relação cão/10 habitantes variou significativamente, passando de 1,7 em 1994 para 2,0 em 1999 e para 1,8 em 2004. A porcentagem de cães com até um ano de idade passou de 20% para 32,5% e o número de eutanásias realizadas também aumentou após 1999, com a introdução da leishmaniose visceral. O número de cães e a estrutura etária variaram nos diversos setores do município e aqueles com maior porcentagem de animais com até dois anos de idade apresentaram maior ocorrência de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana e canina. Tais resultados decorrem de ações de controle adotadas nos setores com casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral, porém, o aumento da população canina mais jovem pode resultar em aumento da susceptibilidade destes cães à doença, favorecendo a manutenção da mesma na área.

From 1994 to 2004, the canine population in Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, suffered two major canine zoonoses: rabies and visceral leishmaniasis. Changes in the dog population during this period were evaluated using canine census data from 1994 and 2004 and the results of blood samples for diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in 1999. The ratio of dogs per 10 inhabitants varied from 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 1999 and 1.8 in 2004. The percentage of puppies less than 1 year of age increased from 20% to 32.5%, and the number of euthanized dogs also increased after 1999, when visceral leishmaniasis began to appear. The number of dogs and percentage of puppies varied between different areas of the city, and neighborhoods with a higher percentage of young animals showed more cases of both human and canine leishmaniasis. This result may be due to control measures applied in these areas in response to cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, but the increase in the younger canine population can be accompanied by increased susceptibility in these animals, thus favoring maintenance of the disease in the area.

No período de 1994 a 2004, a população canina de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, registrou duas importantes zoonoses: a raiva e a leishmaniose visceral. Analisaram-se as mudanças ocorridas nessa população durante esse período, utilizando resultados de censos caninos e de coletas censitárias de sangue realizados em 1994, 1999 e 2004. A relação cão/10 habitantes variou significativamente, passando de 1,7 em 1994 para 2,0 em 1999 e para 1,8 em 2004. A porcentagem de cães com até um ano de idade passou de 20% para 32,5% e o número de eutanásias realizadas também aumentou após 1999, com a introdução da leishmaniose visceral. O número de cães e a estrutura etária variaram nos diversos setores do município e aqueles com maior porcentagem de animais com até dois anos de idade apresentaram maior ocorrência de casos de leishmaniose visceral humana e canina. Tais resultados decorrem de ações de controle adotadas nos setores com casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral, porém, o aumento da população canina mais jovem pode resultar em aumento da susceptibilidade destes cães à doença, favorecendo a manutenção da mesma na área.

From 1994 to 2004, the canine population in Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, suffered two major canine zoonoses: rabies and visceral leishmaniasis. Changes in the dog population during this period were evaluated using canine census data from 1994 and 2004 and the results of blood samples for diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in 1999. The ratio of dogs per 10 inhabitants varied from 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 1999 and 1.8 in 2004. The percentage of puppies less than 1 year of age increased from 20% to 32.5%, and the number of euthanized dogs also increased after 1999, when visceral leishmaniasis began to appear. The number of dogs and percentage of puppies varied between different areas of the city, and neighborhoods with a higher percentage of young animals showed more cases of both human and canine leishmaniasis. This result may be due to control measures applied in these areas in response to cases of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis, but the increase in the younger canine population can be accompanied by increased susceptibility in these animals, thus favoring maintenance of the disease in the area.

Esse trabalho objetivou estimar a reposição de cães em área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral, onde a eutanásia de animais soropositivos é indicada como medida de controle, e avaliar os motivos que levaram a aquisição ou não de novos animais. Houve a reposição em 44,5% dos casos, principalmente devido à necessidade de companhia ou guarda. O principal motivo para a não-reposição foi o temor da leishmaniose visceral.

This study aimed to estimate the dog replacement rate in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, in which slaughter of seropositive animals was indicated as a control measure, and to evaluate the reasons why new animals were or were not acquired. The animals were replaced in 44.5% of the cases, and this was done mainly because of the need for a companion or guard dog. The main reason for not replacing the dog was fear of visceral leishmaniasis.

São apresentadas algumas características epidemiológicas da raiva canina na região de Araçatuba, no período de 1993 a 1997. Dentre 1.984 cães submetidos ao diagnóstico de raiva, 351 foram positivos sendo que 89% dos casos (312/351) ocorreram na zona urbana e destes, 85% (266/312) eram de animais com proprietário. As informações sobre sexo estavam presentes em 83% das fichas e destas 61% eram de machos. A média de idade dos cães positivos foi de 34 meses. A agressividade foi um dos sintomas mais comumente observado (77%), seguido por incoordenação motora e/ou paralisia (42%) e 48% dos cães positivos haviam agredido pessoas ou outros animais. Das 182 fichas epidemiológicas que possuíam dados de vacinação, 51% (92/182) dos cães não eram vacinados. Aponta-se como possíveis razões para o aparecimento da epidemia no município de Araçatuba a baixa cobertura vacinal demonstrada pelo índice de cães não vacinados que adquiriram a doença aliado à elevada relação cão/homem (1:3,5) revelada em estudo anterior.

Epidemiological characteristics of canine rabies in the northwest region of São Paulo State (Araçatuba region), Brazil, from 1993 to 1997 are presented. Out of 1,984 dogs, a total of 351 (17.7%) were positive for rabies diagnosis; 89% (312/351) of these occurred in urban areas and 85% (266/312) of the urban positive cases were among owned dogs. The mean age of the rabid dogs was 34 months and 61% were male. Aggressive behavior was observed in 77% of rabid dogs, followed by lack of coordination and paralysis (42%) and 48% of these dogs were responsible biting people or other animals. Information about vaccination status was obtained from 182 records and 51% of rabid dogs were non-vaccinated. The number of unvaccinated rabid dogs indicates a low vaccination index and this factor added to the high dog/man ratio must have contributed to the canine rabies epizootic observed in the studied area.

Determinou-se a concentração de proteína total e de suas frações (albumina, alfa globulina, beta globulina e gama globulina), imunoglobulinas G e M, bem como, a atividade da gama glutamil transferase (GGT) em amostras sangüíneas de 40 bezerros com 24 horas de vida, com o objetivo de identificar a ocorrência de falha de transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros. A maioria dos animais que morreu nos primeiros meses de vida apresentou, às 24 horas de vida, menores teores de proteína total, das frações beta e gama globulina, de IgG e IgM e de GGT do que os animais que sobreviveram

The total protein and its fractions (albumin, alpha globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin), G and M immunoglobulins and the activity of gamma glutamyl transferase were determined in the blood samples of 40 calves, 24 hours old, in an attempt to identify calves with failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer. The majority of newborn calves that died in the first months of life had lower levels of total protein, beta globulin, gamma globulin, IgG, IgM and GGT, than those found in newborn calves that survived.

O modelo misto consiste numa importante classe de modelos que tem sido tradicionalmente analisada por meio de procedimentos da análise de variância. Nos modelos mistos, três aspectos são fundamentais: estimação e testes de hipóteses dos efeitos fixos, predição dos efeitos aleatórios e estimação dos componentes de variância. Na análise de modelos lineares mistos desbalanceados, a estimação dos componentes de variância é de fundamental importância e depende da estrutura de covariâncias e dos métodos de estimação utilizados. Nesse contexto, este artigo pretende apresentar os principais métodos de estimação e de análise utilizados no estudo de modelos lineares mistos com estruturas gerais de covariâncias nos efeitos aleatórios, disponíveis no procedimento MIXED, do SAS (Statistical Analysis System).

The mixed model is an important class of models that is traditionally analyzed by procedures of analysis of variance. Three aspects are fundamental in the mixed models: estimation and tests of the hypotheses of the fixed effects, prediction of the random effects and estimation of the components of variance. In the analysis of unbalanced mixed linear models, the estimation of variance components is of fundamental importance and it depends on the covariance structure and methods of estimation used. In such a context, this article intends to present the main methods of estimation and analysis used in the study of mixed linear models with general covariance structures in the random effects, available in the MIXED procedure, of the SAS (Statistical Analysis System).