Synthesized from lactose transgalactosylation, galactooligosaccharides are non-digestible carbohydrates classified as prebiotic ingredients of high added value. Recently studies associate potential health benefits and disease prevention properties to these oligosaccharides. This review involves production aspects and physicochemical properties of these compounds, correlated to their physiological effects and application in food industry. It was also presented some of the physiological effect and the perspectives for these non-conventional sugars from current viewpoint.

Sintetizados a partir de la transgalactosilación de la lactosa, los galactooligosacáridos son carbohidratos no digeribles, siendo clasificados como ingredientes prebióticos de alto valor añadido. Estudios recientes atribuyen a estos oligosacáridos una serie de potenciales beneficios para la salud y prevención de enfermedades. Esta revisión aborda aspectos de la producción de estos compuestos y sus propiedades físicas y químicas, relacionándolos con su aplicación en la industria alimentaria. Más aún, se presentan los efectos fisiológicos y las perspectivas previstas para estos azúcares no convencionales desde la situación actual.

Sintetizados a partir da transgalactosilação da lactose, os galactooligossacarídeos são carboidratos não digeríveis, sendo classificados como ingredientes prebióticos de alto valor agregado. Estudos recentes atribuem a estes oligossacarídeos uma série de potenciais benefícios à saúde e de prevenção de doenças. Esta revisão envolve os aspectos de produção destes compostos e aborda as suas propriedades físico-químicas, relacionando-as com aplicação na indústria de alimentos. Buscou-se apresentar, ainda, alguns dos efeitos fisiológicos e as perspectivas vislumbradas para estes açúcares não convencionais a partir do panorama atual.

The effect of different process -defatting, protein concentration, thermal treatment, hydrolysis with Alcalase and in vitro digestion- on the antioxidant capacity of amaranth seeds was studied. The antioxidant capacity of the products was determined in methanolic and aqueous extracts and varied from 1.00 to 21.22 and 4.97 to 369.18 µ mol TE/g sample for DPPH and ORAC assays, respectively. The combination of protein concentration and hydrolysis with Alcalase led to products with higher antioxidant activity. However, after in vitro digestion, protein concentrate and its hydrolysate showed similar antioxidant capacity. A high correlation was observed between the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content for methanolic extracts, with r² values ranging from 0.6133 to 0.9352.

In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial effects of a mixture of a biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis and an alkaline lipase from Fusarium oxysporum (AL/BS mix) on several types of microorganisms, as well as their abilities to remove Listeria innocua ATCC 33093 biofilm from stainless steel coupons. The AL/BS mix had a surface tension of around 30 mN.m-1, indicating that the presence of alkaline lipase did not interfere in the surface activity properties of the tensoactive component. The antimicrobial activity of the AL/BS mix was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) micro-assays. Among all the tested organisms, the presence of the mixture only affected the growth of B. subtilis CCT 2576, B. cereus ATCC 10876 and L. innocua. The most sensitive microorganism was B. cereus (MIC 0.013 mg.mL-1). In addition, the effect of the sanitizer against L. innocua attached to stainless steel coupons was determined by plate count after vortexing. The results showed that the presence of the AL/BS mix improved the removal of adhered cells relative to treatment done without the sanitizer, reducing the count of viable cells by 1.72 log CFU.cm-2. However, there was no significant difference between the sanitizers tested and an SDS detergent standard (p<0.05).

Bioaromas e oligossacarídeos são duas classes de substâncias que podem ser produzidas biotecnológicamente por meio de bioprocessos microbiológicos. Estes compostos têm atraído o interesse das indústrias farmacêutica e de alimentos não só devido às suas propriedades tecnológicas (adoçantes/fibras ou aromatizantes, respectivamente), mas também como consequência de outras propriedades funcionais como, por exemplo, benefícios na promoção da saúde. O uso de resíduos agroindustriais como substrato em processos biotecnológicos parece ser uma alternativa valiosa para superar os altos custos de manufatura envolvidos nas fermentações industriais. Este manuscrito faz uma revisão dos mais importantes avanços na produção biotecnológica de bioaromas e oligossacarídeos. O uso de alguns resíduos agroindustriais nestes processos também são citados e discutidos, mostrando que esta é uma tendência crescente na biotecnologia.

Bioflavors and oligosaccharides are two classes of substances that may be produced biotechnologically through microbial bioprocesses. These compounds have attracted the interest of pharmaceutical and food industries not only due to their technological properties (sweetening/fiber or flavoring, respectively), but also as a consequence of other functional properties such as, for example, health promoting benefits. The use of agro-industrial residues as substrates in biotechnological processes seems to be a valuable alternative in helping to overcome the high manufacturing costs of industrial fermentations. This manuscript reviews the most important advances in biotechnological production of bioflavors and oligosaccharides. The use of some agro-industrial residues in such processes is also cited and discussed, showing that this is a rising trend in biotechnology.

Os galactooligossacarídeos (GOS) são um grupo de oligossacarídeos não digeríveis (NDOs), resistentes às enzimas digestivas do intestino com efeitos similares ao da fibra. Sua ingestão aumenta seletivamente o crescimento das Bifidobacterium e dos Lactobacilus no intestino. O benéfico da ingestão de galactooligossacarídeos ocorre pelo aumento dessas populações de bifidobactérias no cólon, suprimindo a atividade de bactérias putrefativas e reduzindo a formação de produtos tóxicos por fermentação. A cepa de Scopulariopsis sp. apresentou boa produtividade de β-galactosidase quando crescida em meio de fermentação semissólida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi extrair a enzima β-galactosidase produzida por uma linhagem de Scopulariopsis sp. e avaliar o efeito da temperatura, tempo de reação, concentração de enzima e lactose para produção de GOS. Foram analisadas as temperaturas 35, 45 e 60 °C, os tempos de reação 12, 24 e 48 horas, concentrações de enzima 0,5 a 10 U.mL-1 e 10, 25 e 40% (p/v) de solução de lactose (em 0,1 M de tampão acetato de sódio, pH 5.0). As condições ótimas foram de 40% (p/v), a 45 °C, 10 U.mL-1 de enzima e o melhor tempo foi de 12 horas de reação. Nessas condições, a enzima converteu 20% de lactose em oligossacarídeos (80,8 mg.mL-1 de 4'galactosyl-lactose).

The galactooligosaccharides (GOS), a group of oligosaccharides, are not digerible carbohydrates (NDOs) and are resistant to hydrolysis by intestine digestive enzymes with similar dietary fiber physiological effect. The benefits of galactooligosaccharides ingestion arise from a population of bifidobacteria in the colon that suppress the activity of putrefactive bacteria and reduce the formation of toxic fermentation products. Scopulariopsis strains showed good productivity of β-galactosidase when grown in a semi-solid fermentation medium. The aim of this work was to extract the β-galactosidase from Scopulariopsis sp. and to evaluate the temperature conditions, reaction time, lactose, and enzyme concentration to improve the GOS production. Temperatures of 35, 45, and 60 °C, reaction time at 12, 24 and 48 hours, enzyme concentrations from 0.5 to 10 U.mL-1, and 10, 25, and 40%(w/v) of lactose solution (0,1 M of acetate buffer, pH 5.0) were analyzed. The optimum conditions were 40% (w/v), at 45 °C, 10 U.mL-1 of enzyme and the optimum time was 12 hours of reaction. Under these conditions, the enzyme converted 20% of lactose into oligosaccharide (80.8 mg.mL-1 de 4'galactosyl-lactose).

Devido ao elevado poder tensoativo, baixa toxidez e biodegradabilidade, os lipopeptídios produzidos por bactérias do gênero Bacillus estão entre os biossurfactantes mais conhecidos e estudados. Estes compostos são apontados como potenciais insumos para diversos setores industriais, inclusive o de alimentos. Para que seja possível sua aplicação industrial, no entanto, é necessário que estes compostos apresentem estabilidade e manutenção de suas propriedades em condições extremas, que estão freqüentemente associadas a esses processos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade do biossurfactante produzido pela linhagem LB5a de Bacillus subtilis, cultivado em manipueira (resíduo da industrialização da mandioca) em um processo piloto. Os estudos de estabilidade foram realizados em função da variação de temperatura, pH e concentração salina. Foram realizadas avaliações da sua capacidade emulsificante em misturas de água com hidrocarbonetos e óleos vegetais, bem como a estabilidade das emulsões formadas. Os resultados mostraram que o biossurfactante foi estável à temperatura de 100 °C por 140 minutos e a 121 °C por até 60 minutos, à concentração de 2,5 a 20% de NaCl e na faixa de pH de 6 a 10. Em relação ao índice de emulsão com 24 horas (IE24), o biossurfactante mostrou elevados valores para diversos hidrocarbonetos cíclicos e alifáticos, além de óleos vegetais com diferentes perfis de ácidos graxos. Todos os resultados obtidos demonstraram a importância do biossurfactante para potenciais aplicações em diversos ramos industriais.

Due to the high surface activity, low toxicity, and biodegradability lipopeptides produced by bacteria of the genus Bacillus are among the best biosurfactants known and studied. These compounds are mentioned as potential inputs for various industrial sectors. However, to allow their implementation in industrial processes, it is necessary stability under extreme conditions often associated with of such processes and the maintenance of their properties. The aim of this work was to study the stability of the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis strain LB5a grown in cassava wastewater in a pilot process. Stability studies were carried out by varying the temperature, pH, and salt (NaCl) concentration. Another study was the evaluation of their emulsifying index in mixtures of water with hydrocarbons and vegetable oils as well as the stability of the emulsions formed. The results showed that the biosurfactant was stable under all combination of temperature and time tested: 100 °C for 140 minutes and 121 °C for up to 60 minutes. It was also stable in concentrations of NaCl from 2.5 to 20%, and pH from 6 to 10. The biosurfactant showed higher values of emulsion index at 24 hours (EI24) to various cyclical and aliphatic hydrocarbons when compared with SDS. The vegetable oils emulsions were stable despite the fact that the profiles of fatty acid chain in the oils were different. All results described characterize these compounds as potential emulsifiers for different industrial applications.

Extratos etanólicos e óleos essenciais de própolis verde do sudeste brasileiro e gemas de sua origem botânica (Baccharis dracunculifolia) foram analisados por CLAE-FR (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em Fase Reversa), CCDAE (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada de Alta Eficiência) e CG-EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidro destilação. Extratos etanólicos e óleos essenciais de Baccharis dracunculifolia e de própolis mostraram perfis cromatográficos similares entre si. Treze flavonóides foram identificados por CLAE-FR e CCDAE em ambas as amostras. Vinte e três compostos voláteis foram identificados por CG EM, sendo dezessete deles presentes em ambos os óleos essenciais. Artepillin C foi o flavonóide encontrado em maiores concentrações em ambas as amostras, enquanto nerolidol foi o volátil majoritário em ambos os óleos essenciais. Os compostos majoritários identificados neste trabalho podem ser utilizados como marcadores químicos para classificar de forma prática e identificar origens botânicas de própolis.

Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Green Propolis from southeastern Brazil and leaf buds from its botanical origin Baccharis dracunculifolia were analyzed by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), Reversed Phase High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. Both ethanolic extracts and essential oils showed similar chromatographic profiles. Thirteen flavonoids were identified by RP-HPLC and RP-HPTLC analyses in both samples. Twenty-three volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analyses. Seventeen were present in both essential oils. The major flavonoid compound in both extracts was artepillin C. The major volatile compound in both essential oils was nerolidol. The major compounds identified in this work could be used as chemical markers in order to classify and identify botanical origins of propolis.

The aim of this work is to obtain, purify and characterize biochemically a peroxidase from Copaifera langsdorffii leaves (COP). COP was obtained by acetone precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Purification yielded 3.5% of peroxidase with the purification factor of 46.86. The COP optimum pH is 6.0 and the temperature is 35 ºC. COP was stable in the pH range of 4.5 to 9.3 and at temperatures below 50.0 ºC. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for guaiacol and H2O2 were 0.04 mM and 0.39 mM respectively. Enzyme turnover was 0.075 s-1 for guaiacol and 0.28 s-1 for hydrogen peroxide. Copaifera langsdorffii leaves showed to be a rich source of active peroxidase (COP) during the whole year. COP could replace HRP, the most used peroxidase, in analytical determinations and treatment of industrial effluents at low cost.

Este estudo relata o isolamento de microrganismos resistentes a ambientes contendo limoneno, o mais importante resíduo da indústria citrícola. Para o isolamento, foram utilizadas amostras colhidas de pontos estratégicos de uma indústria processadora de laranja (água amarela, entrada e saída do tanque de bagaço, efluente e frutas deterioradas encontradas nos bins, nas correias dos equipamentos, nos lavadores e espalhadas pelo chão), além de frutas cítricas e hortelã adquiridas em mercado local. Cada amostra permaneceu incubada a 30ºC/150 rpm por 48h ou 7 dias em meio YM contendo 0,1% de limoneno. Dentre as 112 linhagens obtidas com 48h e as 126 com 7 dias, a grande maioria dos microorganismos isolados foram bacilos Gram positivos, seguidos por uma menor quantidade de bacilos Gram negativos, leveduras e cocos Gram positivos, além de cinco fungos. Cerca de metade das linhagens de bacilos Gram positivos e Gram negativos e de, leveduras e alguns de cocos Gram positivos resistiram à presença de até 2% de limoneno, dentre as quais 70 foram capazes de sobreviver em ambientes contendo limoneno como única fonte de carbono. O trabalho descrito nesse artigo representa o primeiro passo no desenvolvimento de processos de produção de compostos de aroma pela biotransformação do limoneno.

This study reports the isolation of microorganisms that are resistant to environment containing limonene, the most important residue in the citrus industry. For the isolation, samples collected from strategic places of a citrus processing plant (yellow water, entrance and exit of the bagasse tank, effluent and deteriorated fruits found in bins, machine straps, fruit washers and plant floor), some citrus fruit and mint from local market were used. The samples were incubated in rotary shaker at 30ºC/150rpm for 48h or 7 days in YM medium containing 0.1% limonene. Great part of the 112 strains recovered after 48h and the 126 strains recovered after 7 days were identified as Gram positive bacilli, followed by Gram negative bacilli, yeasts and Gram positive cocci, besides five fungi. About half of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacilli and yeasts and some Gram positive Cocci were resistant to limonene concentrations up to 2% in the medium broth. Amongst them seventy were able to grow in mineral medium containing limonene as sole carbon source. The research described in this paper is the initial step for the exploration of flavor compounds production via biotransformation of limonene, a non-expensive by-product of citrus industry.

Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.

Em recentes publicações têm sido descritos vários processos para obtenção de peroxidases. O propósito deste trabalho foi extrair peroxidase de folhas de Copaifera langsdorffii e caracterizar parcialmente a enzima usando planejamento experimental e teste univariado, para confirmação dos resultados obtidos por planejamento experimental. A atividade da peroxidase foi medida usando sistema guaiacol: peróxido de hidrogênio. A peroxidase isolada apresentou 81,6% da atividade da horseradish peroxidase e é de fácil obtenção, a partir de folhas de uma árvore abundante em todo o país. A peroxidase semi-purificada (COP) foi obtida pela precipitação do extrato bruto com acetona 65% (v.v-1), produzindo o pó cetônico. A COP apresentou atividade ótima na faixa de pH 5,0 a 7,0 e temperatura de 5 a 45 °C, com atividade máxima em pH 6,0 e 35 °C. A enzima mostrou-se estável em temperaturas inferiores a 50 °C e pH entre 4,5 e 9,0, por até 24 horas. A peroxidase foi inativada após 4 horas a 80 °C e após 3 minutos a 96 °C. Esta enzima demonstra possibilidade para ser usada como reagente para diagnósticos, construção de biossensores e outros métodos analíticos em vários campos da ciência.

In the literature, several processes have been described to obtain peroxidases. The purpose of this work was to obtain peroxidase from Copaifera langsdorffii leaves and characterize it partially using a factorial design of experiments and univaried tests, to confirm the results obtained by the factorial design of experiments. Peroxidase activity was measured using the guaiacol: hydrogen peroxide system. The isolated peroxidase presented 81.6% of horseradish peroxidase activity and was easy to obtain from leaves of an abundant tree distributed all over the country. Semi-purified peroxidase (COP) was precipitated with acetone 65% (v.v-1) of the crude extract, obtaining the acetone powder. The COP optimum reaction pH values were between 5.0-7.0 and the temperatures between 5 and 45 °C, with a maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 35 °C. The enzyme was stable in temperatures below 50 °C and pH from 4.5 to 9.0 for up to 24 hours. The peroxidase was inactivated after 4 hours at 80 °C and after 3 minutes at 96 °C. This enzyme can possibly be used as a diagnostic reagent, biosensor and for other analytical methods in several fields of Sciences.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a concentração de compostos voláteis nos mostos de uva Chardonnay e Pinot Noir fermentados pela Pichia membranaefaciens, como também analisar as fases de crescimento da levedura durante a fermentação a 15 e 20 °C. Compostos voláteis majoritários da fermentação como: etanol, acetato de etila, acetato de isoamila, acetaldeido, 1-propanol, isobutanol e álcool isoamílico foram isolados e quantificados pelo sistema de "Purge and Trap". A fermentação conduzida a 15 °C mostrou ser mais adequada na produção de acetato de etila, com valores inferiores a 200 mg.L-1 (131,3 e 147,0 mg.L-1) nos mostos Pinot Noir e Chardonnay, respectivamente, enquanto que a 20 °C a produção foi de 286,0 e 270,0 mg.L-1 nos mostos Pinot Noir e Chardonnay, respectivamente.

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of volatile compounds in Chardonnay and Pinot Noir grape musts. The study also aims to analyze yeast growth phases during fermentation at 15 and 20 °C. Major volatile compounds of fermentation such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol were isolated and quantified using the Purge and Trap system. Fermentation carried out at 15 °C was more appropriate in the production of ethyl acetate (131.3 and 147.0 mg.L-1 in the Pinot Noir and Chardonnay musts, respectively), whilst at 20 °C the production was of 286.0 and 270.0 mg.L-1 in the Pinot Noir and Chardonnay musts respectively.

There is considerable progress in the study of the biotransformation of limonene. Extensive research on the biotransformation of limonene has resulted in the elucidation of new metabolic pathways. Natural flavors can be produced via biotransformation, satisfying consumer demand for natural products. This review presents some elements concerning the biotransformation of limonene with emphasis on the metabolic pathways. Some comments are also made on problems related to biocatalysis as well as on the application of some compounds originating from the biotransformation of the inexpensive limonene.

Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis, has been proved to be a suitable biosurfactant in several applications. For many years, it has been investigated mainly for oil recovery and environmental usage. Its chemical, technological and functional characteristics turn surfactin into an attractive compound for several utilizations. In this review we emphasize some aspects of surfactin as a new food ingredient and its potential pharmaceutical and health applications.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho extrair peroxidase de folha de Copaifera langsdorffii (COP), medir sua atividade, compará-la com a peroxidase de raiz forte (Horseradish peroxidase - HRP) e determinar o pH ótimo, a melhor solução extratora e o efeito de aditivos sobre a atividade da COP. Os resultados mostraram que a COP atingiu 81,6% da atividade de HRP e a faixa de pH ótimo foi de 5,5 a 6,0. A melhor solução extratora da enzima foi o tampão fosfato de sódio 50 mM, pH 6,0 e o melhor aditivo foi o PVPP. Concluindo, a COP apresenta atividade mais alta que outras peroxidases de diferentes fontes citadas na literatura.

The purpose of this work was to extract peroxidase from Copaifera langsdorffii leaves (COP), measure its activity, compare it to that of Horseradish peroxidase and determine the optimum pH, the best extraction solution and the effect of additives on the COP activity. The results showed that COP has 81.6% of the activity of HRP and an optimum pH range between 5.5-6.0. The best extraction solution was a sodium phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 6.0 and the best additive was PVPP. In conclusion, COP presents higher activity than peroxidases from different sources reported in the literature.