ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of this article was to analyze the financial costs of antibiotic therapy against bacterial resistance in a public hospital of high complexity located in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Method: It was performed a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study based on data collected from Hospital Infection Control Commission (CCIH) and the Pharmaceutical Supply Center (CAF) of the investigated hospital. It was obtained by a structured instrument of data collection and the period analysed was from January to December 2016. Results: The main clinical samples with presence of bacterial multiresistance were blood, urine and tracheal secretion, with a higher prevalence of the following bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus(23,08%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(26,15%), Citrobactersp. (19,23%), Enterobactersp. (10,77%) and Pseudomonassp (7,69%). Faced to the multiresistance presented, the most common antibiotics used in the treatment were: vancomycin (21,7%), piperacillin-tazobactam (24,55%), ampicillin-sulbactam (10,4%), cefepime (18,43%) and meropenem (58,5%). The presence of resistant bacteria was a cause of increased costs in the treatment of patients. According to this study, the antibiotic therapy listed above generated a cost of R$ 83.298,83 and 49% of hospital death in 2016. Conclusion: The prevention, through of policies related to the control and rational use of antimicrobials, is fundamental in the fight against hospital infections caused by multiresistant bacteria.

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar los costos financieros de la terapia con antibióticos contra la resistencia bacteriana en un hospital público de alta complejidad en Agreste Pernambucano. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal a partir de los datos recopilados de los registros de la Comisión de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias (CCIH), la Farmacia y el Centro de Suministros Farmacéuticos (CAF) del hospital investigado. Esto se obtuvo a través de un instrumento de recolección estructurado, con datos correspondientes al período de enero a diciembre de 2016. Resultados: Las principales muestras clínicas con presencia de resistencia a múltiples fármacos bacterianos fueron sangre, orina y secreción traqueal, con mayor prevalencia de las siguientes bacterias: Staphylococcus aureus(23,08%), Staphylococcuscoagulasa negativo (26,15%), Citrobactersp. (19,23%), Enterobactersp. (10,77%) y Pseudomonassp. (7,69%). En vista de la resistencia a múltiples fármacos presentada, los antibióticos más utilizados para el tratamiento fueron: vancomicina (21,7%), piperacilina con tazobactam (24,55%), ampicilina con sulbactam (10.4%), cefepima (18,43%) y meropenem (58,5%). La presencia de bacterias resistentes fue la causa del aumento de los costos en el tratamiento de los pacientes. Los valores en este estudio con terapia con antibióticos generaron un costo de R$ 83.298,83 en 2016, con el 49% de las muertes hospitalarias. Conclusión: La prevención, a través de políticas relacionadas con el control racional y el uso de antimicrobianos, es fundamental en la lucha contra las infecciones nosocomiales por bacterias multirresistentes.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the genetic environment of bla KPC-2 in Klebsiella pnemoniae multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. METHODS: Four carbapenemase gene isolates resistant to carbapenems, collected from infected patients from two hospitals in Brazil, were investigated using polymerase chain reaction and plasmid DNA sequencing. RESULTS: The bla KPC-2 gene was located between ISKpn6 and a resolvase tnpR in the non-Tn4401 element (NTEKPC-IId). It was detected on a plasmid belonging to the IncQ1 group. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the bla KPC-2 gene in the NTEKPC-IId element carried by plasmid IncQ1 from infections in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico, histopatológico, citopatológico e microbiológico de mulheres com câncer de colo do útero atendidas em Centro de Oncologia Pernambucano. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, que avaliou os prontuários de mulheres com câncer de colo do útero atendidas para tratamento radioterápico e/ou quimioterápico entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2016. Para a análise das variáveis foram calculadas as frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: houve predominância de casos na faixa etária entre 40 a 59 anos (45,37%), de raça/cor não branca (91,75%) e com até o ensino fundamental incompleto (44,32%). O carcinoma escamoso esteve presente em 85,19% dos casos, sendo o grau histológico moderadamente diferenciado o mais comum (53,41%). A maioria das mulheres realizaram radioterapia e quimioterapia associadas (72,72%) e apresentaram 3 gestações ou mais antes do diagnóstico (73,44%). A citopatologia identificou, com maior frequência, casos de high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL) (45,83%) e cocos e/ou bacilos (66,67%) foram os microrganismos mais evidentes. Conclusões: os resultados revelaram que a idade perimenopausa, baixo grau de escolaridade, multiparidade, resultado citopatológico de HSIL e exame histopatológico evidenciando carcinoma escamoso moderadamente diferenciado, estavam entre as características mais relacionadas ao câncer de colo do útero na população estudada.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the sociodemographic, clinical, histopathological, cytopathological and microbiological profile of women with cervical cancer treated at Oncology Center in Pernambuco, located in the city of Caruaru-PE. Methods: a retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the medical records of women with cervical cancer treated for radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy between January 2014 and December 2016. For the analysis of variables, the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. Results: there was a predominance of cases in the age range between 40 and 59 years (45.37%), non-white race/color (91.75%) and incomplete primary education (44.32%). Squamous carcinoma was present in 85.19% of the cases, with a moderately differentiated histological grade being the most common (53.41%). Most women underwent radiotherapy and associated chemotherapy (72.72%) and had 3 or more pregnancies before diagnosis (73.44%). Cytopathology has more frequently identified high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cases (45.83%) and cocci and/or bacilli (66.67%) were the most evident microorganisms. Conclusions: the results showed that the perimenopause age, low educational level, multiparity, cytopathologic result of HSIL and histopathological examination evidencing moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were among the characteristics most related to cervical cancer in the population studied.

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most frequent Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infection worldwide. We briefly describe A. baumannii isolates that were recovered from surrounding ICU bed surfaces, exhibiting multidrug resistance phenotype and belonging to some widely spread clonal complexes of clinical A. baumannii isolates.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a resistência microbiana a medicamentos de bactérias isoladas de equipamentos próximos aos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal. As amostras foram coletadas com swabs umedecidos em Trypticase Soy Broth, semeados posteriormente em Ágar Sangue de Carneiro e MacConkey. A identificação fenotípica ocorreu com base na morfologia das cepas e resultados bioquímicos. A análise da resistência aos medicamentos foi baseada no método de disco-difusão de Kirby-Bauer. Resultados Apresentaram-se contaminados 94,4% dos equipamentos analisados. Os microrganismos isolados mais frequentes foram: Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas sp. Cerca de 75% de Acinetobacter sp. apresentaram resistência à piperacilina associada a tazobactam, meropenem e levofloxacina. Da mesma forma, 36,3% de S. aureus apresentaram-se resistentes à oxacilina e 10% dos isolados de Pseudomonas sp. foram resistentes aos medicamentos testados. Conclusão A maioria dos isolados apresentaram elevadas taxas de resistência microbiana aos medicamentos.

Abstract Objective Evaluate drug resistance of bacteria isolated from equipment placed close to patients in an Intensive Care Unit of a hospital in Caruaru/Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. The samples were collected with swabs moistened with Trypticase Soy Broth, which were then cultured in sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The phenotypic identification performed was based on the morphology of the strains and biochemical results. The drugs resistance analysis was based on Kirby-Bauer’s Disk Diffusion protocol. Results A rate of 94.4% of the analyzed equipment was contaminated. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were: Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. Just about 75% of Acinetobacter sp. was resistant to piperacillin associated to tazobactam, meropenem and levofloxacin. Similarly, 36.3% of S. aureus showed resistance to oxacillin and 10% of Pseudomonas sp. was resistant to the drugs tested. Conclusion Most of the microorganisms presented high levels of resistance to the drugs.

Abstract Objective Evaluate drug resistance of bacteria isolated from equipment placed close to patients in an Intensive Care Unit of a hospital in Caruaru/Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. The samples were collected with swabs moistened with Trypticase Soy Broth, which were then cultured in sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar. The phenotypic identification performed was based on the morphology of the strains and biochemical results. The drugs resistance analysis was based on Kirby-Bauer’s Disk Diffusion protocol. Results A rate of 94.4% of the analyzed equipment was contaminated. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were: Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. Just about 75% of Acinetobacter sp. was resistant to piperacillin associated to tazobactam, meropenem and levofloxacin. Similarly, 36.3% of S. aureus showed resistance to oxacillin and 10% of Pseudomonas sp. was resistant to the drugs tested. Conclusion Most of the microorganisms presented high levels of resistance to the drugs.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a resistência microbiana a medicamentos de bactérias isoladas de equipamentos próximos aos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal. As amostras foram coletadas com swabs umedecidos em Trypticase Soy Broth, semeados posteriormente em Ágar Sangue de Carneiro e MacConkey. A identificação fenotípica ocorreu com base na morfologia das cepas e resultados bioquímicos. A análise da resistência aos medicamentos foi baseada no método de disco-difusão de Kirby-Bauer. Resultados Apresentaram-se contaminados 94,4% dos equipamentos analisados. Os microrganismos isolados mais frequentes foram: Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas sp. Cerca de 75% de Acinetobacter sp. apresentaram resistência à piperacilina associada a tazobactam, meropenem e levofloxacina. Da mesma forma, 36,3% de S. aureus apresentaram-se resistentes à oxacilina e 10% dos isolados de Pseudomonas sp. foram resistentes aos medicamentos testados. Conclusão A maioria dos isolados apresentaram elevadas taxas de resistência microbiana aos medicamentos.

Introdução:A emergência e a disseminação dos isolados portadores de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) têm complicado o tratamento das infecções nosocomiais, uma vez que sua produção não é facilmente identificada nos testes de sensibilidade realizados rotineiramente em laboratórios clínicos, levando a dificuldades no controle hospitalar de microrganismos resistentes, bem como ao uso indevido de antibióticos.Objetivo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o perfil de resistência e a frequência de ESBL em bactérias Gram negativas isoladas de hemoculturas. Foram analisadas 100 amostras bacterianas, provenientes de hemoculturas de pacientes adultos, as quais foram identificadas fenotipicamente por provas bioquímicas de fermentação dos carboidratos e submetidas à determinação do perfil de resistência por meio do teste disco difusão e da pesquisa de ESBL, pelos métodos de aproximação de disco e substituição de disco.Resultados:Entre as amostras bacterianas analisadas, 30 foram identificadas como bactérias Gram negativas, com predomínio de Proteus mirabilis, Pantoea agglomerans e Escherichia coli. Destas, 73,33% foram positivas para a pesquisa de ESBL pelos testes fenotípicos aplicados, sendo detectada, principalmente, em Pantoea agglomerans, Proteus mirabilis e Enterobacter cloacae.Conclusão:O aumento da ocorrência de ESBL em diversas enterobactérias revela a importância da ampliação desta detecção em espécies não Escherichia coli e não Klebsiella sp., de modo que as condutas de assistência ao paciente não sejam ameaçadas, já que essas bactérias resistentes podem não ser detectadas pelos laboratórios. Considerando a frequência de ESBL deste estudo, ressalta-se a importância de sua detecção, tendo em vista sua contribuição na possibilidade de melhorias das políticas de terapia em hospitais.

Introduction:The emergence and spread of isolated carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) have complicated the treatment of nosocomial infections, since its production is not easily identified by the sensitivity tests, routinely performed in clinical laboratories, leading to difficulties in the hospital control of resistant microorganisms and antibiotics misuse.Objective:The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance profile and the frequency of ESBL in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures. A hundred bacterial samples from blood cultures of adult patients were analyzed, which were phenotypically identified by biochemical tests of carbohydrates fermentation and submitted to determination of the resistance profile by disc diffusion test and ESBL screening by disc approximation and disc replacement methods.Results:Among the bacterial samples tested, 30 were identified as Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly by Proteus mirabilis, Pantoea agglomerans, and Escherichia coli. Of these, 73.33% were positive for the detection of ESBL by phenotypic tests, and was found mainly in Pantoea agglomerans, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter cloacae.Conclusion:The increase in the occurrence of ESBL in different Enterobacteriaceae shows the importance of the amplification of detection in other species than Escherichia coli or Klebsiella sp., so that the assistance to the patient is not restrained, since these resistant bacteria cannot be detected by the laboratories. Considering the frequency of ESBL in this study, we highlight the importance of its detection, aiming to its contribution to the development of improvements in the health care policies of hospitals.