Resumo Objetivos: compilar estudos na literatura que tratem de oportunidades perdidas relacionadas ao tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, PUBMED, Lilacs e BVS, utilizando artigos publicados entre 2008 a 2018. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de abril a agosto 2019 e a busca aos artigos seguiu a recomendação da diretriz PRISMA. Resultados: foram identificados 56.686 títulos e extraídos 53 que abordavam aspectos relacionados ao tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis. A maioria dos estudos foi nacional representando 60,7% dos artigos pesquisados. 51% utilizaram como base de dados os Sistemas de Informação de Agravos Notificados (SINAN), seguido da utilização de Questionários/Entrevista (33,9%) e consulta aos prontuários de pacientes (15,1%). Os fatores mais associados ao não tratamento dos parceiros de gestantes com sífilis foram: estruturação/qualidade dos serviços sob o aspecto relacionado a falhas na assistência prénatal, características das gestantes que interferem no tratamento dos mesmos e aos aspectos ligados as particularidades culturais que envolvem a assistência à saúde do homem. Conclusão: em todos os continentes o principal aspecto relacionado às falhas no tratamento dos parceiros/ gestantes com sífilis esteve associado a baixa qualidade da assistência pré-natal

Abstract Objectives: to compile studies in the literature that deal with missed opportunities related in treating pregnant women’s partners with syphilis Methods: this is a systematic review from SciELO, PUBMED, Lilacs and BVS databases, using articles published between 2008 and 2018. The research was carried out between April and August 2019 and followed PRISMA guideline recommendation Results: 56,686 titles were identified and 53 were extracted in which addressed aspects related intreating pregnant women’s partners with syphilis. Most studies were National, representing 60.7% of the researched articles. 51% of them used the Sistemas de Informação de Agravos Notificados (SINAN) (Notified Diseases Information System) as a database, followed by the use of Questionnaires / Interviews (33.9%) and consulted patients’ files (15.1%). The factors most associated with the non-treatment of the pregnant women’s partners with syphilis were: structuring /quality in the services from the aspect related to failures in prenatal care, characteristics of pregnant women that interfere in their treatment and aspects related to the cultural particularities that involvemen's healthcare. Conclusion: in all continents, the main aspect related to failures in the treatment of the partners/pregnant women with syphilis is associated with low quality in prenatal care.

ABSTRACT Objective: Staphylococcus aureus infections remain associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in both hospitals and the community. There is little information regarding the role of ovarian hormones in infections caused by S. aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ovariectomy in the immune response induced by S. aureus. Methods: Female mice BALB/c were ovariectomized (OVX) to significantly reduce the level of ovarian hormones. We also used sham-operated animals. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with S. aureus. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte count and bacterial quantification. The uterus and spleen were removed and weighed to calculate the uterine and splenic indexes. Lungs were removed and fractionated for immunohistochemical analysis for macrophage detection (anti-CD68) and relative gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by RT-PCR. Results: Ovariectomy enlarged spleen size and generally increased circulating lymphocytes. OVX females experienced a continuation of the initial reduction of lymphocytes and a monocyte and neutrophil late response compared to shams (p ≥ 0.05). Moreover, OVX females showed neutropenia after 168 h of infection (p ≥ 0.05). Macrophage response in the lungs were less pronounced in OVX females in the initial hours of infection (p ≥ 0.01). OVX females showed a higher relative gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung at the beginning of the infection compared to sham females (p ≥ 0.01). Among the uninfected females, the OVX control females showed a higher expression of IL-6 in the lung compared to the sham control females (p ≥ 0.05). In this model, the lack of ovarian hormones caused a minor increase in circulating leukocytes during the initial stage of infection by S. aureus and increased pulmonary gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Ovariectomy alone enlarged the spleen and increased circulating lymphocytes. Ovarian hormones acted as immunoprotectors against S. aureus infection.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e apontar fatores associados à colonização por estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) em gestantes da zona urbana atendidas em unidades de saúde de um município do nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado entre janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018. Foram coletados swabs vaginorretais de 210 gestantes entre a 32 e 40 semanas de gestação. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar sangue de carneiro 5% e ágar cromogênico. Para identificação confirmatoria de EGB foram utilizados o teste de CAMP e aglutinação em látex. Foram realizadas análise descritiva, de associação univariada e multivariada utilizando modelo logístico multinomial. Resultados: a prevalência de colonização por EGB entre as gestantes foi de 18,1% (n=38), e as variáveis renda e paridade no grupo de mulheres mais velhas na análise univariada além de cor da pele, idade e paridade na análise multivariada final estiveram estatisticamente associadas ao desfecho (p<0,05). Conclusões: a prevalência da colonização materna pelo EGB mostrou-se semelhante às descritas em outros estudos. Apesar de alguns fatores de risco como cor da pele, idade e paridade estarem associados à colonização, outros estudos são fundamentais para se estabelecer maiores informações sobre as gestantes mais passíveis de colonização pelo EGB.

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the prevalence and the factors associated with the colonization by group B streptococcus (GBS) in pregnant women from the urban area attended at health units in a municipality in northeastern Brazil. Methods: it is a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2017 to March 2018. Vagino-rectal swabs were collected from 210 pregnant women between 32 and 40 weeks of gestation. The swabs were seeded on 5% sheep blood agar and on chromogenic agar. For confirmatory identification of GBS, the CAMP test and latex agglutination were used. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate association analysis were performed using a multinomial logistic model. Results: the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women was 18.1% (n = 38), and a statistically significant association (p<0.05) was found for income and parity variables in the group of older women in the univariate analysis, and for skin color, age and parity in the final multivariate analysis. Conclusions: the prevalence of maternal colonization by GBS was similar to that described in other studies. Although some risk factors, such as skin color, age and parity, were associated with colonization, other studies are essential to establish more information on pregnant women more likely to be colonized by GBS.

Resumo Objetivos: compilar estudos produzidos acerca dos fatores de risco genéticos e não genéticos associados a ocorrência de aborto espontâneo. Métodos: trata-se de um artigo de revisão sistemática, com estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2008 a novembro de 2018 nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs e BVS. Resultados: um total de 567 artigos foram encontrados. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade definidos, 44 artigos compuseram a presente revisão com a maioria publicada na Ásia, entre os anos de 2008 a 2011, e 10 artigos publicados no Brasil. Causas não genéticas, como fatores sociodemográficos e estado de saúde, estiveram entre as condições mais associadas ao abortamento espontâneo. No continente asiático houve predominância na correlação do aborto espontâneo com fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida como obesidade, tabagismo e atividades laborais; já nas Américas destacam-se causas relacionadas aos fatores sociodemográficos, como baixa renda e baixa escolaridade. Conclusões: os fatores de risco diferem em relação a região de ocorrência, sendo importante a realização de estudos detalhados para que sejam capazes de subsidiar a implantação de políticas públicas e, assim, minorar a ocorrência de abortos.

Abstract Objectives: to compile studies produced regardinggenetic and non-genetic risks factors associated with occurrence of spontaneous abortion. Methods: it talks about a systematic review article, with studies between January of 2008 to November of 2018 according to SciELO, PubMed, Lilacs and BVS. Results: in total, 567 articles were found. After applying the definedeligibility criteria, 44 articles made part of the review, being the majority published on Asia between 2008 and 2011, and 10 articles published on Brazil. Not genetic causes like sociodemographic factors and healthy state were among the most associated conditions of spontaneous abortion. Asiatic continent had predominance about the correlation of spontaneous abortion with factors related to life style like obesity, smoking and labor activities, on the other hand, in the Americas, causes related to sociodemographics factors like low pay and low studies are high-lighted. Conclusions: the risk factors change about the occurrence region, being important to make local studies capable of subsidize the implantation of public politics and to reduce abortions.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. We performed a systematic review of GI symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as of the serum levels of biomarkers related to liver function and lesion in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. METHODS: We surveyed relevant articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese up to July, 2020 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, and BVS databases. Moreover, we surveyed potentially important articles in journals such as the NEJM, JAMA, BMJ, Gut, and AJG. RESULTS: This systematic review included 43 studies, including 18,246 patients. Diarrhea was the most common GI symptom, affecting 11.5% of the patients, followed by nausea and vomiting (6.3%) and abdominal pain (2.3%). With regard to clinical severity, 17.5% of the patients were classified as severely ill, whereas 9.8% of them were considered to have a non-severe disease. Some studies showed increased aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels in a portion of the 209 analyzed patients and two studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 patients. In addition, alterations in cytolysis biomarkers could also be observed in a lesser proportion, calling attention to the possibility of hepatic involvement in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The serological screening of blood donors has been instituted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and is mandatory in the research on several diseases transmissible through blood transfusion. Blood banks need to establish a screening service capable of reducing associated transfusions risks. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infection markers in donors at a hemotherapy service located in southwest Bahia, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective study was performed between 2010 and 2016. Variables, such as the characterization of donors who were suitable and unsuitable for donation (in clinical screening), stratification by gender and age group and unsuitable samples for reactive test results (in serological screening) by aspecific antibodies against hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc and HBsAg), hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV I/II), HIV virus (anti-HIV I/II), chagas disease, and syphilis markers, were evaluated. Results: Collected data showed that 3.13% of the donors were considered unsuitable for serological screening and that the prevalence of reactive test results was higher in donors aged between 30 and 39 years and in males. The means of the serological markers was 1.09% for syphilis reagents, 0.63% for anti-HIV I/II, 0.51% for anti-HBc and anti-HCV, 0.15% for HBsAg, 0.14% for HTLV I/II and 0.10% for Chagas disease. Conclusion: These results reflect the importance of awareness campaigns on sexually transmitted diseases and transfusion safety measures taken by hemotherapy services.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores associados a não realização do exame de Papanicolaou entre as mulheres quilombolas residentes em Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Foi utilizado delineamento de estudo transversal de base populacional, com inclusão de mulheres com idade de 18-64 anos. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e de associação univariada e multivariada utilizando modelo logístico multinomial. Mulheres que nunca realizaram o exame ou o realizaram há mais de três anos foram comparadas separadamente com aquelas que realizaram o exame há menos de três anos. De 348 mulheres incluídas na análise, 27,3% afirmaram nunca ter realizado o Papanicolaou. Foram associados de forma independente com nunca ter feito o exame: faixa etária de 18 a 29 anos e 50 a 59 anos, não ter instrução, não ter companheiro, buscar atendimento relacionado à saúde em unidades/estabelecimentos diferentes de seu local de residência e ter realizado exame clínico das mamas há três ou mais anos ou nunca tê-lo realizado. Os achados indicam uma necessidade de reflexão, com o objetivo de melhor enfrentamento dos fatores que se associam à não realização do exame Papanicolaou entre as mulheres quilombolas, sendo importante contemplar ações de prevenção para o câncer de colo uterino.

The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with failure to take a Pap smear test among quilombola women living in Vitória da Conquista in the state of Bahia. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted with women aged 18 to 64. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic model was applied. Women who had never performed the test or had not had one for over three years were compared separately from those who were examined within the preceding three years. Of the 348 women included in the analysis, 27.3%, reported never having a Pap smear test. The following factors were independently associated with never having taken the test: age of 18 to 29 years and 50 to 59 years; lack of education; not having a partner; seeking care in health-related units/establishments other than their place of residence; and having a clinical breast examination three or more years ago or never having one. The findings indicate a need for reflection in order to combat factors that are associated with not having a Pap smear test among quilombola women, since it is important to implement actions for the prevention of cervical cancer.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores associados a não realização do exame de Papanicolaou entre as mulheres quilombolas residentes em Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Foi utilizado delineamento de estudo transversal de base populacional, com inclusão de mulheres com idade de 18-64 anos. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e de associação univariada e multivariada utilizando modelo logístico multinomial. Mulheres que nunca realizaram o exame ou o realizaram há mais de três anos foram comparadas separadamente com aquelas que realizaram o exame há menos de três anos. De 348 mulheres incluídas na análise, 27,3% afirmaram nunca ter realizado o Papanicolaou. Foram associados de forma independente com nunca ter feito o exame: faixa etária de 18 a 29 anos e 50 a 59 anos, não ter instrução, não ter companheiro, buscar atendimento relacionado à saúde em unidades/estabelecimentos diferentes de seu local de residência e ter realizado exame clínico das mamas há três ou mais anos ou nunca tê-lo realizado. Os achados indicam uma necessidade de reflexão, com o objetivo de melhor enfrentamento dos fatores que se associam à não realização do exame Papanicolaou entre as mulheres quilombolas, sendo importante contemplar ações de prevenção para o câncer de colo uterino.

The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with failure to take a Pap smear test among quilombola women living in Vitória da Conquista in the state of Bahia. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted with women aged 18 to 64. Descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic model was applied. Women who had never performed the test or had not had one for over three years were compared separately from those who were examined within the preceding three years. Of the 348 women included in the analysis, 27.3%, reported never having a Pap smear test. The following factors were independently associated with never having taken the test: age of 18 to 29 years and 50 to 59 years; lack of education; not having a partner; seeking care in health-related units/establishments other than their place of residence; and having a clinical breast examination three or more years ago or never having one. The findings indicate a need for reflection in order to combat factors that are associated with not having a Pap smear test among quilombola women, since it is important to implement actions for the prevention of cervical cancer.

Trata-se de relato de caso de síndrome de Chediak-Higashi (SCH) em indivíduo afrodescendente, sexo masculino, 3 meses de idade, filho de união consanguínea. Apresentava na admissão febre há um mês, pneumonia não resolvida e hepatoesplenomegalia. Evoluiu para sepse bacteriana, choque séptico e óbito. A SCH apresenta alterações hematológicas, morfológicas e quantitativas. As inclusões leucocitárias anormais constituem achado patognomônico da doença e seu reconhecimento e sua distinção de outras inclusões leucocitárias é fundamental para diagnóstico e instituição da terapêutica. O diagnóstico precoce da SCH aumenta a expectativa de vida do indivíduo e proporciona abordagem terapêutica adequada aos pacientes acometidos pela doença.

This is a Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) case report in afro-descendant individual, male, 3 months old, born from consanguineous union. On admission he had fever for a month, unresolved pneumonia, and hepatosplenomegaly. He evolved to bacterial sepsis, septic shock, and death. CHS presents quantitative and morphological and hematological changes. Abnormal leukocyte inclusions are the pathognomonic finding of the disease; its recognition and differentiation from other leukocyte inclusions is essential for diagnosis and institution of therapy. Early diagnosis of CHS increases the life expectancy of the individual and provides appropriate therapeutic approach for patients affected by the disease.

O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar a metodologia, resultados descritivos preliminares e a confiabilidade dos instrumentos utilizados no Projeto COMQUISTA. Estudo transversal com indivíduos adultos (>18 anos) e crianças (até cinco anos) de comunidades quilombolas de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. A coleta de dados compreendeu a realização de entrevistas individuais e domiciliares, aferição de medidas antropométricas e pressão arterial. Utilizou-se o questionário semiestruturado da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), adaptado para a população quilombola, e as entrevistas foram realizadas em computadores portáteis. Foram visitados 397 domicílios e entrevistados 797 adultos e 130 crianças. O perfil demográfico dos quilombolas foi semelhante ao dos brasileiros quanto ao sexo e idade, porém, eles apresentaram precário acesso ao saneamento básico e baixo nível socioeconômico. A análise de confiabilidade demonstrou a adequação das estratégias adotadas para garantia e controle de qualidade no estudo. A metodologia empregada foi considerada adequada para o alcance dos objetivos e pode ser utilizada em outras populações. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade da implantação de estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir o grau de vulnerabilidade dos quilombolas.

The scope of this article was to present the methodology, preliminary descriptive results and the reliability of the instruments used in the COMQUISTA Project. It involved a cross-sectional study with adults (>18 years) and children (up to 5 years old) of Quilombola communities in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Data collection consisted of individual and household interviews, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) was used and the interviews were conducted using handheld computers. 397 housing units were visited and 797 adults and 130 children were interviewed. The demographic profile of the Quilombolas was similar to the Brazilian population with respect to sex and age, however, they had precarious access to basic sanitation and a low socioeconomic status. The analysis of reliability revealed the adequacy of strategies adopted for quality assurance and control in the study. The methodology used was considered adequate to achieve the objectives and can be used in other populations. The results indicate the need for implementing strategies to improve the quality of life and reduce the degree of vulnerability of the Quilombolas.

O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar a metodologia, resultados descritivos preliminares e a confiabilidade dos instrumentos utilizados no Projeto COMQUISTA. Estudo transversal com indivíduos adultos (>18 anos) e crianças (até cinco anos) de comunidades quilombolas de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. A coleta de dados compreendeu a realização de entrevistas individuais e domiciliares, aferição de medidas antropométricas e pressão arterial. Utilizou-se o questionário semiestruturado da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), adaptado para a população quilombola, e as entrevistas foram realizadas em computadores portáteis. Foram visitados 397 domicílios e entrevistados 797 adultos e 130 crianças. O perfil demográfico dos quilombolas foi semelhante ao dos brasileiros quanto ao sexo e idade, porém, eles apresentaram precário acesso ao saneamento básico e baixo nível socioeconômico. A análise de confiabilidade demonstrou a adequação das estratégias adotadas para garantia e controle de qualidade no estudo. A metodologia empregada foi considerada adequada para o alcance dos objetivos e pode ser utilizada em outras populações. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade da implantação de estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de vida e reduzir o grau de vulnerabilidade dos quilombolas.

The scope of this article was to present the methodology, preliminary descriptive results and the reliability of the instruments used in the COMQUISTA Project. It involved a cross-sectional study with adults (>18 years) and children (up to 5 years old) of Quilombola communities in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Data collection consisted of individual and household interviews, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) was used and the interviews were conducted using handheld computers. 397 housing units were visited and 797 adults and 130 children were interviewed. The demographic profile of the Quilombolas was similar to the Brazilian population with respect to sex and age, however, they had precarious access to basic sanitation and a low socioeconomic status. The analysis of reliability revealed the adequacy of strategies adopted for quality assurance and control in the study. The methodology used was considered adequate to achieve the objectives and can be used in other populations. The results indicate the need for implementing strategies to improve the quality of life and reduce the degree of vulnerability of the Quilombolas.