Resumo De um universo de mais de 74 realizadoras identificadas em mapeamento da produção de documentários no Sul do Brasil, entre os anos de 1995 e 2010, foram selecionadas sete para que, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, pudéssemos compreender quem são e o que pensam essas mulheres sobre a produção, distribuição e exibição do documentário no Brasil. Os resultados parciais apresentados integram uma pesquisa mais ampla que teve como objetivo caracterizar a produção documentária contemporânea do Sul do Brasil, procurando compreender onde, o que, como e quem produz na região e onde e de que forma esses filmes são exibidos. A maioria das cineastas entrevistadas tem formação em cursos de Comunicação Social, nos quais conheceram e se envolveram com o cinema e o audiovisual. É consenso entre as realizadoras que a principal dificuldade em se produzir na região está atrelada à dependência financeira, mas reconhecem que, sem o aporte público, o cenário do documentário teria sido diferente no período estudado. Sobre os temas dos filmes, apenas duas delas assumem uma busca por personagens e assuntos femininos, as demais apostam no olhar particularizado da cineasta, em que seus pontos de vistas são marcados pela experiência de ser mulher.

Abstract From a universe of more than 74 women documentarians which were identified by document production mapping, in southern Brazil, during the years 1995 to 2010, we selected seven female directors so that, from semi-structured interviews, we would know who these women are and how they think about the production, distribution and exhibition of the film documentary in Brazil. The partial results presented are part of broader research that aimed to characterize contemporary documentary production in southern Brazil, seeking to understand where, what, how and who produces in the region and where and how these films are shown. Most of the female filmmakers interviewed have a degree in Social Communication, where they often got exposed to and involved with cinema and the audiovisual field. It is a consensus among these filmmakers that the main difficulty in producing in the region is linked to financial dependence, but they recognize that without public contribution the history of the documentary would have been different in this period. Thematically only two of these filmmakers focus on women characters and women’s issues, the rest bet on the singular view of the female filmmaker, where their views are marked by the experience of being a woman.

Resumen De un universo de más de 74 realizadoras identificadas en mapeamiento de la producción de documentales en el Sur de Brasil, entre los años 1995 y 2010, fueron seleccionadas siete para que, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas, pudiéramos comprender quiénes son y qué piensan estas mujeres sobre la producción, distribución y exhibición del documental en Brasil. Los resultados parciales presentados son parte de una investigación más amplia que tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la producción documental contemporánea en el sur de Brasil, buscando comprender dónde, qué, cómo y quién produce en la región y dónde y cómo se muestran estas películas. La mayoría de las cineastas entrevistadas tienen formación en cursos de comunicación social, donde se conocieron y se involucraron con el cine y el audiovisual. Es consenso entre las realizadoras que la principal dificultad en producirse en la región está ligada a la dependencia financiera, pero reconocen que sin el aporte público el escenario del documental habría sido diferente en el período estudiado. En los temas de las películas, sólo dos de ellas asumen una búsqueda por personajes y asuntos femeninos, las demás apuestan en la mirada particularizada de la cineasta, en que sus puntos de vista están marcados por la experiencia de ser mujer.

Concrete is the most used material in the construction industry worldwide. Built concrete infrastructure is exposed to specific environments conditions during the asset’s life, which impose chemical and physical actions that may lead to premature deterioration. Poor concrete durability and corrosion of reinforcement bars are the primary cause of structural deterioration and reduced service life. Most concrete deterioration mechanisms are driven by transport properties, in particular, the chloride diffusion coefficient. In this paper, the effect of curing in the chloride diffusion coefficient of conventional concrete is investigated through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Reinforced concrete samples cured for 3, 7 and 28 days were exposed to accelerated chloride testing for 300 days (40 wet-dry cycles). Results indicate that the chloride diffusion coefficient reduces significantly with curing time, evidencing that prolonged curing may decrease the likelihood of corrosion in reinforced concrete structure when combined with appropriate design and construction processes.

The main aim of this paper was to evaluate ceramic products containing a percentage of ash from sheep wool waste through drying linear shrinkage from a small brickyard in Bagé - RS. The ash percentages used in the formulation were 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%. Raw materials were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X - ray Fluorescence (XRF/EDX). The methods used to shape the ceramic products were vacuum extrusion and pressing. After shaping, the ceramic products were dried in laboratory conditions with an average temperature of 21°C for 3 weeks and later in an oven at 110°C for 48 h. The drying linear shrinkage test was performed according to the specifications of standard C-021/95, and its average results for all formulations were 8.2% and 0.7%, for the extruded and pressed products, respectively. The results of drying linear shrinkage were higher for the extruded products than for the pressed ones, showing that the addition of the ash from the sheep wool waste in the clay decreased the drying linear shrinkage in the extruded ceramic products.

A etiologia da degeneração do disco intervertebral (DDI) ainda não está totalmente esclarecida. O gene do receptor da vitamina D (VDR) tem sido apontado como um dos possíveis envolvidos no surgimento das discopatias. Por outro lado, este estudo relaciona pela primeira vez, a participação dos genes das glutatião transferases M1 e T1 (GSTT1 e GSTM1), responsáveis pela inativação dos componentes do cigarro, na DDI. Foi extraído DNA de leucócitos de 66 pacientes e 88 controles, pareados por gênero e idade. O polimorfismo VDR-FokI foi amplificado por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) seguido de restrição com a enzima FokI. Os polimorfismos das GSTT1/M1 foram determinados por meio da PCR multiplex. A história familial e a gravidade da doença se destacaram nos pacientes portadores do alelo f do gene VDR-FokI (P=0,000 e 0,0012, respectivamente). A idade de surgimento da doença mostrou-se precoce nos indivíduos com genótipo _/f (média de 26 anos). Foi encontrada associação do polimorfismo FokI com a degeneração precoce e gravidade da DDI, sendo que o hábito de fumar também interferiu nesse processo, independente da presença ou não do genótipo favorável para GSTT1/M1.

The etiology of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has not been fully clarified yet. Vitamin D receptor’s gene (VDR) has been suggested as one of the potential entities involved in disc pathologies onset. On the other hand, this study correlates, for the first time, glutathione transferases M1 and T1 genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) participation, which are responsible for cigarette components’ inactivation, in IDD. DNA was extracted from leukocytes of 66 patients and 88 controls, paired by gender and age. The VDR-Fokl polymorphism was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction with Fokl enzyme. GSTT1/M1 polymorphisms were determined by means of PCR multiplex. Family history and disease severity were highlighted in patients carrying the f allele of the VDR-Fokl gene (P=0.000 and 0.0012, respectively). The age at disease onset has shown to be early in individuals with _/f genotype (average 26 years old). A correlation was found between Fokl polymorphism and early degeneration and IDD severity, with smoking habit also interfering in this process, regardless of the presence or absence of a favorable genotype for GSTT1/M1.

As doenças que afetam o sistema músculo-esquelético acometem centenas de milhões de pessoas no mundo e estão entre as causas mais comuns de invalidez e sofrimento crônico. A doença vertebral degenerativa constitui uma exacerbação do processo de envelhecimento, podendo estar envolvidos os fatores genéticos, ambientais ou lesões traumáticas, deformidades e doenças preexistentes. Muito se tem discutido sobre os múltiplos fatores envolvidos na degeneração discal, mas sua etiologia permanece indeterminada. Contudo, atualmente a participação da genética parece muito mais forte do que se suspeitava anteriormente. Neste artigo, é abordada a participação de alguns genes no processo discogênico, bem como o que isso representa para o melhor entendimento da etiopatogênese da doença e na melhora de seu tratamento.

Disorders affecting musculoskeletal system affect hundreds of millions individuals worldwide and are one of the most common causes of disability and chronic suffering. The degenerative vertebral disease is an exacerbation of the aging process, and genetic and environmental factors, as well as traumatic injuries, deformities and pre-existent diseases may be involved. Much has been discussed about the many factors involved on disc degeneration, but its etiology remains unclear. Nevertheless, today, the role played by genetics seems to be much more relevant than it was previously suspected. In this article, the participation and role of some genes in the disc degeneration process are addressed for a better understanding of this disease’s etiopathogenesis and how to improve its treatment.