ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 can trigger different clinical presentations in distinct population groups, some of which are considered at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Little is known about the susceptibility of certain populations to the infection. Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWH) attending a tertiary public hospital in Salvador, Brazil, patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and Hospital's Healthcare Workers (HCW), and to compare their SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Methods: In this observational study we included 2294 participants from June 9, 2020 to August 10, 2021. IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from all participants (275 PLWH, 42 with active tuberculosis and 1977 healthcare workers) were measured. Prevalence of COVID-19 and antibodies indexes were compared across groups. Results: We detected a higher prevalence of COVID-19 in patients with active tuberculosis (42.9%) than in PLWH (22.5%) or HCW (11.7%). Previously vaccinated participants with a COVID-19 history had median higher IgG antibody indexes (8.2; IQR: 5.5–10) than those vaccinated who did not have COVID-19 until the time of this study (4.1; IQR: 1.6–6.2, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Prevalence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher among tuberculosis patients than that found in HCW and PLWH, but antibodies levels were similar across groups. Introduction COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 groups SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- Objectives HIVAIDS HIV AIDS (PLWH Salvador Brazil Hospitals Hospital s HCW, , (HCW) Methods 229 9 202 10 2021 275 (27 4 197 workers measured Results 42.9% 429 (42.9% 22.5% 225 22 5 (22.5% 11.7%. 117 11.7% . 11 7 (11.7%) 8.2 82 8 (8.2 IQR 5.5–10 5510 4.1 41 1 (4.1 1662 6 1.6–6.2 0.001. 0001 0.001 0 001 0.001) Conclusion COVID1 COVID- SARS-CoV (HCW 20 27 (2 42.9 (42.9 22.5 (22.5 11.7 (11.7% 8. (8. 5.5–1 551 4. (4. 166 1.6–6. 000 0.00 00 ( 42. (42. 22. (22. 11. (11.7 (8 5.5– 55 (4 16 1.6–6 0.0 (42 (22 (11. 5.5 1.6– 0. (11 5. 1.6 (1 1.

ABSTRACT The outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally. As of June 18, 2020, a high maternal mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 infections was identified in Brazil, representing most of the world cases at that time. An observational, cross-sectional study was performed with pregnant women admitted in two maternity hospitals located in Salvador/Bahia and their newborns, from May 24th up to July 17th of 2020. Among 329 pregnant women enrolled at hospital admission, a high prevalence (n=28; 8.5%) of pregnant women with COVID-19 was observed, as well as a high proportion of asymptomatic cases (n=19; 67.9%). Two newborns had detectable SARS-CoV-2 but evolved without abnormalities. This data highlight the importance of identifying pregnant women with COVID-19 for proper isolation measures to prevent in-hospital transmission.

Abstract Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) of respiratory specimens is the gold standard test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, collecting nasopharyngeal swabs causes discomfort to patients and may represent considerable risk for healthcare workers. The use of saliva as a diagnostic sample has several advantages. Objectives The aim of this study was to validate the use of saliva as a biological sample for diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods This study was conducted at Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory (LAPI), in Salvador, Brazil. Participants presenting with signs/symptoms suggesting SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and/or oropharyngeal swab (OPS), and saliva collection. Saliva samples were diluted in PBS, followed by RNA isolation and RT-Real Time PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Results of conventional vs saliva samples testing were compared. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 18.0. Results One hundred fifty-five participants were recruited and samples pairs of NPS/OPS and saliva were collected. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR using saliva samples were 94.4% (95% CI 86.4–97.8) and 97.62% (95% CI 91.7–99.3), respectively. There was an overall high agreement (96.1%) between the two tests. Conclusions Use of self-collected saliva samples is an easy, convenient, and low-cost alternative to conventional NP swab-based molecular tests. These results may allow a broader use of molecular tests for management of COVID19 pandemic, especially in resources-limited settings.

Abstract Background Successful treatment of HIV-positive children requires a high level of adherence (at least 95%) to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Adherence is influenced by factors related to the child and caregivers. Objectives To evaluate children and caregivers characteristics associated to children's adherence. Methods Cross-sectional study, from September 2013 to June 2015, comprising a sample of caregivers of perinatally HIV-infected children, in the age group of 1–12 years, under antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months and on follow-up in two AIDS reference centers in Salvador, Bahia. Caregiver self-reports were the sole source of 4 days adherence and sociodemographic information. Study participants who reported an intake >95% of prescribed medication were considered adherents. A variable, (“Composed Adherence”), was created to better evaluate adherence. Results We included 77 children and their caregivers. 88.3% of the caregivers were female, the median age was 38.0 years (IQR 33.5–47.5), 48.1% were white or mixed, 72.7% lived in Salvador and 53.2% had no fixed income. The 4 days child's adherence was associated only to caregivers that received less than a minimum salary (p < 0.05), 70.1% of the caregivers had less than four years of formal education, 81.8% were children's relative and 53.2% of the caregivers were HIV positive. The caregiver's pharmacy refill, long-term adherence and 4 days adherence, were significantly associated with composed adherence (p < 0.05). Child's long-term adherence was strongly associated to the 4 days child's adherence referred by caregiver (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest the need of improvement in HIV-infected children adherence, through reinforcement of the caregivers own adherence.

Pesquisas recentes demonstram que os idosos apresentam um estado subclínico de inflamação, associado ao aumento de tecido adiposo e a várias comorbidades. Comparamos os efeitos de exercícios baseados Pilates mat e exercício resistido sobre os níveis séricos de proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-hs), na circunferência abdominal (CA) e no índice de massa corporal (IMC) em idosos. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, com amostra de 78 idosos (idade mediana de 69 anos). As variáveis independentes ativas estudadas foram o Pilates mat e exercício resistido; as variáveis dependentes foram a PCR-hs, CA e IMC. A análise estatística utilizada foi baseada em testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney. A correlação entre as variáveis contínuas foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, os dados foram analisados pelo programa SPSS, versão 17.0; a probabilidade do valor inferior a 5% foi considerada estatisticamente significante. Exercícios baseados em Pilates mat exibiram reduções nos níveis séricos de PCR-hs (Wilcoxon signed rank; z = -2.466, p = 0.01), IMC (Wilcoxon signed rank; z = -3.295, p = 0.001) e AC (Wilcoxon signed rank;. z = -3.398, p = 0.01). Exercícios baseados em Pilates mat promoveram uma redução significativa dos níveis séricos de PCR-hs e medidas antropométricas em idosos.

Recent studies have shown that the elderly exhibit a subclinical state of inflammation associated with increased adipose tissue and several comorbidities. To compare the effects of mat Pilates based exercises and resistance exercise on the serum levels of reactive C protein of high sensitivity (hs-CRP), in the abdominal circumference (AC) and the body mass index (BMI) in the elderly. It is a randomised clinical trial with a sample of 78 elderly individuals (median age 69 years). The active independent variable investigated was nature of treatment intervention (Pilates mat based exercises vs resistance exercise), and the dependent variables were hs-CRP level, AC and BMI. The statistical analysis used Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney tests. The correlation between the continuous variables was assessed using Spearman’s coefficient of correlation. The data were analysed using SPSS software version 17.0, and probability values lower than 5% (p< 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Mat Pilates based exercises exhibited reductions in serum hs-CPR level (Wilcoxon signed rank test; z = -2.466, p = 0.01), BMI (Wilcoxon signed rank test; z = -3.295, p = 0.001) and AC (Wilcoxon signed rank test; z = -3.398, p = 0.01). Mat Pilates based exercises promoted a significant reduction of the serum hs-CRP levels and anthropometric measurements in elderly individuals.

Resumo OBJETIVO: Avaliar o êxito reprodutivo na gestação subsequente de mulheres com perdas gestacionais de repetição. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo 103 mulheres com perdas gestacionais de repetição (grupo de perdas) atendidas entre janeiro 2006 e dezembro 2010 e 204 gestantes de baixo risco (grupo controle) de maio 2007 a abril 2008 na Maternidade Climério de Oliveira, Salvador, Bahia. Êxito reprodutivo foi definido para o recém-nascido, independentemente da idade gestacional ao nascimento, que sobreviveu após o período neonatal. As médias e desvio padrão (DP) das variáveis contínuas foram comparadas utilizando o teste t de Student. As frequências das variáveis nominais foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste de χ2 de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Das 90 que engravidaram, 83 (91,2%) tiveram êxito reprodutivo. Gestações a termo no grupo controle foram mais frequentes que no de perdas (174/187; 92,1 versus 51/90; 56,7%; p<0,01). O número de consultas no pré-natal foi satisfatório para 76 (85,4%) mulheres no grupo de perdas e para 125 (61,3%) no grupo controle (p<0,01). Nestas, o início do pré-natal foi mais precoce (13,3; 4,2 versus 19,6; 6,9 semanas). O grupo de perdas teve ganho de peso acima do esperado mais frequentemente que as gestantes de baixo risco (58,1 versus 46,6%; p=0,04). Apesar de a cerclagem do colo uterino ter sido realizada em 32/90 mulheres com perdas, a duração média da gestação nestas foi menor (34,8 semanas; DP=5,6 versus 39,3 semanas; DP=1,6; p<0,01). O tipo de parto predominante nas gestantes com perdas foi a cesariana (55/83; 64,7 versus 73/185; 39,5%; p<0,01) devido principalmente a complicações obstétricas. CONCLUSÃO: O êxito gestacional foi considerado satisfatório e é atribuído à realização de cerclagem do colo uterino em tempo hábil, ampla disponibilidade da equipe para o atendimento às gestantes, que se traduziu por retornos mais frequentes agendados, e por livre demanda, além de um pronto suporte hospitalar para mãe e feto.

Abstract PURPOSE: To estimate the future pregnancy success rate in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including 103 women seen at a clinic for recurrent pregnancy loss (loss group) between January 2006 and December 2010 and a control group including 204 pregnant women seen at a low-risk prenatal care unit between May 2007 and April 2008. Both groups were seen in the university teaching hospital the Maternidade Climério de Oliveira, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Reproductive success rate was defined as an alive-birth, independent of gestational age at birth and survival after the neonatal period. Continuous variables Means and standard deviations (SD) were compared using Student's t-test and nominal variables proportions by Pearson χ2test. RESULTS: Out of 90 who conceived, 83 (91.2%) had reproductive success rate. There were more full-term pregnancies in the control than in the loss group (174/187; 92.1 versus 51/90; 56.7%; p<0.01). The prenatal visits number was satisfactory for 76 (85.4%) women in the loss group and 125 (61.3%) in the control (p<0.01). In this, the beginning of prenatal care was earlier (13.3; 4.2 versus 19.6; 6.9 weeks). During pregnancy, the loss group women increased the weight more than those in the control group (58.1 versus 46.6%; p=0.04). Although cervix cerclage was performed in 32/90 women in the loss group, the pregnancy duration mean was smaller (34.8 weeks; SD=5.6 versus 39.3 weeks; SD=1.6; p<0.01) than in the control group. Due to gestational complications, cesarean delivery predominated in the loss group (55/83; 64.7 versus 73/183; 39.5%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: A very good reproductive success rate can be attributed to greater availability of healthcare services to receive pregnant women, through prenatal visits (scheduled or not), cervical cerclage performed on time, and available hospital care for the mother and newborn.

ABSTRACTAntiretroviral therapy has significantly evolved in the last decade, with an increasing number of new drugs and classes. Currently, even heavily experienced patients can be successfully treated with new regimens. In Brazil, the recent incorporation of some new antiretroviral drugs made it possible to suppress HIV plasma viremia in most treated patients, with significant benefits in terms of quality of life and survival. However, little has been published on outcomes of patients under new drugs-based regimens. We reviewed the safety and efficacy of antiretroviral regimens using recently introduced drugs in Bahia. Our results confirm that patients using darunavir, raltegravir, enfuvirtide, or etravirine presented with a high rate of virological suppression without significant adverse events, after one year of follow-up.

Objective Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of Charcot neuroarthropathy and is clinically classified as follows: Charcot foot, acute Charcot foot (ACF) when there is inflammation, and inactive Charcot foot when inflammatory signs are absent. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for ACF in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods A matched case-control study was conducted to assess the factors associated with acute Charcot foot from February 2000 until September 2012. Four controls for each case were selected 47 cases of ACF and 188 controls without ACF were included. Cases and controls were matched by year of initialization of treatment. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate matched odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results In multivariate analysis, patients having less than 55 years of age (adjusted OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.69 – 9.94), literate education age (adjusted OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.40 – 9.92), living alone (adjusted OR = 5.84, 95% CI = 1.49 – 22.86), previous ulceration (adjusted OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.62 – 14.51) were at increased risk of ACF. However, peripheral arterial disease (adjusted OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.52) of 6.25 (1.92 – 20.0) was a protective factor.Discussion The results suggest that PCA in type 2 diabetes primarily affects patients under 55 who live alone, are literate, and have a prior history of ulcers, and that peripheral arterial disease is a protective factor. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(3):226-30

OBJETIVO:Descrever as características epidemiológicas e obstétricas de mulheres com perdas gestacionais de repetição.MÉTODOS:Estudo descritivo e analítico, que teve como critério de inclusão mulheres atendidas no ambulatório de perdas gestacionais de repetição (grupo de perdas), entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2010. Foram excluídas as pacientes que não residiam em Salvador, na Bahia, e aquelas que não puderam ser contatadas por telefone. O Grupo Controle foi constituído por 204 gestantes de baixo risco ao pré-natal, atendidas entre maio de 2007 e abril de 2008. Foram excluídas desse grupo aquelas que não aceitaram participar da entrevista e com risco obstétrico. As variáveis pesquisadas foram: idade, escolaridade, ocupação, estado civil, etilismo, índice de massa corpórea e, como antecedentes obstétricos, a idade da gestação em que ocorreram as perdas. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa SPSS, versão 18.0. As médias e os desvios padrão das variáveis contínuas foram comparados utilizando-se o teste t de Student, já para as frequências das variáveis nominais, aplicou-se o teste do χ2.RESULTADOS:A média de idade das mulheres de perdas foi mais elevada do que no Controle (32,3±6,3 versus 26,5±6,4 anos; p<0,01). Houve predomínio do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no grupo de perdas (36,9 versus 22,1%; p=0,01), assim como no estado civil (93,2 versus 66,7%; p<0,01), no qual elas eram casadas ou viviam em união estável, respectivamente. O índice de massa corpórea pré-gestacional foi superior no grupo de perdas (26,9 versus 23,5%; p<0,01). Nos antecedentes obstétricos, 103 mulheres com perdas gestacionais relataram 334 gestações. Destas, 56 tiveram dois ou mais abortos no primeiro trimestre e em 31 delas, duas ou mais gestações evoluíram para abortos tardios/prematuros extremos.CONCLUSÕES:Mulheres com perdas recorrentes incluídas neste estudo tiveram alguns fatores de risco identificados, tais como a idade mais avançada e o índice de massa corpórea superior. As observações são coerentes com as propostas mais recentes a respeito de perdas recorrentes que consideram a inclusão das perdas em várias idades gestacionais.

PURPOSE:To describe the epidemiologic and obstetric characteristics of women with recurrent miscarriages.METHODS:A descriptive and analytical study whose inclusion criterion was every woman that was attended at the clinic for recurrent miscarriage (loss group), between January 2006 and December 2010. Patients that did not live in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and those who were not reached by telephone or whose number was not included in the medical record were not included. The Control Group consisted of 204 pregnant women seen at the low-risk prenatal care unit between May 2007 and April 2008. Women who did not accept to be interviewed and those with obstetric risk were excluded from the Control Group. The analyzed variables were: age, education, occupation, marital status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, obstetric history and the gestational age when the losses occurred. The SPSS 18.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Means and standard deviations of continuous variables were compared using the Student's t-test and the frequencies of the nominal variables were compared by the χ2 test.RESULTS:The mean age of women in the loss group was higher than in the Control Group (32.3±6.3 versus 26.5±6.4 years old, p<0.01). Consumption of alcoholic beverages predominated in the loss group (36.9 versus 22.1%, p=0.01), as well as marital status (93.2 versus 66.7% were married or living in a stable union, p<0.01). The pre-pregnancy body mass index was higher in the loss group (26.9 versus 23.5%, p<0.01). Regarding obstetric history, 103 women with recurrent miscarriage reported 334 pregnancies. Fifty-six of them had 2 or more miscarriages in the first quarter and in 31 of them, 2 or more pregnancies progressed to late abortions/extremely preterm infants.CONCLUSIONS:Some risk factors were identified in women with recurrent losses, such as more advanced age and higher body mass index. These observations agree with more recent proposals regarding recurrent losses that consider the inclusion of losses in various gestational ages.

Introduction:The human hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and is considered one of the most serious human health issues by the World Health Organization, causing thousands of deaths per year. There are similar viruses belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that infect non-human primates and other mammals as well as some birds. The majority of non-human primate virus isolates were phylogenetically close to the human hepatitis B virus, but like the human genotypes, the origins of these viruses remain controversial. However, there is a possibility that human hepatitis B virus originated in primates. Knowing whether these viruses might be common to humans and primates is crucial in order to reduce the risk to humans.Objective:To review the existing knowledge about the evolutionary origins of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates.Methods:This review was done by reading several articles that provide information about the Hepadnaviridae virus family in non-human primates and humans and the possible origins and evolution of these viruses.Results:The evolutionary origin of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates has been dated back to several thousand years; however, recent analyses of genomic fossils of avihepadnaviruses integrated into the genomes of several avian species have suggested a much older origin of this genus.Conclusion:Some hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus have been debated since the '90s. One theory suggested a New World origin because of the phylogenetic co-segregation between some New World human hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H and woolly B virus in basal sister-relationship to the Old monkey human hepatitis World non-human primates and human hepatitis B virus variants. Another theory suggests an Old World origin of human hepatitis B virus, and that it would have been spread following prehistoric human migrations over 100,000 years ago. A third theory suggests a co-speciation of human hepatitis B virus in non-human primate hosts because of the proximity between the phylogeny of Old and New World non-human primate and their human hepatitis B virus variants. The importance of further research, related to the subject in South American wild fauna, is paramount and highly relevant for understanding the origin of human hepatitis B virus.

During the influenza pandemic of 2009, the A(H1N1)pdm09, A/H3N2 seasonal and influenza B viruses were observed to be co-circulating with other respiratory viruses. To observe the epidemiological pattern of the influenza virus between May 2009-August 2011, 467 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than five years of age in the city of Salvador. In addition, data on weather conditions were obtained. Indirect immunofluorescence, real-time transcription reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing assays were performed for influenza virus detection. Of all 467 samples, 34 (7%) specimens were positive for influenza A and of these, viral characterisation identified Flu A/H3N2 in 25/34 (74%) and A(H1N1)pdm09 in 9/34 (26%). Influenza B accounted for a small proportion (0.8%) and the other respiratory viruses for 27.2% (127/467). No deaths were registered and no pattern of seasonality or expected climatic conditions could be established. These observations are important for predicting the evolution of epidemics and in implementing future anti-pandemic measures.

RESUMO Os valores de referências de linfócitos T existentes no Brasil são baseados em dados originados de outros países. Não existem dados locais da variação normal para estes parâmetros em adultos e crianças brasileiras. Avaliamos a variação normal encontrada em doadores de sangue de cinco grandes cidades brasileiras em diferentes regiões e em crianças residentes em Salvador e Rio de Janeiro. Todas as amostras foram processadas por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com região, gênero e estilo de vida dos doadores. Um total de 641 adultos (63% homens) e 280 crianças (58% meninos) participaram do estudo. Valores absolutos de CD3+ e CD4+ foram significantemente maiores no gênero feminino (adultos e crianças). Maiores valores de CD4+ em adultos foram associados com tabagismo, enquanto que maiores valores de CD8+ foram encontrados entre crianças do sexo feminino. Adultos das regiões sul e sudeste apresentaram maiores valores absolutos para todas as células T enquanto que adultos da região norte, apresentaram menores valores. Indivíduos residentes no nordeste e centro-oeste obtiveram contagens intermediárias para todas as populações de células T. Entretanto, estas diferenças entre as regiões, não demonstraram diferença estatística. No Brasil, gênero e tabagismo foram os principais determinantes para diferenças em valores de referências de linfócitos T.

SUMMARY In Brazil, the existing reference values for T-lymphocytes subsets are based on data originated in other countries. There is no local information on normal variation for these parameters in Brazilian adults and children. We evaluated the normal variation found in blood donors from five large Brazilian cities, in different regions, and in children living in Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. All samples were processed by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed according to region, gender, and lifestyle of blood donors. A total of 641 adults (63% males), and 280 children (58% males) were involved in the study. The absolute CD3+, and CD4+ cells count were significantly higher for females (adults and children). Higher CD4+ cell count in adults was associated with smoking, while higher CD8+ count was found among female children. Higher counts, for all T-cells subsets, were detected in blood donors from southeast / south regions while those living in the northern region had the lowest values. Individuals from midwestern and northeastern regions had an intermediate count for all these cells subsets. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. In Brazil, gender and smoking, were the main determinants of differences in T-lymphocytes reference values.

Host genetic factors play an important role in mediating resistance to HIV-1 infection and may modify the course of infection. HLA-B alleles (Bw4 epitope; B*27 and B*57) as well as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors have been associated with slow progression of HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between serological epitopes HLA-Bw4 and HLA-Bw6 and prognostic markers in AIDS. METHODS: 147 HIV-infected individuals in Bahia, Northeast Brazil, were genotyped for HLA class I locus. HLA class I genotyping was performed by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes following amplification of the corresponding HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and ANOVA tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: We detected a significant association (χ2 = 4.856; p = 0.018) between the presence of HLA-Bw4 and low levels of viremia. Eighteen out of the 147 HIV-infected individuals presented viremia <1,800 copies/mL and 129 presented viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Ninety and four percent (17/18) of all individuals with viremia < 1,800 copies/mL carried HLA-Bw4, compared to 67.4% (87/129) of individuals with viremia > 2,000 copies/mL. Additionally, we found a significantly higher frequency of B*57 (OR = 13.94; 95% CI = 4.19-46.38; p < 0.0001) and Cw*18 (OR = 16.15; 95% CI = 3.46-75.43; p < 0.0001) alleles, favoring the group with lower viremia levels, in comparison with those with higher viral load. CONCLUSION: HLA-Bw4-B*57 and Cw*18 alleles are associated with lower level of viral load in HIV-infected Brazilian patients. These findings may help us in understanding the determinants of HIV evolution in Brazilian patients, as well as in providing important information on immune response correlates of protection for such population

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Devido à alta prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica, ao aumento da expectativa de vida e ao aprimoramento dos métodos diagnósticos e das técnicas cirúrgicas, essa comorbidade tornar-se-á comum em pacientes cirúrgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento das variáveis hemodinâmicas dos pacientes hipertensos tratados durante a indução anestésica. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional sobre o comportamento das variáveis hemodinâmicas (pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e freqüência cardíaca) durante a indução anestésica dos pacientes hipertensos e normotensos, escalados para operações eletivas submetidos à anestesia geral em quatro momentos consecutivos durante a indução anestésica: preparo (MP), fármaco (MF), laringoscopia/intubação (ML) e laringoscopia/intubação 5 min (ML5). RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 128 pacientes distribuídos nos grupos de pacientes hipertensos (GH) e normotensos (GN). Houve diminuição da PAD no momento MF em ambos os grupos, com menor redução percentual no GH (18,3 ± 14,0% versus 23,0 ± 11,4%, p = 0,04). Houve aumento das PAS e PAD no momento ML em ambos os grupos, com menores elevações percentuais no GH (8,2 ± 16,3% versus 18,2 ± 21,2%, p < 0,01; 8,6 ± 20,2% versus 25,0 ± 27,9%, p < 0,01; respectivamente para PAS e PAD). Quanto à PAS e PAD, após ML5, e à FC não houve diferença entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes hipertensos tratados com níveis pressóricos controlados apresentaram maior estabilidade hemodinâmica durante a indução anestésica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Due to the high prevalence of hypertension, the increase in life expectancy, and improvement of diagnostic methods and surgical techniques, this comorbidity will be increasingly more common in surgical patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the hemodynamic variables during anesthetic induction in treated hypertensive patients. METHODS: This is an observational study on the behavior of hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) during the anesthetic induction of hypertensive and normotensive patients scheduled for elective surgeries under general anesthesia, at four moments: preparation (MP), drug (MD), laryngoscopy/intubation (ML), and 5 minutes after laryngoscopy/intubation (ML5). RESULTS: The sample was composed of 128 patients divided into two groups: hypertensive (GH) and normotensive (GN). Diastolic blood pressure was reduced at MD in both groups, with a smaller percentage reduction in GH (18.3 ± 14.0% versus 23.0 ± 11.4%, p = 0.04). There was an increase in SBP and DBP at ML in both groups, with smaller percentage reductions in GH (8.2 ± 16.3% versus 18.2 ± 21.2%, p < 0.01; 8.6 ± 20.2% versus 25.0 ± 27.9%, p < 0.01, respectively for DBP and SBP). As for ML5, HR, SBP and DBP did not show significant differences between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive patients under treatment and with controlled blood pressure levels demonstrated greater hemodynamic stability during anesthetic induction.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Debido a la alta prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial sistémica, al aumento de la expectativa de vida y al perfeccionamiento de los métodos diagnósticos y de las técnicas quirúrgicas, esa comorbidad se hará común en pacientes quirúrgicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de evaluar el comportamiento de las variables hemodinámicas de los pacientes hipertensos tratados durante la inducción anestésica. MÉTODO: Estudio de observación sobre el comportamiento de las variables hemodinámicas (presión arterial sistólica, presión arterial diastólica y frecuencia cardíaca) durante la inducción anestésica de los pacientes hipertensos y normotensos, para operaciones electivas sometidos a anestesia general en cuatro momentos consecutivos durante la inducción anestésica: preparación (MP), fármaco (MF), laringoscopía/intubación (ML) y laringoscopía/intubación 5 min (ML5). RESULTADOS: La muestra se compuso de 128 pacientes distribuidos en los grupos de pacientes hipertensos (GH) y normotensos (GN). Hubo una disminución de la PAD en el momento MF en ambos grupos, con menor reducción porcentual en el GH (18,3 ± 14,0% versus 23,0 ± 11,4%, p = 0,04). Hubo un aumento de las PAS y PAD en el momento ML en ambos grupos, con menores elevaciones de porcentaje en el GH (8,2 ± 16,3% versus 18,2 ± 21,2%, p < 0,01; 8,6 ± 20,2% versus 25,0 ± 27,9%, p < 0,01; respectivamente para PAS y PAD). En cuanto a la PAS y PAD, después de la ML5, y a la FC no hubo diferencia entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes hipertensos tratados con niveles de presión controlados presentaron una mayor estabilidad hemodinámica durante la inducción anestésica.