RESUMEN El trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la influencia de la cultura de compromiso de la familia en la flexibilidad estratégica y los efectos mediadores de los mecanismos de control desde las perspectivas de las teorías de agencia y de stewardship en las empresas familiares brasileñas. Para el análisis de los datos, se implementó el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE-SmartPLS). Los resultados muestran que la relación entre la cultura de comprometimiento de la familia y la flexibilidad estratégica no se da directamente, sino que está mediada por mecanismos de control de la stewardship. Sin embargo, los mecanismos de agencia no median la relación entre la cultura del compromiso familiar y la flexibilidad estratégica. El estudio hacer avanzar las discusiones sobre la coexistencia de mecanismos de control en las empresas familiares, contribuye al evaluar los mecanismos que preceden a la flexibilidad estratégica e investiga la flexibilidad estratégica en un contexto de pandemia. También ayuda a las empresas a reflexionar sobre el uso más adecuado de mecanismos que estimulen la flexibilidad estratégica. brasileñas datos MEESmartPLS. MEESmartPLS MEE SmartPLS . (MEE-SmartPLS) directamente embargo pandemia (MEE-SmartPLS

ABSTRACT The study aims to evaluate the influence of the culture of family’s commitment on strategic flexibility and the mediating effects of control mechanisms from the perspectives of agency and stewardship theories in Brazilian family firms. For data analysis, it was performed Structural Equation Modeling (MEE-SmartPLS). The study’s results show that the relationship between the family commitment culture and strategic flexibility is not direct, but mediated by stewardship control mechanisms. However, agency mechanisms do not mediate the relationship between family’s commitment culture and strategic flexibility. The study advances the discussions about the coexistence of control mechanisms in family firms, contributes by evaluating mechanisms that precede strategic flexibility, in addition to investigating strategic flexibility in a pandemic context. Furthermore, it provides insights for companies to reflect on the most appropriate use of mechanisms that encourage strategic flexibility. familys s firms analysis MEESmartPLS. MEESmartPLS MEE SmartPLS . (MEE-SmartPLS) studys direct However context Furthermore (MEE-SmartPLS

RESUMO O trabalho objetiva avaliar a influência da cultura de comprometimento da família na flexibilidade estratégica e os efeitos mediadores de mecanismos de controle sob as óticas das teorias da agência e stewardship em empresas familiares brasileiras. Para análise de dados, foi realizada Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE-SmartPLS). Os resultados evidenciam que a relação entre a cultura de comprometimento da família e a flexibilidade estratégica não se dá de maneira direta, mas mediada por mecanismos de controle stewardship. No entanto, mecanismos de agência não medeiam a relação entre a cultura de comprometimento da família e a flexibilidade estratégica. O estudo avança as discussões acerca da coexistência dos mecanismos de controle nas empresas familiares, contribui ao avaliar mecanismos que antecedem a flexibilidade estratégica e investiga a flexibilidade estratégica em um contexto pandêmico. Além disto, fornece insights para as empresas refletirem quanto ao uso mais adequado de mecanismos que estimulem a flexibilidade estratégica. brasileiras dados MEESmartPLS. MEESmartPLS MEE SmartPLS . (MEE-SmartPLS) direta entanto pandêmico disto (MEE-SmartPLS

ABSTRACT Objective: the accuracy of planning and control artifacts is fundamental for bringing assertiveness to the organizational management process. The utility of the artifacts is questioned when the desired accuracy is missing. This research aims to identify the relationship between the artifact structure, the market assumptions, and the accuracy of the performance variables with a view to adapting the artifact profile to the desired impact over performance accuracy. Methods: this is a quantitative study based on convenience sampling and the data analysis methods used were structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis. Results: within a sufficiency logic, the results support adherence between the planning and control artifacts, but not their relationship with performance accuracy. However, when analyzing the necessity logic, the artifacts become a necessary condition for a high level of performance accuracy. Conclusions: we show that the planning and control structure is consistent for achieving accuracy, but defining the desired level of deviation tolerance is a fundamental condition for the efficiency level of the management process. The more demanding the organization is in terms of deviation tolerance, the greater the need for artifacts.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the association between SEW and EO, considering the moderating role of the generation that is involved in family businesses, considering that EO might benefit from the entrepreneurial and affective attitudes of the first generations. We collected a survey with a final sample of 107 family firms from the textile and clothing manufacturing industry in Brazil. As data analyses, we employed variance-based structural equation modeling using SmartPLS. Our results provide evidence that SEW is positively associated with EO’s three dimensions: innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking; however, we only found a moderation effect of the generational stage for the relationship between SEW and innovativeness and risk-taking. We show that a high SEW effect on risk-taking is stronger for family firms in later generations than first generations. For higher levels of innovativeness, the level of SEW seems to be relevant only for later-generation family firms. We contribute to the literature on EO antecedents focusing on SEW and the differences in the generational stages. This study also provides insights into how family firms can nurture EO during different generational stage developments, considering family-centric nonfinancial goals.

RESUMO Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a interdependência entre o gainsharing e a avaliação de desempenho (objetiva e subjetiva) em uma cooperativa de crédito. Há um debate recente sobre a interdependência entre as práticas de controle gerencial, o qual emerge da discussão de pacotes ou sistemas de controle. Este estudo aprofunda-se nesta discussão ao investigar a complementariedade entre gainsharing (modalidade de incentivos em grupo) e a avaliação de desempenho em um contexto de cooperativa de crédito, tendo em vista a necessidade de estudos empíricos qualitativos sobre esse fenômeno. Este estudo é considerado relevante pois o uso conjunto de práticas de controle gerencial pode permitir às organizações mitigar de forma mais efetiva os problemas de controle, como a falta de direção, motivação e competência. Esta pesquisa promove insights sobre o funcionamento das práticas de controle gerencial - tendo em vista a discussão da complementariedade entre gainsharing, que não é um sistema de incentivos predominante na maior parte das organizações - bem como sobre a avaliação objetiva e subjetiva de desempenho. A metodologia consiste em um estudo de campo qualitativo em uma cooperativa de crédito utilizando, como coleta de dados, a realização de entrevistas e o acesso a documentos, que foram analisados a partir de abordagem interpretativista. Esta pesquisa apresenta evidências sobre o fenômeno da interdependência entre as práticas de controle gerencial, agregando a literatura ao abordar diferentes formas de complementariedade entre um sistema de incentivos em grupo na modalidade de gainsharing e a avaliação de desempenho. Evidenciou-se que o gainsharing reforça o processo de avaliação objetiva de desempenho ao mitigar os problemas de motivação e direção, enquanto a avaliação subjetiva de desempenho compensa a avaliação objetiva de desempenho ao deslocar o foco da avaliação para as competências do indivíduo.

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the interdependence between gainsharing and performance evaluation (objective and subjective) in a credit union. There is a recent debate on the interdependence between management control practices, which emerges from the discussion of control packages or systems. This study delves into this discussion by investigating the complementarity between gainsharing (group incentive modality) and performance evaluation in a credit union context, given the need for qualitative empirical studies on this phenomenon. This study is considered relevant because the joint use of management control practices can allow organizations to effectively mitigate control problems such as lack of direction, motivation, and competence. This research promotes insights into management control practices’ operation - given the discussion of complementarity between gainsharing, which is not a prevalent incentive system in most organizations - and objective and subjective performance evaluation. The methodology consists of a qualitative field study in a credit union using data collection, interviews, and access to documents analyzed using an interpretive approach. This research presents evidence on the phenomenon of interdependence between management control practices, adding to the literature by addressing different forms of complementarity between a group incentive system in the form of gainsharing and performance evaluation. It became evident that gainsharing reinforces the objective performance evaluation process by mitigating motivation and direction problems, while the subjective performance evaluation compensates the objective performance evaluation by shifting the focus of the evaluation to the individual's skills.

Abstract Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of budgeting design characteristics on perceived budgeting usefulness, based on the enabling-coercive framework. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a survey in one large publicly-listed Brazilian company that operates in the electric utility industry. The sample comprises 75 middle managers from different areas of this organization. This study uses structural equation modeling as the data analysis method. Findings The results indicate that internal and global transparencies determine middle managers’ perceptions of budgeting usefulness, while no relationship was found for repair capacity and flexibility characteristics. This paper shows that managers, when provided with global and internal transparencies and independently of their level discretion regarding target revisions or the reallocation of resources, perceive budgeting systems as being useful for decision-facilitating and decision-influencing roles. Practical implications The findings might be relevant for budgeting professionals to review or design the budgeting system in terms of dribbling potential flaws and increasing its use in the organization. Originality/value The study explores the multidimensionality of the enabling-coercive budgeting design construct. This study provides a theoretical contribution to the literature by showing that budget alignment, integration, learning and information sharing are relevant such that an organization could improve the assertiveness using budgeting systems. Besides, this paper provides an opposing view about the supposed relation between flexible budgeting design and budgeting usefulness. Frequently, some management directions are offered by the literature and no guarantee is provided in terms of the connection between the adoption and the usefulness of those mechanisms. Therefore, the findings shed more light on the practical developments in budgeting.

Abstract Prior literature has provided inconclusive evidence on the effects of family involvement in management (FIM) on family business (FB) performance. However, so far in the literature, there have been very few attempts to investigate FIM and family essence simultaneously as antecedents of FB performance. Therefore, we address this gap by studying how a stewardship-oriented culture (being a feature of FB essence) moderates the relationship between FIM and FB performance. We test our hypotheses with the Structural Equation Modeling technique using survey data in combination with archival data on a sample of 69 medium and large private Brazilian FBs. We find that a stewardship-oriented culture makes the relationship between a family CEO and FB performance weaker and observe that a stewardship has no moderating effect on the relationship between FIM and FB performance. These findings contradict prior literature on the beneficial role of stewardship in family-managed FB. Only in case of a nonfamily CEO, a stewardship-oriented culture positively moderates the relationship with FB performance. In addition, our study reveals a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between the level of FIM and FB performance, which is consistent with recent literature on the existence of faultlines derived from heterogeneous TMT and the impact on firm outcome.

RESUMO As características distintivas das empresas familiares, como a influência exercida pela família, adicionam complexidade aos modelos de ciclo de vida organizacional. Esta pesquisa analisa a relação entre os estágios do ciclo de vida organizacional (Lester, Parnell, Carraher, & Pamell, 2003) e os elementos de influência da família na empresa no modelo F-PEC (Poder, Experiência e Cultura). O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de amostra de 117 empresas familiares brasileiras, sem a participação de empresas com ações negociadas em bolsa, e tratamento estatístico por meio de modelo de equações estruturais. Como achados, pode-se dizer que os elementos do F-PEC foram parcialmente identificados na amostra. O poder indica o controle da empresa pela família; a experiência indica o papel das diferentes gerações; e a cultura, os valores dos controladores. Em particular, deve ser destacado que, no nascimento, o poder e a cultura têm papéis importantes; na maturidade, a experiência e a cultura se destacam; e, no rejuvenescimento, o poder e a cultura foram identificados como caracterizadores. Em termos de artigo exploratório, contribui para o entendimento das organizações, proporcionando indicações para o desenvolvimento de análises comparativas e a atuação sobre as variáveis que proporcionam o planejamento de migração para estágios mais desejáveis, como crescimento, maturidade e rejuvenescimento.

ABSTRACT The distinctive features of family firms, such as family influence, add complexity to organizational life-cycle models in terms of the different stages of development. This research analyzes the relationship between stages of the organizational life cycle proposed by Lester et al. (2003) and the elements of influence of the F-PEC family (power, experience, and culture). The study was developed through a sample of 117 Brazilian family companies, without the participation of companies with shares traded on the stock exchange, and employed statistical treatment of the data through a structural equation model. As a result, the elements of F-PEC were partially identified in the sample. Power indicates the control of the company by the family, experience indicates the role of the different generations, and culture indicates the values of the controllers. In particular, it should be pointed out that, at birth, power and culture play important roles; in maturity, experience and culture stand out, and in rejuvenation, power and culture have been identified as characteristic. As an exploratory analysis, the article contributes to the understanding of organizations, by indicating the development of comparative analyses and performance on the variables that provide migration planning to more desirable stages, such as growth, maturity, and rejuvenation.

RESUMEN Las características distintivas de las empresas familiares, como la influencia ejercida por la familia, agregan complejidad a los modelos de ciclo de vida organizacional. Esta investigación analiza la relación entre las etapas del ciclo de vida organizacional propuestas por Lester et al. (2003) y los elementos de influencia de la familia en la empresa del modelo F-PEC (Poder, Experiencia y Cultura). Este estudio se desarrolló a través de una muestra de 117 empresas familiares brasileñas -sin participación de empresas con acciones negociadas en bolsa-, y tratamiento estadístico por medio de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. En lo que se refiere a resultados, se puede observar que los elementos del F-PEC fueron parcialmente identificados en la muestra. El poder indica el control de la empresa por la familia; la experiencia, el papel de las diferentes generaciones; y la cultura indica los valores de los controladores. En particular, debe destacarse que, en el nacimiento, el poder y la cultura tienen papeles importantes; en la madurez, la experiencia y la cultura se destacan y, en el rejuvenecimiento, el poder y la cultura se identifican como caracterizadores. El presente trabajo, como estudio exploratorio, contribuye al entendimiento de las organizaciones al proporcionar recomendaciones para el desarrollo de análisis comparativos y la actuación sobre las variables que propicien la planificación de migración a etapas más deseables, como crecimiento, madurez y rejuvenecimiento.

Resumo O orçamento é um dos principais artefatos de gestão e é utilizado para diferentes propósitos. Estudos têm desconsiderado que esse artefato pode ser utilizado para múltiplas funções e ser percebido diferentemente por executivos dentro de uma mesma organização. Este artigo discute a ideia de múltiplas funções do orçamento empresarial e investiga sua associação com a percepção de utilidade e relevância do artefato. Foi realizado um survey single entity, em uma empresa do setor elétrico brasileiro a partir de um questionário que foi enviado a executivos de diversas áreas abrangendo uma amostra de 75 gestores. O estudo revelou que a importância do orçamento para desempenhar as funções de planejamento e diálogo está associada à percepção de utilidade e de relevância do artefato. Especificamente, constatou-se que as funções de diálogo (ex post) estão mais fortemente associadas à utilidade para gestão e relevância para a tomada de decisões, do que as funções de planejamento (ex ante). Como consequência, são obtidos indícios de que o orçamento empresarial não deveria ser visto como um artefato estático de planejamento, e preocupações em relação à motivação, à comunicação, cujas funções são de diálogo, deveriam ser consideradas fundamentais para que o artefato possa ser explorado com maior intensidade no ambiente organizacional.

Abstract The budget is one of the most important management artifacts and is used for different purposes. Studies have ignored that this artifact can be used for multiple functions and be perceived differently by executives within the same organization. This article discusses the idea of multiple purposes for corporate budgeting and investigates its association with the perceptions of usefulness and relevance. One single entity survey was carried out in an organization of the Brazilian Electric Utilities Industry from a questionnaire sent to executives from different areas covering a sample of 75 managers. The study reveals that the importance of the budget for both planning and dialog functions is associated to managers' perceptions of budgeting usefulness and relevance. Specifically, we have found that the dialog functions (ex post) are greater associated to the perceptions of usefulness for management and relevance for decision-making, than planning functions (ex ante). As a consequence, are obtained evidence that the corporate budgeting should not be seen as a static planning artifact, and concerns about, motivation, communication, some of the dialog functions should be considered as fundamental for the artifact to be explored with greater intensity in the organizational environment.