Objectives: To characterize clinical aspects, evaluate the diagnostic opportunity, and identify factors associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Retrospective study of patients admitted for TB to a Regional Hospital in Chile between 2011 and 2019. Results: 142 TB events required hospitalization in this period (38.2% of total cases). All risk groups were identified, with a significant increase in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pulmonary location was the most frequent (71.1%), followed by disseminated forms (16.2%). The sensitivity of microscopy smear in cases of pulmonary TB (isolated or combined) was 78.8% and lower in cases of bronchoalveolar lavage (58.3%). PCR was only occasionally applied (< 10%) with a sensitivity of 100% in sputum samples. Its use increased progressively and reached a positivity of 33% (6 out of 18 cases) in cases with negative sputum staining. The median time between symptom onset and diagnosis was prolonged (9 weeks), and 32.5% of all regional events were diagnosed at the hospital. Dose adjustments (22.1%), corticosteroid use (25%), and treatment interruptions were frequent (11%). Lethality reached 19%, and by multivariate analysis, only shock was associated with a fatal outcome. Conclusions: In this case series, the diagnosis of TB cases was delayed, scarcely diagnosed by molecular methods, highly concentrated at the hospital level, required admission in a large percentage of cases, and had a high case-fatality rate.

Objetivos: Caracterizar aspectos clínicos, evaluar la oportunidad diagnóstica e identificar factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes ingresados por tuberculosis (TB). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes ingresados por TB a un Hospital Regional en Chile entre el 2011 y 2019. Resultados: Un total de 142 eventos de TB requirieron hospitalización en el período (38,2% del total). Todos los grupos de riesgo fueron identificados con un aumento significativo de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus. La localización pulmonar fue la más frecuente (71,1%), seguida de la forma diseminada (2 o más sitios; 16,2%). La sensibilidad de la tinción de expectoración en casos de TB pulmonar (aislada o combinada) fue de 78,8% y más baja en casos de lavado broncoalveolar (58,3%). La PCR fue sólo ocasionalmente aplicada (< 10%) con una sensibilidad del 100% en muestras de expectoración. Su uso aumentó progresivamente en el período y el incremento diagnóstico de TB en casos con tinción negativa de expectoración estudiados con PCR fue de 33% (6 de 18 casos). La mediana entre inicio de síntomas y el diagnóstico fue prolongada (9 semanas) y el 32,5% de los eventos regionales fueron diagnosticados en el hospital. Los ajustes de dosis (22,1%), uso de corticoides (25%) e interrupciones del tratamiento fueron hechos frecuentes (11%). La letalidad alcanzó 19% y en el análisis multivariado sólo la aparición de shock se asoció a un desenlace fatal. Conclusiones: En esta serie de casos, el diagnóstico de casos de TB fue tardío, infrecuentemente diagnosticado por métodos moleculares, concentrado en la atención terciaria, requirió hospitalización en un gran porcentaje de casos y tuvo una elevada letalidad.

ABSTRACT For the researchers, physical literacy (AFi) is the objective to be achieved in Physical Education, for seeking competent subjects, capable of adhering to physical activity throughout their lives, with continuous personal, social, affective, and physical development. Quantitative, descriptive-correlational research was carried out, with a non-experimental design and a non-probabilistic sample of 322 subjects, students from 12 to 18 years old from private, public, and subsidized schools in Talca, Chile. The aim was to relate the level of AFi, engagement and perceived emotionality. Data were collected by the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) and Scale for Mood Assessment (EVEA). A positive relationship was identified with a higher level of physical literacy, higher levels of happiness (r=0.37) and emotional engagement (r=0.54), decreasing the indexes of hostility (r=-0.25) and the private establishments reach the highest levels of anxiety (X̅=3.2). It is concluded that the higher the level of AFi, the greater the commitment and the greater the regulation of emotional factors. researchers AFi (AFi Education subjects lives personal social affective development Quantitative descriptivecorrelational descriptive correlational out nonexperimental non experimental nonprobabilistic probabilistic 32 1 public Talca Chile emotionality PPLI, PPLI , (PPLI) BEQ (BEQ EVEA. EVEA . (EVEA) r=0.37 r037 r 0 37 (r=0.37 r=0.54, r054 r=0.54 54 (r=0.54) r=0.25 r025 r= 0.25 25 (r=-0.25 X̅=3.2. X32 X X̅=3.2 3 2 (X̅=3.2) factors (PPLI (EVEA r=0.3 r03 (r=0.3 r05 r=0.5 5 (r=0.54 r=0.2 r02 025 0.2 (r=-0.2 X3 X̅=3. (X̅=3.2 r=0. r0 (r=0. (r=0.5 02 0. (r=-0. X̅=3 (X̅=3. r=0 (r=0 (r=-0 X̅= (X̅=3 (r= (r=- X̅ (X̅= (r (X̅ (X

RESUMO A alfabetização física (AFi) é o objetivo para os pesquisadores na Educação Física, buscando sujeitos competentes e capazes de aderir à atividade física ao longo de suas vidas, com desenvolvimento contínuo pessoal, social, afetivo e físico. Esta pesquisa é de natureza quantitativa, descritiva-correlacional, com um desenho não experimental e uma amostra não probabilística de 322 sujeitos, estudantes de 12 a 18 anos de escolas particulares, municipais e subsidiadas na cidade de Talca, Chile. O objetivo foi relacionar o nível de AFi, comprometimento e emocionalidade percebida. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI), Behavioral Engagement Questionnaire (BEQ) e Escala de Avaliação do Estado de Ânimo (EVEA). Identificou-se uma relação positiva com um maior nível de alfabetização física, maior nível de alegria (r=0,37) e comprometimento emocional (r=0,54), diminuindo os índices de hostilidade (r=-0,25). As escolas particulares atingem os níveis mais altos de ansiedade (X̅=3,2). Conclui-se que um maior nível de AFi está associado a um maior comprometimento e maior regulação dos fatores emocionais. (AFi Física vidas pessoal social físico quantitativa descritivacorrelacional, descritivacorrelacional descritiva correlacional, correlacional descritiva-correlacional 32 1 Talca Chile percebida PPLI, PPLI , (PPLI) BEQ (BEQ EVEA. EVEA . (EVEA) Identificouse Identificou se r=0,37 r037 r 0 37 (r=0,37 r=0,54, r054 r=0,54 54 (r=0,54) r=0,25. r025 r= 0,25 25 (r=-0,25) X̅=3,2. X32 X X̅=3,2 3 2 (X̅=3,2) Concluise Conclui emocionais (PPLI (EVEA r=0,3 r03 (r=0,3 r05 r=0,5 5 (r=0,54 r=0,25 r02 025 0,2 (r=-0,25 X3 X̅=3, (X̅=3,2 r=0, r0 (r=0, (r=0,5 r=0,2 02 0, (r=-0,2 X̅=3 (X̅=3, r=0 (r=0 (r=-0, X̅= (X̅=3 (r= (r=-0 X̅ (X̅= (r (r=- (X̅ (X

Resumen: Las historias de vida del profesorado rural son una herramienta histórica y cultural relevante para develar aquellas prácticas y criterios de acción pedagógica potencialmente generativos desplegados dentro y fuera de la institución escolar rural. Como objetivo, se busca interpretar y comprender, desde la perspectiva narrativa generativa, las pautas de comportamiento construidas por el profesorado rural chileno, lo cual contribuye a la sistematización de nuevas posibilidades de comprensión de la profesionalidad docente rural. Desde lo metodológico, se adopta un enfoque interpretativo cualitativo, siguiendo un diseño descriptivo, exploratorio y transversal. La muestra es de carácter intencional y está conformada por 12 educadores, quienes poseen, en pro- medio, treinta y tres años de experiencia docente en escuelas rurales en las regiones Metropolitana, La Araucanía y los Ríos (Chile). Para la recolección de los datos, se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad desde la perspectiva narrativa generativa. Posteriormente, los relatos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido, siguiendo la lógica de la teoría fundamentada. Los principales resultados evidencian que el profesorado exhibe prácticas y criterios de acción pedagógica potencialmente generativos, caracterizados por su compromiso con la labor educativa, el afecto positivo y la flexibilidad. Esto le permite construir relaciones interpersonales positivas y recíprocas con el alumnado. Del mismo modo, la propensión a enseñar que orienta su quehacer profesional favorece la construcción de aprendizajes educativos relevantes y con pertinencia histórica-sociocultural para el alumnado y sus comunidades de origen

Resumo: As histórias de vida dos professores rurais são uma ferramenta histórica e cultural relevante para revelar aquelas práticas potencialmente generativas e critérios de ação pedagógica empregados dentro e fora da instituição escolar rural. O objetivo é interpretar e compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva narrativa generativa, os padrões de comportamento construídos pelos professores rurais chilenos, o que contribui para a sistematização de novas possibilidades de compreensão da profissão de professor rural. Do ponto de vista metodológico, é adotada uma abordagem interpretativa qualitativa, seguindo um projeto descritivo, exploratório e transversal. A amostra é proposital e é composta por 12 educadores, que têm, em média, trinta e três anos de experiência de ensino em escolas rurais das regiões Metropolitana, Araucanía e Los Ríos (Chile). Para a coleta de dados, foram usadas entrevistas em profundidade a partir de uma perspectiva narrativa generativa. Posteriormente, as histórias foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, seguindo a lógica da teoria fundamentada. Os principais resultados mostram que os professores apresentam práticas potencialmente generativas e critérios de ação pedagógica, caracterizados por seu compromisso com seu trabalho educativo, afeto positivo e flexibilidade. Isto lhes permite construir relações interpessoais positivas e recíprocas com os estudantes. Da mesma forma, a propensão a ensinar que orienta seu trabalho profissional favorece a construção de um aprendizado educacional relevante com relevância histórica e sociocultural para os estudantes e suas comunidades de origem.

Abstract: The life stories of rural teachers are a relevant historical and cultural tool to reveal those practices and criteria of potentially generative pedagogical action deployed inside and outside the rural school institution. Our objective sought to interpret and understand, from the generative narrative perspective, the behavior patterns built by Chilean rural teachers, which contribute to the systematization of new possibilities for understanding rural teaching professionalism. A qualitative interpretive approach is adopted from the methodological point of view, following a descriptive, exploratory, and transversal design. This sample is intentional and consists of 12 educators with an average of thirty-three years of teaching experience in rural schools in the Metropolitan, La Araucanía, and Los Ríos regions (Chile). For data collection, in-depth interviews were used from the generative narrative perspective. Accordingly, the stories were subjected to content analysis, following the logic of the grounded theory. The main results show that the teaching staff exhibits potentially generative pedagogical action practices and criteria characterized by their commitment to educational work, positive affect, and flexibility, allowing them to build positive and reciprocal interpersonal relationships with the students. In the same way, the propensity to teach that guides their professional work favors the construction of relevant educational learning and historical-sociocultural relevance for students and their communities of origin.

RESUMO A localização de sistemas de tratamento de resíduos nas cidades constitui um problema ambiental e territorial em muitas partes do mundo, especialmente em assentamentos de países em desenvolvimento. Normalmente, sua má localização ou operação causa problemas que afetam o meio ambiente, o solo, a saúde ou a vida das pessoas. O ex posto é a base desta pesquisa, que analisa possíveis conflitos ambientais e territoriais relacionados à localização e operação dos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais na cidade de Montería, na Colômbia. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa coletou e ana lisou fontes primárias e secundárias e concluiu analisando os efeitos e apresentando propostas de melhorias para a consolidação do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável que tanto vem sendo pregado nos últimos anos.

RESUMEN La localización de sistemas de depuración en las ciudades constituye una problemática ambiental y territorial en muchas partes del mundo, especialmente en asentamientos de países en desarrollo. De ordinario, su mala ubicación o funcionamiento producen problemas que afectan el ambiente, el suelo, la salud o la vida de las personas. Lo anterior es fundamento de esta investigación, la cual analiza posibles conflictos ambientales y territoriales relacionados con la ubicación y funcionamiento de los sistemas de trata miento de aguas residuales en la ciudad de Montería (Colombia). Metodológicamente, la investigación recolectó y analizó fuentes primarias y secundarias, y concluyó ana lizando los efectos y presentando propuestas de mejora para consolidar el desarrollo urbano sostenible que tanto se pregona en los últimos años.

ABSTRACT The location of purification systems in cities constitutes an environmental and terri torial problem in many places of the world, especially, in settlements in developing countries. Ordinarily, their poor location or operation causes problems that affect the environment, the soil, the health, and the lives of people. That is the issue treated in this paper, which analyzes the possible environmental and territorial conflicts related to the location and operation of wastewater treatment systems in the city of Montería (Colombia). Methodologically, this research collected and analyzed primary and secondary sources; it concluded by analyzing the effects and presenting proposals for improvement to consolidate the sustainable urban development of the promoted city.

Abstract: This article aims to determine whether necessity has consequences under civil law in Chile in the absence of an explicit norm. We have summarized the opinions of Chilean criminal and civil doctrine on this matter, concluding that these views contradict one other. In our opinion, necessity is a cause of justifi-cation that excludes both criminal and civil liability. However, considering tho-se legal systems that have expressly regulated the matter in question, as well as the opinion of Chilean civil doctrine, we assert that the reparation of the damages by means of the so-called compensations for sacrifice is acceptable.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existen consecuencias civiles en los casos de estado de necesidad justificante en Chile ante ausencia de norma expresa. Así, hemos sistematizado las opiniones de la doctrina chilena penal y civil sobre este problema, las cuales se contraponen. En nuestra opinión, el estado de necesidad justificante es una causal de justificación que exime tanto de responsabilidad penal como civil al autor del daño. Sin embargo, teniendo a la vista los ordenamientos que han regulado la materia expresamente, así como la opinión de la doctrina civil chilena, afirmamos que es posible aceptar la procedencia de la reparación de los daños producidos a través de las denominadas indemnizaciones o compensaciones por sacrificio.

Resumen Introducción. El virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV) está compuesto por un genoma de ADN bicatenario, aproximadamente, de 197.209 pb. La clasificación actual agrupa el MPXV en tres clados: clado I (de la cuenca del Congo en África central), y clados IIa y IIb (de África occidental). Objetivo. Reportar el genoma completo y el análisis filogenético de un caso humano de viruela símica detectado en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvo exudado de lesiones vesiculares de un paciente varón con el antecedente de un viaje reciente a España. Se implementó un enfoque directo, en el cual se purificó el ADN total de la muestra mediante un método basado en columnas, seguido de la secuenciación directa en la plataforma Nanopore GridION. Las lecturas se alinearon con el genoma de referencia del MPXV, utilizando minimap2, v.2.24, y la inferencia filogenética fue realizada mediante la estimación por máxima verosimilitud. Resultados. Un total de 11.951 lecturas se alinearon directamente con el genoma de referencia con una cobertura del 96,8 % (190.898 pb). Conclusión. El análisis filogenético del MPXV circulante en Colombia demostró su estrecha relación con el clado de África occidental (clado IIb) responsable del brote en múltiples países en el 2022.

Abstract Introduction: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. The current classification divides MPXV into three clades: Clade I (Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clades IIa and IIb (West African clades). Objective: To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. Materials and methods: Exudate from vesicular lesions was obtained from a male patient with recent travel history to Spain. A direct genomic approach was implemented in which total DNA from the sample was purified through a column-based method, followed by sequencing on the Nanopore GridION. Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. Results: A total of 11.951 reads mapped directly to a reference genome with 96.8% of coverage (190.898 bp). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of the MPXV circulating in Colombia demonstrated its close relationship to clade IIb responsible for the multi-country outbreak in 2022.

ABSTRACT Chile is part of one of the centers of crop origin identified by Vavilov, e.g., for strawberries and potatoes. It is also a center of diversification of other crop species such as maize, beans and quinoa. It is one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world and several native species have potential for domestication. All of these types of species are considered Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA). However, the rich plant genetic diversity present in Chile is being lost, mostly due to human activity. Therefore, ex situ and in situ conservation of this diversity are of critical importance. In this review we show the achievements in PGRFA conservation activities in the last 15 yr and in plant breeding for the last 60 yr in this country. Several gene banks exist, administrated by different institutions, with over 48 000 accessions preserved, mostly cereals (65%) and grain legumes (23%). Significant advances were achieved between 2006 and 2020 in the conservation, regeneration, characterization and documentation of PGRFA, but work is still needed to complete a fully operable data base for all collections. Over 16 000 accessions of Chilean origin are also kept in gene banks abroad. Plant breeding programs of several agriculturally important crops have made an outstanding contribution to Chilean agriculture and food security, with more than 375 commercial cultivars developed. More effort needs to be made to strengthen ex situ conservation and the sustainable use of PGRFA under coordinated actions, guided by a national strategy on genetic resources, if significant contributions are to be made in response to climate change.

RESUMEN El virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo I (HTLV-1) es un retrovirus que causa impacto en la salud del ser humano debido al tropismo para infectar a linfocitos T. Está distribuido mundialmente, pero es más prevalente en regiones tropicales. La mayoría de las personas afectadas permanecen asintomáticas, sin embargo, al manifestarse puede causar complicaciones como uveítis, mielopatía y leucemia, entre otras. Su diagnóstico se hace mediante la determinación de anticuerpos anti-HTLV y prueba confirmatoria (Western Blot o carga proviral). No tiene tratamiento específico, las medidas están dirigidas a la prevención y el manejo de las afecciones secundarias. Se describen tres pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de infección por HTLV-1 y manifestaciones autoinmunes.

ABSTRACT HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that has an impact on human health due to its T-lymphocyte tropism. It occurs worldwide, but is more prevalent in tropical regions. Although most infected individuals will remain asymptomatic, the infection may manifest with complications such as uveitis, myelopathy, and leukemia, among others. The diagnosis is a chieved by the detection of anti-HTLV antibodies and a confirmatory test (Western Blot or proviral load). Although there is no specific treatment, medical treatments are aimed towards the management of secondary diseases. Three cases are described of pediatric patients diagnosed with HTLV-1 infection and associated autoimmune manifestations.

Abstract The research aims to analyze the effects of foreign trade on the exports of the Colombian floriculture sector since the entry into force of the FTAs with Canada and the Republic of Korea. A descriptive and explanatory documentary method was used, while through official secondary sources, data collection was based on historical research. The findings show differences in tariff reduction. In conclusion, on the dates that are memorable for these countries, there is a type of flower that is demanded more internationally, making Colombia one of the leading exporters and competitive countries compared to others; during the last decade, the flower sector has demonstrated the quality it provides in terms of the products it grows, having a positive annual economic growth of 15% from 2009 to 2021.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación es analizar los efectos del comercio exterior en las exportaciones del sector floricultor colombiano desde la entrada en vigencia de los TLC con Canadá y con la República de Corea. Se utilizó un método documental de tipo descriptivo y explicativo, en tanto a través del uso de fuentes secundarias oficiales, la recopilación de datos tuvo como base la investigación de tipo histórico. Los hallazgos muestran diferencias en la desgravación arancelaria. En conclusión, en las fechas que son memorables para estos países, hay un tipo de flor que se demanda más a nivel internacional, convirtiendo a Colombia en uno de los principales exportadores y países competitivos frente a otros. Durante la última década el sector floricultor ha demostrado la calidad que brinda en cuanto a los productos que cultiva, teniendo un crecimiento económico anual porcentual del 15% desde el año 2009 hasta el año 2021.

Resumen Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Abstract Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography. Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Early identification of subjects with malaria who may develop complications is critical to guide treatment. A predictive tool based on the clinical characteristics of the disease is required to predict complications. Objective: To develop and validate a clinical and paraclinical tool to predict complicated malaria. Methods: Subjects with a diagnosis of complicated malaria according to the World Health Organization criteria were sequentially recruited. Clinical characteristics associated with complicated malaria were identified and incorporated into a binary logistic prediction model in an initial derivation cohort and, subsequently, validated in a different cohort of subjects with the infection. Results: 584 subjects were analyzed in the derivation cohort and 898 in the validation cohort. The incidence of complicated malaria was 21.2% and 10.9%, respectively. Variables associated with complicated malaria were dyspnea, fever for more than 72 hours, hemoglobin < 13 mg/dL, total bilirubin > 6 mg/dL, urea nitrogen > 20 mg/dL and Plasmodium vivax. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the score constructed with these variables in the derivation cohort was 0.70 and in the validation cohort, it was 0.69. Conclusion: A prognostic score that evaluates the presence of dyspnea, persistent fever, hemoglobin level, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen and P. vivax infection in patients with malaria may be useful to classify in a timely and objective manner subjects who may develop complications.

RESUMEN Introducción: El reconocimiento temprano de los sujetos con malaria que pueden desarrollar complicaciones es fundamental para orientar el tratamiento. Se requiere un instrumento de predicción basado en características clínicas para predecir las complicaciones. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar una herramienta de predicción clínica y paraclínica para predecir malaria complicada. Métodos: Se reclutaron de manera secuencial sujetos con diagnóstico de malaria complicada según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las características clínicas que se asociaron a malaria complicada fueron identificadas e incorporadas en un modelo de predicción logístico binario en una cohorte inicial de derivación y posteriormente validadas en una cohorte diferente de sujetos con la infección. Resultados: Se analizaron 584 sujetos en la cohorte de derivación y 898 en la cohorte de validación. La incidencia de malaria complicada fue de 21,2 % y 10,9 %, respectivamente. Las variables asociadas con malaria complicada fueron la disnea, fiebre por más de 72 horas, hemoglobina < 13 mg/dL, bilirrubina total > 6 mg/dL, nitrógeno ureico > 20 mg/dL, y Plasmodium vivax. El área bajo la curva de características operativas del receptor para el puntaje construido con estas variables en la cohorte de derivación fue de 0,70 y en la cohorte de validación fue de 0,69. Conclusión: Un puntaje pronóstico en pacientes con malaria que evalúe la presencia de disnea, fiebre persistente, nivel de hemoglobina, bilirrubina total, nitrógeno ureico e infección por P. vivax puede ser útil para clasificar de manera oportuna y objetiva a los sujetos que pueden desarrollar complicaciones.

ABSTRACT This study proposes strategies that give normative support to the recovery of vacant lots in the city of Toluca, which lacks an adequate urban policy, as well as legal support according to the needs of the population. The results show that the regulatory framework of urban land uses does not include strategies for the reintegration of urban gaps into the city's economy. What exacerbates its abandonment for long periods of time, commercial speculation, fraudulent alienation, the generation of pockets of infection and underutilization under the weakness of urban policy. It is imperative to establish mechanisms that contribute to the management of the exchange of capital gains and reconstitution of public space for the benefit of the community, through social participation in a direct manner, linked to the application of urban policies and adherence to the current regulatory framework. The procedure performed in this study can be improved and replicated in other municipalities and even nationwide. We apply the analytical method in the literature review, regulations, plans, programs and current legislation. The inductive method through field trips and a technical sheet to update the information of urban wastelands.

RESUMEN Este estudio propone estrategias que dan sustento normativo a la recuperación de los predios baldíos en la ciudad de Toluca, que carece de una política urbana adecuada, así como de un sustento legal acorde a las necesidades de la población. Los resultados muestran que el marco regulatorio de los usos de suelo urbano, no contempla estrategias de reinserción de los vacíos urbanos a la economía de la ciudad. Lo que agudiza su abandono por largos períodos de tiempo, la especulación comercial, la enajenación fraudulenta, la generación de focos de infección y la subutilización al amparo de la debilidad de la política urbana. Es imperante establecer mecanismos que coadyuven en la gestión del intercambio de plusvalías y reconstitución del espacio público en beneficio de la colectividad, a través de la participación social de forma directa, vinculada a la aplicación de políticas urbanas y la adhesión del marco normativo vigente. El procedimiento realizado en este estudio puede mejorarse y replicarse en otros municipios e inclusive a nivel nacional. Aplicamos el método analítico en la revisión de literatura, ordenamientos, planes, programas y la legislación vigente. El método inductivo mediante recorridos de campo y una ficha técnica para actualizar la información de los baldíos urbanos.

ABSTRACT Sweet cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.) is one of the most important fruit crops of temperate climates. In Chile, the actual planted area is over 42 000 ha that produce over 260 000 t yearly. The accurate identification of sweet cherry cultivars is key for processes involved both in breeding new cultivars and along the production chain. In this study, we performed the molecular characterization of 87 sweet cherry genotypes cultivated in Chile, using nine microsatellite markers originally described for both peaches and sweet cherries. The analysis showed that 69 of these genotypes corresponded to unique cultivars, each harboring a unique allelic pattern. They could be differentiated using only five markers (BPPCT-037, BPPCT-039, BPPCT-040, PMS-30 and UCD-CH18). The remaining 19 genotypes could correspond to misidentified, mutated or even synonyms of the studied genotypes, since they have allelic patterns identical to one or more of the 69 individualized genotypes. Between 3 and 8 alleles per marker were identified, with a mean of 6, while the expected heterozygosity over the nine polymorphic loci averaged 0.72, ranging from 0.59 in UDP96-001 to 0.78 in BPPCT-040. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses showed that most cultivars were grouped according to their country of origin or the breeding program from where they were released, being also coincident with their presumed pedigrees. These results are the basis for a fingerprinting protocol, based on microsatellite markers, for sweet cherry cultivars.

Abstract It is customary to denominate as "responsibility for a lawful act" a series of assumptions regulated by the legal system that, legitimately, allow damage, impairment or loss to the assets of another. Through this work, we will demonstrate that such cases do not constitute hypotheses of any civil liability and that the indemnity consequence foreseen for them is not by way of compensation for unlawful damage, but rather they are reparations ordered by the system to restore the enrichments obtained at the expense of others or to compensate the patrimonial damage suffered by the affected party.

Resumen Se acostumbra a denominar como “responsabilidad por acto lícito” a un cúmulo de supuestos regulados por el ordenamiento jurídico que, legítimamente, permiten ocasionar daños, menoscabos o pérdidas al patrimonio de otro. A través del presente trabajo demostraremos que tales casos no constituyen hipótesis de responsabilidad civil alguna y que la consecuencia indemnizatoria prevista para ellos no lo es a título de resarcimiento por daño ilícito o antijurídico, sino que constituyen reparaciones dispuestas por el sistema para restituir los enriquecimientos obtenidos a costa de otros o para compensar el daño patrimonial sufrido por el afectado.