RESUMO Racional: Os benefícios para a saúde associados ao consumo moderado de vinho, como etanol e compostos fenólicos, incluem mecanismos diferentes ainda pouco compreensíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar as variações da glicemia, peso e depósito de triglicrideos, colesterol e glicogênio hepático com o uso de vinho tinto. Métodos: Sessenta camundongos ApoE knockout foram divididos em três grupos de 20: Grupo do Vinho (WG), grupo do Etanol (EG) Grupo Água (WAG). Cada grupo recebeu diariamente: WG 50 ml de vinho e 50 ml de água; EG 6 ml de etanol e WAG 94 ml de água. Resultados: O WG teve aumento de peso mais elevado em comparação com os outros grupos. A concentração de triglicerídeos foi maior no WG (57%) e no grupo EG inferior (31,6%) do que no controle (p <0,01). A concentração de colesterol foi inferior no WG (23,6%) e no EG (24,5%, p<0,05). A concentração de glicogênio foi maior no WG (16%); a glicemia capilar foi maior no EG em comparação com os outros grupos, mas não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: Triglicerídeos ficaram aumentados no WG e o colesterol diminuiu no WAG. Os triglicerídeos podem ter aumentado devido ao alto valor calórico do vinho ou alguma propriedade desconhecida que levou ao aumento significativo da gordura subcutânea e retroperitoneal nos camundongos.

ABSTRACT Background: The health benefits associated with moderate wine consumption, as with ethanol and phenolic compounds, include different mechanisms still little understandable. Aim: Evaluate glycemic and weight variations, and the deposit of triglycerides, cholesterol and liver glycogen with red wine consumption. Methods: 60 ApoE knockout mice were divided into three groups of 20: Wine Group (WG), Ethanol Group (EG) and Water Group (WAG). They received daily: WG 50 ml of wine and 50 ml water; EG 6 ml ethanol and WAG 94 ml of water. All groups were followed for four months. The food intake was monitored daily, in the period from eight to ten hours and held every five days. The measurement of water intake was also made every five days. The weighing of the animals took place every ten days. Results: The WG had higher weight increase as compared to the other groups. The concentration of hepatic triglyceride was higher in WG (57%) and the EG group was lower (31.6%, p<0.01) than the control. The concentration of cholesterol was lower in the WG (23.6%), as well as EG (24.5%, p<0.05). The concentration of glycogen was higher in WG (16%) and fasting blood glucose was higher in EG compared to the other groups but not both demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The WG increased triglyceride and WAG decreased cholesterol. The triglyceride may be increased due to the high caloric value of wine or some unknown property that led to significant increase in subcutaneous andretroperitoneal fat in mice.

Introduction: The role of the fatty acid in the prevention or progression of chronic diseases has generated significant interest on the part of researchers. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil on body development and bone parameters of male rats. Methods: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S) or a high-fat diet containing soybean (19S) or canola oil (19C). Femur and lumbar vertebra (LV4) structure were determined at 180 days by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Results: The groups showed similar food intake, body mass and length development. The bone parameters of the 19C were similar to the control group, while the 19S showed lower bone parameters when compared to the other groups. Conclusions: The high-fat diet containing soybean oil was unfavorable to bone structure, while the canola oil contributed bone health during the adult stage of life.

Introducción: El papel del ácido graso en la prevención o la progresión de las enfermedades crónicas ha generado un interés significativo por parte de los investigadores. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de la dieta alta en grasas que contienen soja o aceite de canola en los parámetros de desarrollo del cuerpo y los huesos de ratas macho. Métodos: Después del destete, las ratas se agruparon y se alimentaron con una dieta control (7S) o una dieta alta en grasa que contiene soja (19S) o aceite de canola (19C). Fémur y vértebras lumbares (LV4) estructura se determinaron a los 180 días por absorciometría dual de rayos X y tomografía computarizada. Resultados: Los grupos mostraron similares ingesta de alimentos, la masa corporal y el desarrollo de longitud. Los parámetros óseos de la 19C fueron similares al grupo control, mientras que los 19S mostró parámetros óseos inferiores en comparación con los otros grupos. Conclusiones: La dieta alta en grasas que contiene aceite de soja fue desfavorable a la estructura ósea, mientras que el aceite de canola contribuyó salud de los huesos en la etapa adulta de la vida.

Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period in early development may have long-term programming effects on adult offspring. We evaluated the combined effects of parasitological behaviour and histopathological features and malnutrition during lactation. Lactating mice and their pups were divided into a control group (fed a normal diet of 23% protein), a protein-restricted group (PR) (fed a diet containing 8% protein) and a caloric-restricted group (CR) (fed according to the PR group intake). At the age of 60 days, the offspring were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and killed at nine weeks post-infection. Food intake, body and liver masses, leptinaemia, corticosteronaemia, collagen morphometry and neogenesis and the cellular composition of liver granulomas were studied. PR offspring showed reduced weight gain and hypophagia, whereas CR offspring became overweight and developed hyperphagia. The pre-patent period was longer (45 days) in both programmed offspring as compared to controls (40 days). The PR-infected group had higher faecal and intestinal egg output and increased liver damage. The CR-infected group showed a lower number of liver granulomas, increased collagen neogenesis and a higher frequency of binucleate hepatocytes, suggesting a better modulation of the inflammatory response and increased liver regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that neonatal malnutrition of offspring during lactation affects the outcome of schistosomiasis in mice.

OBJECTIVES: A low ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fatty diets can induce obesity. Our objective was to evaluate intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin, and bone growth in rats fed a high-fat diet containing low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 provided in canola oil. METHODS: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S), a high-fat diet containing soybean oil (19S) or a high-fat diet of canola oil (19C) until they were 60 days old. Differences were considered to be significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: After 60 days, the 19S and 19C groups showed more energy intake, body density growth and intraabdominal fat mass. However, the 19S group had a higher area (200%) and a lower number (44%) of adipocytes, while the 7S and 19C groups did not differ. The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index were significantly increased in the 19C group (15%, 56%, and 78%, respectively) compared to the 7S group. Bone measurements of the 19S and 19C groups showed a higher femur mass (25%) and a higher lumbar vertebrae mass (11%) and length (5%). Computed tomography analysis revealed more radiodensity in the proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C group compared to the 7S and 19S groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the amount and source of fat used in the diet after weaning increase body growth and fat depots and affect insulin resistance and, consequently, bone health.

OBJETIVO: Descrever repercussões da ração suplementada com óleo de soja ou óleo de canola, por meio da tomografia computadorizada, na distribuição do tecido adiposo abdominal, após desmame de ratos desnutridos durante a lactação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratas lactantes submetidas a restrição alimentar (RA) em 50%, de acordo com o consumo das lactantes controles (C). Após o desmame, filhotes desnutridos receberam ração contendo 19% de óleo de soja (RA-soja 19%) ou óleo de canola (RA-canola 19%). Os filhotes do grupo controle receberam ração contendo 7% de óleo de soja (C-soja 7%). Aos 60 dias de idade, foram realizadas medidas corporais e das áreas de tecido adiposo abdominal por meio de tomografia computadorizada. Após sacrifício, tecido adiposo abdominal foi excisado e pesado. Os dados foram expressos como média ± erro-padrão da média, considerando o nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos RA 19% desenvolveram similares comprimento, massa corporal e depósito de tecido adiposo visceral. Todas as avaliações realizadas foram significantemente menores em relação ao grupo C-soja 7%. Entretanto, na tomografia computadorizada, os grupos RA-soja 19% e RA-canola 19% apresentaram diferenças significativas da distribuição do tecido adiposo abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia computadorizada mostrou que a distribuição de tecido adiposo, na cavidade abdominal, pode ser dependente do tipo de óleo vegetal na dieta.

OBJECTIVE: To study, by means of computed tomography, the repercussion of post-weaning dietary supplementation with soy oil or canola oil on the abdominal fat distribution in previously undernourished rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dams submitted to 50% food restriction (FR) compared with dams receiving a standard diet (C). After weaning, undernourished rats received a diet supplemented with 19% soy oil (19% FR-soy) or 19% canola oil (19% FR-canola). Rats in the control group received a diet with 7% soy oil (7% C-soy) until the end of the experimental period. At the age of 60 days old, the rats were submitted to computed tomography for evaluation of total abdominal and visceral fat area. The rats' length and body mass were evaluated and, after their sacrifice, the abdominal fat depots were excised weighted. The data are reported as mean ± mean standard error, with p < 0.05 considered as significance level. RESULTS: Rats in the group 19% FR presented similar length, body weight and visceral fat mass. As a whole, the evaluations have shower results significantly lower in relation to the control group (7% C-soy). However, computed tomography has found significant differences in abdominal fat distribution for the groups 19% FR-soy and 19% FR-canola. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography has demonstrated that the abdominal fat distribution may be dependent on the type of vegetable oil included in the diet.

Imagens clínicas são valiosas em Ciências da Saúde e a análise e a interpretação correta das mesmas auxiliam os profissionais, como médico, fisioterapeuta, terapeuta ocupacional, na tomada de decisões e subseqüentes ações terapêuticas e/ou de reabilitação. Além das doenças outros fatores podem interferir e afetar a biodisponibilidade dos radiofármacos (radiobiocomplexos) e a qualidade das imagens (SPECT e PET). Além disso, a marcação de alguns desses radiobiocomplexos com Tc-99m, como proteínas plasmáticas, leucócitos e hemácias, também pode ser modificada. Entre esses fatores, estão drogas (sintéticas e naturais) e condições alimentares, assim como alguns procedimentos médicos (invasivos e não invasivos), como a radioterapia, processos cirúrgicos, próteses, cardioversão, intubação, quimioperfusão, massagem externa, imunoterapia, transfusão sanguínea e hemodiálise. Em conclusão, o conhecimento sobre esses efeitos capazes de interferir na biodisponibilidade de radiobiocomplexos é altamente relevante para diagnósticos precisos. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de modelos biológicos para estudar esses fenômenos é de elevada importância e desejável.

Clinical images are worthwhile in Health Sciences and their analysis and correct interpretation aid the professionals,such as physicians, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, to make decisions and take subsequent therapeutic and/or rehabilitation measures. Other factors, besides the state of the disease, may interfere and affect the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceuticals (radiobiocomplexes) and the quality of the SPECT and PET images. Furthermore, the labeling of some of these radiobiocomplexes, such as plasma proteins, white blood cells and red blood cells, with 99mT, can also be modified. These factors include drugs (synthetic and natural) and dietary conditions, as well as some medical procedures (invasive or non-invasive), such as radiation therapy, surgical procedures, prostheses, cardioversion, intubation, chemoperfusion, external massage, immunotherapy, blood transfusion and hemodialysis. In conclusion, the knowledge about these factors capable of interfering with the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplexes is worthwhile for secure diagnosis. Moreover, the development of biological models to study these phenomena is highly relevant and desirable.

The effects of a protein-restricted diet (8% protein, 81% carbohydrate and 11% lipids) on Schistosoma mansoni infectivity, fecal egg excretion and intestinal egg distribution in Swiss (SW) mice were studied. Pregnant mice received a deficient diet from the middle of gestation until delivery. Seven-days-old mice were exposed to 50 cercariae (BH strain, Brazil). Offspring mice had a free access to the deficient diet since lactation until adulthood. The controls were fed with a commercial mice diet. A parasitological examination was performed between six and eight weeks post-infection while both groups were necropsied one week later. Mice on the experimental diet showed a significant loss in body weight. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in pre-patent period, kinetics of egg excretion and worm recovery from mice on either diet. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found concerning to the percentage of deposited eggs in the distal segment of the small intestine from hosts on the experimental diet.Our data suggest that experimental malnutrition induced for a long term has no detrimental effect on the acute schistosomiais infection in SW mice.

A desnutrição é muito prevalente em países do Terceiro Mundo, mas ainda o é em países em desenvolvimento e em certas comunidades de países desenvolvidos. Diversos exames laboratoriais são afetados pela desnutrição. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a desnutrição no período gestacional ou neonatal contribui para o surgimento de doenças crônicas na idade adulta. Este fenômeno foi denominado de programação ou impressão metabólica. Considera-se, de forma similar, que os exames de Medicina Nuclear poderiam ser afetados pela desnutrição ou programação. Neste artigo revisamos a literatura a este respeito, incluindo nossos próprios dados que mostram modificações na biodistribuição de um radiofarmaco em diferentes modelos animais de desnutrição em adultos ou causada por programação.

Malnutrition is very prevalent in the Third World, but still in developing Countries and is found in certain communities in developed Countries. Several laboratories examinations are affected by malnutrition. Recently, gestational or neonatal malnutrition were considered to contribute to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood, this phenomena was named programming or metabolic imprinting. Similar consideration were suggested for Nuclear Medicine examinations. Here we review the literature about this aspect and present our own data showing changes in biodistribution of a radiopharmaceutical compound in different animal models of adult malnutrition or caused by maternal malnutrition programming.

Foi avaliado o consumo alimentar de animais adultos submetidos à restrição protéica, cujas mães receberam dieta hipoprotéica ou hipocalórica na lactação: controle (C) ração normal com 23% de proteína; restrição protéica (RP) 8% de proteína; restrição energética (RE) 23% de proteína, em quantidade restrita à ingerida pelo grupo restrição protéica. Após o desmame todos os filhotes receberam ração normal até 60 dias e nesta época foram submetidos, por 21 dias, ao seguinte tratamento: (C/C)-filhotes de mães C recebendo ração normal; (restrição protéica/controle)-filhotes de mães Controle, recebendo ração hipoprotéica; (C/RP)-filhotes de mães RP recebendo ração normal; (RP/RP)-filhotes de mães RP recebendo ração hipoprotéica; (C/RE)-filhotes de mães RE recebendo ração normal; (RP/RE)-filhotes de mães RE recebendo ração hipoprotéica. Os filhotes de mães RP consumiram menos ração até 57 dias (p<0,01), enquanto os filhotes de mães RE normalizaram a ingestão aos 37 dias. Aos 81 dias, os animais submetidos à restrição protéica consumiram menos ração (p<0,01). A dieta materna na lactação modificou o consumo alimentar e o peso corporal da prole na vida adulta, estando, possivelmente, a restrição protéica associada a uma alteração permanente no controle hipotalâmico da seleção de nutrientes da prole.

This study evaluated food intake of adult animals whose mothers received protein- or energy-restricted diets during lactation as follows: control (C)- 23% of protein; protein-restricted (PR) - 8% of protein; energy-restricted (ER) - 23% of protein, restricted in quantity. After weaning all pups received the control diet until 60 days, when they were separated into groups, with free access to the following diets during 21 days: (C/C)- pups of control dams fed control diet; (PR/C)-pups of control dams fed protein-restricted diet; (C/PR)- pups of protein-restricted dams fed control diet; (PR/PR)-pups of protein-restricted dams fed protein-restricted diet; (C/ER)-pups of energy-restricted dams fed control diet; (PR/ER)-pups of energy-restricted dams fed protein-restricted diet. Pups of protein-restricted dams consumed less food until day 57 (p<0.01), while pups of energy-restricted dams normalized their ingestion at 37 days. At 81 days, all malnourished animals consumed less food than the control (p<0.01). The kind of diet consumed in the lactation period changed the food intake and the body weight of the offspring in the adulthood. So, the protein restriction can possibly be associated with a permanent alteration in the hypothalamic control of nutrients selection of the offspring.

A resistência aos hormônios tireóideos (RTH) é uma síndrome de herança dominante, decorrente da hipossensibilidade dos tecidos aos hormônios tireóideos e caracterizada pela elevação dos hormônios tireóideos séricos com TSH normal ou aumentado e bócio. Tem sido atribuída a mutações na isoforma beta do receptor para hormônios tireóideos (TRbeta). Modelos de transgênese têm contribuído para a compreensão da RTH. A ausência da expressão do TRbeta em camundongos TRbeta knockout tornou os tireotrofos parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, o que não ocorreu nos animais knockout para a isoforma a do TR. Entretanto, camundongos que não expressam as duas formas de TR apresentam completa resistência aos hormônios tireóideos, sendo os hormônios tireóideos e TSH séricos elevadíssimos. Mutantes de TRbeta humano expressos em tecidos de Camundongo reproduziram várias manifestações da RTH. A expressão de TRbeta mutado apenas no coração ou apenas na hipófise induziu diminuição dos efeitos de hormônios tireóideos e resistência à administração dos mesmos nestes tecidos. Modelos transgênicos evidenciaram que, além da resistência hipofisária, a resistência nos neurônios hipotalâmicos, de TRH, é imprescindível para que haja aumento de produção de hormônios tireóideos. Camundongos knockout para o coativador SRC-1 também se mostraram parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, sugerindo que outras proteínas envolvidas no mecanismo de ação dos hormônios tireóideos possam causar RTH. Assim, os modelos transgênicos forneceram provas que o mutante TRb, in vivo, interfere com a ação das diferentes isoformas do TR selvagem e causa RHT. Modelos transgênicos são uma valiosa ferramenta para a compreensão da heterogeneidade de apresentação clínica da RTH.

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a dominantly inherited syndrome due to hyposensitivity of tissues to thyroid hormones, characterized by elevated serum thyroid hormones and goiter with normal or increased serum TSH. RTH has been associated with mutations in the beta isoform of the TH receptor (TRbeta). Transgenic mouse models of RTH have brought new insights about the syndrome. Absence of TRbeta expression in TRbeta knockout mice led to partial resistance of the thyrotrophs, which was not present in TR alpha knockout mice. However, alpha and beta knockout animals have complete resistance to TH administration and very high serum TSH and thyroid hormones concentrations. Human TRbeta mutants expressed in mouse tissues recapitulated several manifestations of the syndrome. Pituitary or heart specific expression of the TRbeta mutants induced a decrease in thyroid hormone effects on these tissues and resistance to thyroid hormone administration. We also learned from transgenic models that resistance at hypothalamic TRH neurons, in addition to resistance at thyrotropes, is required to generate the increment in serum thyroid hormones. Knockout mice for the coactivator SRC-1 also showed thyrotroph resistance, suggesting that other proteins involved in thyroid hormones genomic actions may be the cause of RTH in humans. Therefore, transgenic models provided in vivo proof that mutants TRbeta exert their dominant negative effect upon all normal isoforms of TR leading to RTH. Further studies using genetic manipulation in mice are expected to bring new information that will help to understand the heterogeneity of clinical presentation in patients with RTH.