ABSTRACT Many infants are nurtured with milk supplied by human banks, whose bacteriological and physical-chemical profiles are a major issue. We investigated the bacteriological and physical-chemical characteristics, as well as genotypic and phenotypic and profiles of Staphylococcus species isolated from 240 samples of breast milk from a bank in a teaching hospital. Dornic acidity of milk revealed that 95.4% (229/240) had acceptable limits (< 8.0 oD). Caloric intake showed a wide variation in cream content (4%), fat (4%) and energy values (559.81 Kcal/L). Staphylococcus (105/186 or 56.5%) and Enterobacter (25/186 or 13.4%) were the most prevalent genera, although other microorganisms were identified, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (125/157 or 79.6%), vancomycin (115/157 or 73.2%), and cephalexin (112/157 or 71.3%) were the most effective antimicrobials. High resistance rates of isolates were found to penicillin G (141/157 or 89.8%), ampicillin (135/157 or 86%), and oxacillin (118/157 or 75.2%). Multidrug resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials occurred in 66.2% (123/186) of the isolates. Residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances were found in 85% (204/240) of samples. Among the coagulase-positive-CPS and negative-CoNS staphylococci, the mecA gene was detected in 53.3% (8/15) and 75% (30/40), respectively. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 20% (3/15) of CPS, while tsst-1 was detected in 13.34% (2/15). In addition, 13.3% (2/15) of S. aureus were toxin-producers. Genes sea, seb and sec were detected in 90% (36/40), 5% (2/40) and 15% (6/40) CoNS, respectively. Enterotoxin production was identified in 5% (2/40) of CoNS. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria, staphylococci species toxin-producers harboring methicillin-resistance genes, and residues of microbial multiplication inhibitory substances reinforce the need for a continuous vigilance of milk quality offered to infant consumption by human banks.

RESUMO: Foram investigados a etiologia, o índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos e o perfil de proteínas de fase aguda, no soro ou líquido sinovial, de 44 equinos com sinais clínicos compatíveis com artrite séptica. Foram amostrados animais até 24 meses de idade não submetidos a doma. As amostras de líquido sinovial dos 44 animais foram submetidas à cultura bacteriológica e fúngica, e os isolados bacterianos submetidos in vitro diante de 18 antimicrobianos visando investigar a multirresistência. Também foram avaliados os aspectos hematológicos e o fibrinogênio sérico, bem como os níveis séricos de certas proteínas de fase aguda (proteína total, albumina, globulina, amilóide sérico A e proteína C reativa). O isolamento microbiano das amostras foi dividido em quatro grupos: G1 = animais com isolamento negativo; G2 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-negativas; G3 = isolamento de bactérias Gram-positivas e G4 = isolamento fúngico. O isolamento microbiano foi obtido em 77,2% (32/44) das amostras de líquido sinovial. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15,9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11,4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6,8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6,8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4,5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2,3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44=2,3%) e Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2,3%) foram os patógenos mais frequentes. Aspergillus niger é relatado pela primeira vez como agente primário de artrite séptica em cavalos. Gentamicina (84,9%), marbofloxacino (79,3%) e ceftriaxona (72,4%) foram os antimicrobianos mais eficazes, enquanto elevada resistência dos isolados (>50%) foi encontrada para eritromicina (75,9%), claritromicina (75,9%), penicilina (69%), clindamicina (58,6%) e estreptomicina (55,2%). O índice de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos (≥ 0,3) foi identificado em 50% (16/32) dos isolados, com maior resistência obervada em bactérias Gram-negativas. Os níveis séricos de amilóide A, proteína C reativa, fibrinogênio, globulina e concentração total de proteínas, bem como o número de células nucleadas no líquido sinovial apresentaram valores acima da referência para equinos saudáveis, reforçando o uso destas proteínas de fase aguda como biomarcadores no diagnóstico da doença. O presente estudo enfatiza a diversidade de microrganismos que podem estar envolvidos na artrite séptica equina, a alta resistência dos isolados aos antimicrobianos convencionais, a alta mortalidade de equinos jovens com artrite séptica e a importância de realizar o tratamento da afecção com respaldo em testes de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro.

ABSTRACT: Etiology, multiple antibiotic resistance index, and acute-phase protein profile in the serum and synovial fluid of 44 horses presenting septic arthritis were investigated. Young animals up to 24 months of age not yet submitted to taming were sampled. Synovial samples from the horses were submitted to culture and bacterial isolates subjected to 18 antimicrobials to investigate the in vitro multidrug resistance pattern. Also, hematological aspects, fibrinogen, and serum levels of some acute-phase proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, amyloid A, and C-reactive protein) were assessed. To statistical analysis, microbiological isolation were divided into four groups: G1 = animals with negative isolation, G2 = isolation of Gram-negative bacteria, G3 = isolation of Gram-positive bacteria), and G4 = isolation of fungi. Microbial isolation was obtained from 77.2% (32/44) of the synovial samples. Escherichia coli (7/44 = 15.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (5/44 = 11.4%), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (3/44 = 6.8%), Aspergillus niger (3/44 = 6.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/44 = 4.5%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (1/44 = 2.3%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/44 = 2.3%), and Rhodococcus equi (1/44 = 2.3%) were prevalent bacterial agents. Aspergillus niger is reported by the first time as a primary agent of septic arthritis in horses. Gentamicin (84.9%), marbofloxacin (79.3%) and ceftriaxone (72.4%) were the most effective antimicrobials, whereas high resistance of the isolates (>50%) was found to erythromycin (75.9%), clarithromycin (75.9%), penicillin (69%), clindamycin (58.6%), and streptomycin (55.2%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index (≥ 0.3) was identified in 50% (16/32) of the isolates, with highest resistance in Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Serum levels of amyloid A, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, globulin, and total protein, as well as the number of nucleated cells in the synovial fluid had values above the reference for horses, reinforcing acute-phase proteins as biomarkers in diagnosis of septic arthritis. We highlighted the diversity of microorganisms that may be involved in equine septic arthritis, the high resistance of bacterial isolates to conventional antimicrobials, the high lethality of young horses with septic arthritis, and importance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern tests to therapeutic approaches in the disease.

RESUMO: A família Tayassuidae pertencente a subordem Suina e compreende duas espécies presentes no Brasil: Queixada (Tayassu pecari) e o Caititu (Pecari tajacu). Ambas as espécies compartilham patógenos com o suíno doméstico (Sus scrofa), entretanto o papel destes animais como carreadores destas infecções permanece indefinido. O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra vírus influenza A em amostras de soro de rebanhos comerciais de queixada e caititu, provenientes de dois estados do Brasil. Um total de 50 amostras de soro de Pecari tajacu e 55 amostras de Tayassu pecari foram testadas por meio de ELISA, sendo que 22% (11/50) das amostras de Pecari tajacu foram soropositivas para o agente. Estudos de vigilância sorológica são importantes para identificar a presença e a disseminação do vírus influenza em suínos selvagens.

ABSTRACT: Family Tayassuidae in the suborder Suina include two species of peccaries in Brazil: the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu). These animals share common pathogens with domestic swine (Sus scrofa); however, their role as potential carrier remains unclear. This study focused on detecting the prevalence of influenza A antibodies in Tayassu pecari and Pecari tajacu from commercial rearing farms from two states in Brazil. A set of 50 blood samples from Pecari tajacu and 55 from Tayassu pecari were analyzed using a commercial indirect ELISA in order to investigate anti influenza A antibodies. Pecari tajacu samples presented 22% (11/50) of seropositivity for the virus. Serological surveillance is an important tool to identify the presence and the spread of the influenza virus in feral pigs.

ABSTRACT Although the tuberculin test represents the main in vivo diagnostic method used in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, few studies have focused on the identification of mycobacteria in the milk from cows positive to the tuberculin test. The aim of this study was to identify Mycobacterium species in milk samples from cows positive to the comparative intradermal test. Milk samples from 142 cows positive to the comparative intradermal test carried out in 4,766 animals were aseptically collected, cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media and incubated for up to 90 days. Colonies compatible with mycobacteria were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen to detect acid-fast bacilli, while to confirm the Mycobacterium genus, conventional PCR was performed. Fourteen mycobacterial strains were isolated from 12 cows (8.4%). The hsp65 gene sequencing identified M. engbaekii (n=5), M. arupense (n=4), M. nonchromogenicum (n=3), and M. heraklionense (n=2) species belong to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Despite the absence of M. tuberculosis complex species in the milk samples, identification of these mycobacteria highlights the risk of pathogen transmission from bovines to humans throughout milk or dairy products, since many of mycobacterial species described here have been reported in pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people.

Resumo: A síndrome da veia cava caudal ou tromboembolismo pulmonar bovino está relacionada à acidose láctica causada por dietas ricas em grãos e altamente fermentáveis, associados ou não a quadros sépticos, usadas em confinamentos de bovinos de corte ou para vacas leiteiras de alta produção. O presente artigo reporta caso raro de trombose da veia cava caudal em uma vaca, secundária a infecção por Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, apresentando reduzida produção de leite, anorexia, palidez de mucosas, atonia ruminal, decúbito esternal e posição de autoauscultação. À necrópsia observou-se coração aumentado de tamanho, coágulos distribuídos por toda cavidade torácica, aderência entre os pulmões e pleura, abscessos, enfisema, petéquias, sufusões, equimoses nos pulmões, espessamento da parede da veia cava caudal com trombo, hepatomegalia com congestão passiva crônica (aspecto de "noz moscada"), e ruminite. Em laboratório isolou-se o actinomiceto Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes a partir de amostras de fígado e pulmão, provavelmente resultando da disseminação da bactéria proveniente do conteúdo ruminal, e reafirma o comportamento oportunista deste actinomiceto.

Abstract: The caudal vena cava thrombosis, or pulmonary thromboembolism, in cattle is correlated with lactic acidosis, caused by diets rich in grains and highly fermentable, associated or not to septic situations, used in feedlots of beef or high-producing dairy cattle. This paper reports an unusual caudal vena cava thrombosis in a cow, secondary to Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes infection, resulting in reduced milk production, anorexia, pale mucous membranes, ruminal atony, sternal decubitus and autoauscultation position. The heart was enlarged at necropsy, presence of clots distributed along the thoracic cavity, adherence between lung and pleura, abscesses, emphysema, petechiae, suffusions and ecchymosis in lungs, thickening of the caudal vena cava wall, hepatomegaly with chronic passive congestion ("nutmeg" aspect), and rumenitis. In lab, the actinomycete Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes was isolated from liver and lung samples, probably resulting through dissemination of the bacteria of the rumen content, what reaffirms the opportunistic behavior of this actinomycete.