Abstract In 2019 in Wuhan province, China, an outbreak of atypical pneumonia was reported with similar symptoms to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), an outbreak reported in 2003, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. This emerging disease was caused by a novel coronavirus "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) or also called COVID-19. Which causes severe respiratory problems and various extrapulmonary manifestations. At the moment, the high mortality of COVID-19 has been related to the male sex, older adults (>60 years), and preexisting comorbidities of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and heart problems. Diabetes is a disease characterized by insulin resistance and loss of β cell function in the pancreas, with an impaired immune system due to chronic inflammation. In patients with severe COVID-19 infection, altered secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been observed, if this infection occurs in a diabetic patient who already has an inflammatory state per se, an exacerbated inflammation and multiorgan failure with fatal consequences can be triggered. Several authors hypothesis suggest that hyperglycemia increases the viral replication in patients “diabetic with COVID-19 infection" is necessary to keep adequate glycemic control. Treatments for COVID-19 had focused on decreasing symptoms, the use of antivirals, anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies and COVID-19 convalescent plasma has shown variable results. A vaccine is needed to control this viral infection, at the moment more than 150 candidates have been developed with efficiency ranges from 70 to 95%, however, the long-term immunity in vaccinated people is still unknown. This review focus on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response in diabetic patients facing COVID-19.

Resumen En el año de 2019 en la provincia de Wuhan, China, se reportó un brote de neumonías atípicas, con síntomas similares a los del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SARS), brote reportado en el 2003, y al Síndrome Respiratorio del Oriente Medio (MERS), brote reportado en 2012 en Arabia Saudita. Esta enfermedad emergente fue causada por el nuevo coronavirus “Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) o también denominada COVID-19 del inglés Coronavirus desease 2019, caracterizado por presentar severos problemas respiratorios y diversas manifestaciones extrapulmonares. Al momento se ha reportado una elevada tasa de mortalidad en individuos del sexo masculino, en adultos mayores de 60 años, y en personas con comorbilidades como diabetes obesidad, hipertensión y problemas cardiacos. La diabetes es una enfermedad caracterizada por resistencia a insulina, pérdida de función de células β en el páncreas, y desbalance del sistema inmune por el estado de inflamación crónica. En pacientes graves con COVID-19, se ha observado una secreción alterada de citocinas pro inflamatorias, si esto ocurre en un paciente diabético, que ya tiene un estado inflamatorio per se, se induce inflamación exacerbada y una falla multiorgánica que puede desencadenar en la muerte de los pacientes. Diversos autores señalan como hipótesis que la hiperglicemia favorece la replicación viral, por lo que en un paciente “diabético con infección COVID-19”, es primordial mantener un control glicémico adecuado. Los tratamientos para COVID-19 se han enfocado en disminuir los síntomas, el uso de antivirales, antiinflamatorios, anticuerpos monoclonales y plasma convaleciente COVID-19 ha mostrado resultados variables. Para el control de esta infección viral es necesaria una vacuna, al momento existen más de 150 candidatos, con una eficiencia que va del rango de 70 al 95%, pero aún falta determinar la inmunidad a largo plazo en las personas vacunadas. Esta revisión aborda las características de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y la respuesta inmunitaria en pacientes diabéticos frente a COVID-19.

Abstract The GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes are key molecules in cellular detoxification. Null variants in these genes are associated with increase susceptibility to developing different types of cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in Mestizo and Amerindian individuals from the Northwestern region of Mexico, and to compare them with those reported worldwide. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null variants were genotyped by multiplex PCR in 211 Mestizos and 211 Amerindian individuals. Studies reporting on frequency of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null variants worldwide were identified by a PubMed search and their geographic distribution were analyzed. We found no significant differences in the frequency of the null genotype for GSTT1 and GSM1 genes between Mestizo and Amerindian individuals. Worldwide frequencies of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes ranges from 0.10 to 0.51, and from 0.11 to 0.67, respectively. Interestingly, in most countries the frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype is common or frequent (76%), whereas the frequency of the GSMT1 null genotype is very frequent or extremely frequent (86%). Thus, ethnic-dependent differences in the prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null variants may influence the effect of environmental carcinogens in cancer risk.

Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine human papilloma virus (HPV) high and low risk (HR and LR) genotypes prevalence, and other HPV infection associated risk factors, in men who have sex with men (MSM). A cross-sectional study was conducted, to this end, 104 MSM responded a social demographic and sexual behavior questionnaire and consented sampling of anal epithelium for molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with β-globin primers as internal control, and HPV L1 region primers. Subsequently, typing was performed by sequencing. Prevalence of HPV in MSM was 34%: 10% HR and 24% LR. The most frequent oncogenic HPV types were 16 (20%), 73 (20%) and 45 (20%), and non-oncogenic VPH 11 (36%), 62 (28%) and 6 (12%). MSM less than 30 years old had greater HPV prevalence. Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was not significantly associated to HPV infection in the studied population.

Resumen: El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de genotipos de alto y bajo riesgo (AR y BR) del virus de papiloma humano (VPH) y otros factores asociados con la infección en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Se realizó un estudio transversal. Para ello, 104 individuos respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de comportamiento sexual, consintiendo una toma de muestra de epitelio anal para análisis molecular por reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR), utilizando oligonucleótidos para β-globina (control interno) y región L1 del VPH. Tipificación mediante secuenciación. La prevalencia de VPH encontrada fue del 34%: 10% AR y 24% BR. Los genotipos oncogénicos más frecuentes fueron VPH 16 (20%), 73 (20%) y 45 (20%), los no oncogénicos fueron el 11 (36%), 62 (28%) y 6 (12%). Se concluye que los HSH menores de 30 años presentaron una mayor prevalencia de VPH. Ser positivo para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) no mostró asociación con VPH en la población estudiada.