RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um modelo de regressão linear múltipla para estimar o Preços médios rurais (PRM) no México com informações retiradas do período 1999-2018. As variáveis utilizadas para gerar este modelo foram a oferta e a demanda representadas pela área plantada, produtividade, exportações e o PRM da Agave Tequilero e Mezcalero. A análise foi realizada através do modelo de regressão linear múltipla (MRLM) com o método dos mínimos quadrados e utilizando o pacote estatístico R. As seguintes variáveis foram identificadas como tendo influência significativa na determinação do PRM: o rendimento da Agave Mezcalero (RAM), o PMR da Agave Tequilero e a nova área plantada da Agave Tequilero (NPAATt-6) com um ajuste de 6 períodos. Ao todo, foram gerados três modelos: o modelo 2 foi considerado o mais adequado porque permite fazer previsões futuras com a nova área plantada com Agave Tequilero com dois variáveis independentes. RAM e NPAATt-6 foram úteis na previsão de 65,5% das variações anuais no ARP e ajudaram a reconhecer a tendência negativa do preço da Agave de 2020 a 2024. Portanto, o uso do MRLM para estimar o PMR da Agave pode ser uma ferramenta útil na previsão do desempenho desta cultura.

ABSTRACT: This study developed a multiple linear regression model to estimate the Average rural prices (ARP) in Mexico with information taken from the period 1999-2018. The variables used to generate this model were the supply and demand as represented by planted area, yield, exports and the ARP of Agave Tequilero and Mezcalero. The analysis was carried out through the multiple linear regression model (MLRM) with the least squares method and using the statistical package R. The following variables were identified as having a significant influence on the determination of the ARP: the yield of Agave Mezcalero (YAM), the ARP of Agave Tequilero and the new planted area of Agave Tequilero (NPAATt-6) with an adjustment of 6 periods. Overall, three models were generated: model 2 was considered the most appropriate because it allows carrying out future forecasts with the new planted area with Agave Tequilero with 2 independent variables. YAM and NPAATt-6 were useful in predicting 65.5% of the annual variations in the ARP and helped recognize the negative trend of the Agave price from 2020 to 2024. Therefore, the use of the MLRM to estimate the Agave ARP can be a useful tool in predicting the performance of this crop.

RESUMO: Existem poucas informações sobre a produção de agave em viveiro, portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento em viveiro de Agave angustifolia provenientes de bulbilhos de inflorescência, submetidos a diferentes substratos, doses de fertirrigação e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense. Os bulbilhos foram estabelecidos por dois meses em substrato 50% turfa-50% perlita. Cento e oitenta plantas foram transferidas individualmente para vasos de 3,8 dm3 para avaliação em um experimento com três fatores: 1) tipo de irrigação: 1.1) água ou 1.2) fertirrigação com solução nutritiva de Steiner (NS), NS-50% ou 1.3 ) NS-100%; 2) inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense, 2.1) plantas inoculadas, 2.2) plantas não inoculadas; 3) substrato, misturas de esterco bovino (BM) + areia (S) em diferentes proporções, Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S; Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S; Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S. As características morfológicas foram quantificadas por um ano. As maiores plantas foram aquelas que estavam em substrato com 50% de BM, foram fertirrigadas com NS-100% e inoculadas com Azospirillum brasiliense, enquanto as menores foram aquelas estabelecidas em substrato com menor quantidade de esterco, irrigado apenas com água e sem inoculação, que tinham respectivamente, 71,6 e 54,10 cm de altura, 21 e 15,6 folhas, 76,6 e 62,2 mm de diâmetro do caule, 84,4 e 59,8 cm de diâmetro de roseta.

ABSTRACT: There is little information about the production of agave plants in the nursery, so this research assessed the growth in the nursery of Agave angustifolia plants originating from inflorescence bulbils, subjected to different substrates, fertigation doses, and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The bulbils were established for two months in a 50% peat-50% perlite substrate. One hundred and eighty plants were individually transferred to 3.8 dm3 pots for evaluation in an experiment with three factors: 1) type of irrigation: 1.1) water, or 1.2) fertigation with Steiner’s nutrient solution (NS), NS-50%, or 1.3) NS-100%; 2) inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, 2.1) inoculated plants, 2.2) non-inoculated plants; 3) substrate, mixtures of bovine manure (BM) + sand (S) in different proportions, Mix1: 75% BM + 25% S; Mix2: 25% BM + 75% S; Mix3: 50% BM + 50% S. Morphological characteristics were quantified for one year. The largest plants were those that were in substrates with 50% BM, and were fertirrigated with NS-100% and inoculated with Azospirillum brasiliense. The smallest plants were those established a in a substrate with the lowest manure content, irrigated with only water and without inoculation, which was respectively 71.6 and 54.10 cm high, 21 and 15.6 leaves, 76.6 and 62.2 mm in stem diameter, 84.4 and 59.8 cm in rosette diameter.

ABSTRACT: The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

RESUMO: A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas.

Resumen: Las vinazas de mezcal son residuos líquidos recalcitrantes con alta carga orgánica y elementos disueltos, la cual puede ser utilizada en la nutrición de plantas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad de las vinazas del mezcal en la germinación de semillas y su efecto biofertilizante en el rendimiento de hortalizas. Se realizaron dos experimentos en lechuga, tomate y pepino: 1) prueba de fitotoxicidad en la germinación en semillas con diferentes concentraciones de vinaza (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 y 100%); y 2). Se evaluó el efecto biofertilizante de las combinaciones de 100-0, 80-20, 40-60 y 20-80% de vinaza y solución nutritiva Steiner, y como testigo el 100% de la solución nutritiva; en ambos experimentos se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar. La concentración del 2.5% de vinaza del mezcal, fue tóxica para las semillas de lechuga y más del 10% inhibió su germinación. Para semillas de tomate el 20% resultó tóxico, mientras que en semillas de pepino provocó hormesis. La concentración del 80% de vinazas inhibió la germinación en semillas de tomate. La combinación: 40 + 60% de vinaza y solución nutritiva aplicados en la nutrición de lechuga y tomate, alcanzó los máximos valores de todas las variables evaluadas. En pepino, el rendimiento disminuyó de forma lineal al aumentar el porcentaje de vinaza como complemento de la solución nutritiva.

Abstract: Mezcal vinasses are recalcitrant liquid waste with a high organic load and dissolved elements that can be used in plant nutrition. The objective work was to evaluate the toxicity of mezcal vinasse on seed germination and its biofertilizing effect on vegetable yield. Two experiments were carried out on lettuce, tomato and cucumber: 1) germination phytotoxicity test in seeds with different concentrations of vinasse (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 100%); and 2) The biofertilizing effect of the combinations of 100-0, 80-20, 40-60 and 20-80% vinasse and Steiner nutrient solution was evaluated, and 100% of the nutrient solution as a control. A completely randomized design was used in both experiments. The 2.5% concentration of mezcal vinasse was toxic to lettuce seeds and greater than 10% inhibited their germination. For tomato seeds the 20% was toxic, while in cucumber seeds it caused hormesis. The 80% concentration of vinasses inhibited germination in tomato seeds. The combination: 40 + 60% vinasse and nutrient solution applied in the nutrition of lettuce and tomato, reached the maximum values of all the variables evaluated. In cucumber, the yield decreased linearly with increasing the vinasse percentage as a supplement to the nutrient solution.

Summary Chile de agua (Capsicum annuum L.) is a type of chili endemic to the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico with high demand for its nutraceutical properties and excellent flavor; however, the area planted to this crop has diminished, due to the lack of new technologies for its cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield of the Abasolo landrace of chile de agua under a macro-tunnel with cover of green plastic (GP), transparent plastic (TP), white mesh (WM) and the control in open field, conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with six replications in the Autumn-Winter 2016 (A-W) and Spring-Summer 2017 (S-S) cycles. Macro-tunnel covers decreased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), relative humidity (RH), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature (T) compared to the control; however, no significant statistical differences were found between transparent and green plastic covers for PAR, T, VPD and RH. GP and PT provided the best environmental conditions, which increased yield in the two crop cycles. The highest fruit yield (6.08 kg m-2) was obtained under the PT cover, which was 328 and 608 % higher than that obtained in the field in the S-S and A-W cycles, respectively. Chile de agua can be grown in both cycles in macro-tunnels with transparent and green plastic cover, as well as with white mesh.

Resumen El chile de agua (Capsicum annuum L.) es un tipo de chile endémico de Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, México con alta demanda por sus propiedades nutraceúticas y excelente sabor; sin embargo, la superficie sembrada ha disminuido, debido a la falta de incorporación de nuevas tecnologías para su cultivo. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento de fruto de chile de agua, variedad local Abasolo, bajo materiales de cubierta de macrotúneles en dos ciclos de cultivo contrastantes. Los tratamientos fueron macrotúneles con cubierta de plástico verde (PV), transparente (PT), malla blanca (MB) y el testigo en campo abierto, conducidos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con seis repeticiones, en los ciclos otoño-invierno 2016 (O-I) y primavera-verano 2017 (P-V). Las cubiertas de los macrotúneles, en comparación con el testigo, disminuyeron la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA), la humedad relativa (HR) y el déficit de presión de vapor (DPV), aumentando la temperatura (T); no obstante, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre cubiertas de plástico transparente y verde para RFA, T, DPV y HR, y fueron bajo estas cubiertas donde se obtuvieron las mejores condiciones ambientales, las cuales aumentaron el rendimiento en los dos ciclos de cultivo. El mayor rendimiento de fruto (6.08 kg m-2) se obtuvo bajo la cubierta de PT, que fue 328 y 608 % superior al obtenido en campo en el ciclo P-V y O-I, respectivamente. El chile de agua puede ser cultivado en ambos ciclos en macrotúneles con cubiertas de plástico trasparente, verde y malla blanca.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of pruning and planting density as a function of cultural management. Two simultaneous experiments with the huacle chili were conducted. Experiment 1 consisted of planting density treatments of 2, 3 and 4 plants m -2 with a principal pruning of 3 stems per plant. Experiment 2 consisted of a planting density of 3 plants m -2 and three pruning treatments of 2 or 4 stems per plant and of no pruning. Growth, production and fruit quality was measured. The highest planting density significantly increased the leaf area index, yield and fruit production in terms of total dry matter. The fruit quality parameters were not affected. The leaf area index was lowest in the treatment with pruning to two branches and did not vary with pruning to 4 stems and no pruning. The highest yield and dry matter fruit production was obtained from plants with 4 stems, while the quality of the fruit was not affected.

RESUMEN: El chile huacle o chilhuacle es una variedad de Capsicum annum L. de importancia etnobotánica y cultural de Oaxaca, México. Se está produciendo una significativa reducción de su superficie cultivada al aire libre debido a diversos factores ambientales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la producción y calidad en función del manejo cultural de la poda y la densidad de la plantación. Se realizaron dos experimentos simultáneos con pimiento huacle en Oaxaca (México), en un ciclo corto de cultivo de seis meses en un invernadero plástico sin control climático. El primero de densidad de plantación a 2, 3 y 4 plantas m-2, y el segundo de poda a 2, 4 tallos y sin poda. Se midieron algunos parámetros de crecimiento vegetativo, producción, de calidad del fruto y sólidos solubles totales. La mayor densidad de plantación incrementó significativamente el índice de área foliar, el rendimiento y producción de materia seca total de fruto, mientras que los parámetros de calidad de fruto no se vieron afectados. Las plantas podadas a 4 tallos no se afectaron en altura ni en grosor de tallo respecto a las sin poda. El índice de área foliar fue menor en la poda a dos brazos y no varió con la poda de 4 tallos y sin poda. El mayor rendimiento y producción de materia seca de fruto se obtuvo con las plantas a 4 tallos, mientras que la calidad de los frutos no se vio afectada.

RESUMO: Physalis ixocarpa Brot. (tomatillo ou tomate de cáscara) é um dos cinco principais vegetais cultivados no México, mas seu rendimento no campo é baixo. No entanto, as culturas em estufa e o aumento da densidade das plantas podem promover um aumento no rendimento por área. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar: rendimento, consumo de água e eficiência no uso da água do tomate de casca de variedade ‘Diamante’. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo e casa de vegetação, durante os dois ciclos de cultivo (outono-inverno e primavera-verão), com diferentes densidades de plantio (1,5, 2 e 3 plantas m-2), em blocos aleatórios completos e três replicações. O rendimento foi influenciado pela densidade e pelos ambientes de plantio. Nos dois ambientes, a densidade de plantio, com três plantas m-2, aumentou a produtividade em 32% e em 25% na eficiência no uso da água (WUE). Em casa de vegetação aumentou 32% do rendimento m-2 e o WUE foi de 18,1 kg m-3, enquanto no campo foi de 16,4 kg m-3. O ciclo da safra primavera-verão produziu diferenças de 27% no comprimento das plantas e 15% no diâmetro do caule, provavelmente devido à temperatura 4 ºC maior em relação ao outono-inverno.

ABSTRACT: Physalis ixocarpa Brot. (tomatillo or Husk tomato) is one of the five major vegetables cultivated in Mexico, but its yield in the field is low. However, greenhouse crops and the enhancement in plant density can promote an increase in yield per area. The aim of this research was to evaluate: yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of variety husk tomato ‘Diamante’. The experiment was conducted under field and greenhouse conditions, during the two crop cycles (autumn-winter and spring-summer), with different planting densities (1.5, 2 and 3 plants m-2), in complete random blocks and three replications. The yield was influenced by the planting density and environments. In both environments, the planting density, with 3 plants m-2 increased yield 32 %, and 25% in water use efficiency (WUE). In greenhouse increased 32% yield m-2 and the WUE it was 18.1 kg m-3 while in the field was 16.4 kg m-3. Crop cycle spring-summer produced differences of 27% in plant length and 15% in stem diameter, probably due to the temperature that was 4 ºC higher with respect to autumn-winter.

RESUMO Em sistemas de cultivo hidropônico intensivos, como os verticais e piramidais, a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) e integrada (RFAI) podem diminuir ao longo dos recipientes de cultivo e do dossel das plantas localizados nos estratos mais inferiores, diminuindo a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos. No presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito da altura e da orientação geográfica dos recipientes de cultivo hidropônico, em um sistema escalariforme, na RFA, na RFAI, e na produção e qualidade de frutos de morango. Em cada altura e orientação, as variáveis RFA, RFAI, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos foram registrados. A orientação leste-oeste dos recipientes de cultivo foi diferente na parte da manhã e da tarde para a RFA e RFAI recebidas pelas plantas de morango em todas as alturas dos recipientes, enquanto que os valores médios diários foram iguais. A produtividade foi, em média, 47% mais elevada nas plantas cultivadas a 0.50, 0.80 e 1.10 m de altura do recipiente de cultivo, em comparação com as plantas cultivadas a 0.20 m de altura. A qualidade de frutos também foi melhor nos três recipientes de cultivo mais elevados.

ABSTRACT In intensive hydroponic systems, such vertical and pyramidal systems, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and integrated (IPAR) may be intercepted by the containers and the leaf area of the plants grown in the upper strata, decreasing fruit yields and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of PAR and IPAR at different planting heights and the effect of geographic orientation and fruit yield and quality of strawberry produced in stair-like containers. The factors were four heights of the container (0.20, 0.50, 0.80 and 1.10 m) and two orientations (east and west). At each height and orientation of the container, PAR and IPAR, yield and fruit total soluble solids were measured. PAR and IPAR were statistically different at all heights evaluated and were highest in the highest containers. The east and west orientation of the containers was significantly different in the morning and in the afternoon for PAR and IPAR, while daily average values were equal. Yield on average was 47% higher in plants cultivated in containers at heights of 0.50, 0.80 and 1.10 m, relative to those in 0.20 m high containers. Fruits grown in the highest containers had higher values of total soluble solids.

SUMMARY: Oil and gas industry produces wastewater (produced water), which contains hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other components, such as mineral salts essential for plant nutrition. Hydrocarbons presence on produced water limits its potential use in the agriculture, as its lead to inhibition of plant growth. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrocarbons analogous contained in the produced water on 1) pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigation leachate, 2) plant´s morphological variables, 3) mineral concentration, 4) fruit pH, EC and total dissolved solids (TDS), during flowering and fruiting stages in tomato grown into greenhouse conditions. As source of produced water were used diesel at concentrations of 20 and 25 mg L-1, gasoline at 40, 50 and 60 mg L-1, and benzene at 75 mg L-1, applied in the substrate by means of a syringe. All plants treated with hydrocarbons reached the fruit setting and ripening stage at the 6-cluster. Depending on their type, concentration, and exposure time, hydrocarbons modified the pH and EC of the irrigation leachate, caused significant morphological changes with longer exposure time, and restricted the biomass production. Mineral concentration differed significantly among plant organs, affecting mainly the sodium uptake in stems and fruits. The variables of fruit quality, EC and TDS were favorably modified by most treatments.

RESUMEN: La industria petrolera produce agua de desecho (agua producida), la cual contiene hidrocarbonos, metales pesados, y otros componentes, tales como sales minerales esenciales para la nutrición vegetal. La presencia de hidrocarbonos en las aguas producidas limita su uso potencial en la agricultura, como su efecto en la inhibición del crecimiento de las plantas. Esta investigación tiene el objetivo de investigar el efecto de los hidrocarbonos contenidos en las aguas producidas, en 1) el pH y la conductividad eléctrica (CE) del agua de riego drenada, 2) variables morfológicas de las plantas, 3) concentración mineral, 4) pH, CE y sólidos solubles totales en el fruto (SST), durante las etapas de floración y fructificación en tomate cultivado en invernadero. Como fuente de las aguas producidas se utilizó diésel en concentraciones de 20 y 25 mg L-1, gasolina en 40, 50 y 60 mg L-1, y benceno en 75 mg L-1, aplicados en el sustrato con una jeringa. Todas las plantas tratadas con hidrocarbonos alcanzaron la formación de frutos y etapa de maduración del 6to racimo. Dependiendo del tipo, concentración, t tiempo de exposición, los hidrocarbonos modificaron el pH y la CE del agua de riego drenada, causaron cambios significativos en la morfología con en tiempos prolongados de exposición, y restringieron la producción de biomasa. La concentración mineral mostró diferencias significativas entre los órganos de las plantas, afectando principalmente la absorción de sodio en los tallos y frutos. Las variables de calidad del fruto, CE y SST fueron modificados favorablemente por la mayoría de los tratamientos.

SUMMARY The “Chile de agua” is an endemic vegetable of the central valleys of Oaxaca, but despite its importance in the economic and human nutrition field, its bioactive compounds has been poorly studied. The objective of this research was to determine the content of bioactive compounds into the fruit of the “Chile de agua” (Capsicum annuum L.), grown under macro tunnels with different cover materials. Seedlings of the “Ejutla” genotype were planted in soil with plastic mulch and fertigation under macro tunnels using transparent and green plastic covers, and white mesh. Each cover corresponded to a treatment, and the open-air cultivation was the control. The response variables were grouped into a) climatic: temperature, relative humidity and Integrated Photosynthetically Active Radiation (IPAR); b) bioactive compounds: total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. The daytime and nighttime temperatures and relative humidity under green plastic cover increased 28.0, 6.7 and 0.5 % with respect to the control. The IPAR in open-air cultivation exceeded the cover materials by 28.3 %. The green plastic significantly increased the concentration of total phenols and antioxidant capacity by 489.1 and 39.0 % with respect to the control. The concentration of total flavonoids of the fruits grown in open-air cultivation was greater than at least 47 % to the cover materials evaluated. The phenols concentration of “Chile de agua” fruits and their antioxidant capacity increased when they are grown in macro tunnels with green plastic covers.

RESUMEN El chile de agua es una hortaliza endémica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, que a pesar de su importancia económica y para la nutrición humana, su contenido de compuestos bioactivos está poco estudiado. El objetivo fue determinar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos en el fruto del chile de agua (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivado en macrotúneles con diferentes materiales de cubierta. Plántulas de chile de agua del genotipo “Ejutla” fueron cultivadas con acolchado plástico y fertirriego, en macrotúneles con cubiertas de plástico transparente, plástico verde y malla blanca. Cada cubierta correspondió a un tratamiento y el cultivo a cielo abierto fue el testigo. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Las variables respuesta fueron a) climáticas: temperatura, humedad relativa y radiación fotosintéticamente activa integrada (RFAI); b) compuestos bioactivos: fenoles totales, flavonoides y capacidad antioxidante. La temperatura diurna, nocturna y humedad relativa bajo plástico verde aumentaron 28.0, 6.7 y 0.5 % con respecto a campo abierto. La RFAI en campo abierto superó en 28.3 % a los materiales de cubierta. El plástico verde incrementó significativamente la concentración de fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante, superando al testigo en 489.1 y 39.0 %, respectivamente. La concentración de flavonoides totales de los frutos cultivados en campo abierto fue mayor en al menos 47 % a los materiales de cubierta evaluados. La concentración de fenoles de los frutos de chile de agua y la capacidad antioxidante se incrementan cuando se cultivan en macrotúneles con cubierta de plástico verde.

RESUMO: A Physalis ixocarpa (Tomate de cáscara) é cultivada tradicionalmente no México. Entretanto, sua produtividade de frutos é considerada baixa. Neste estudo, avaliou-se quatro cultivares de Physalis ixocarpa cultivadas em ambiente protegido e a céu aberto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com arranjo fatorial 2x4. Foi alocado na parcela principal o fator ambiente de cultivo e na subparcela o fator cultivar. Foram analisadas variáveis climáticas de solo e a produtividade de frutos. A radiação fotossinteticamente ativa integrada (RFAI) no ambiente a céu aberto foi maior em 12mol m-2 dia-1, em relação ao ambiente protegido. A temperatura média foi ligeiramente maior em 1,18oC no ambiente protegido e a umidade relativa foi ligeiramente maior em 0,89% a céu aberto. Os valores negativos do potencial mátrico do solo foram mais baixos no ambiente protegido. O consumo e a eficiência do uso da água foram, respectivamente, 10,31 e 54,43% maiores no ambiente protegido, em relação ao ambiente a céu aberto. O número e a produtividade de frutos incrementaram, significativamente, em todas as variedades avaliadas nas condições de ambiente protegido.

ABSTRACT: Physalis ixocarpa (husk tomato) is traditionally cultivated in Mexico, and nowadays the yield is low. In this study, four cultivars of husk tomato were evaluated, under greenhouse and field conditions. It was carried out a split-plot experimental design in a 4x2 factorial arrangement. The large plot was the growth conditions and the small plot was the variety. The microclimate, soil and yield variables were recorded. In the field, the Integrated Photosynthetic Active Radiation (IPAR) was higher 12mol m-2 d-1 than in the greenhouse. The average temperature was slightly higher 1.18°C in the greenhouse and the average relative humidity was slightly higher 0.89% in the field. Plants grown in the greenhouse had lower negative values for the matric potential of the soil. Water consumption and water use efficiency were 10.31 and 53.43% higher in the greenhouse that in the field, respectively. The number of fruits and yield increased significantly in all varieties grown under greenhouse conditions.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) is cultivated in the field, in small areas with low technology and low yields. To understand the behavior of tomatillo and increase its yield, the P. ixocarpa cv. Rendidora crop was evaluated. The evaluation was done in greenhouse under three protective structures covered with different materials and their influence on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the temperature and relative humidity, the soil matric potential, the water consumption and yield. The greenhouse covering materials were transparent polyethylene, diffuse white polyethylene and white mesh anti-aphids. Each cover material was considered a treatment and also the control without cover. The crop density was 1.5 plants/m2 established in soil, under a complete randomized block design with four replications and 20 plants per experimental unit in each environment. The transparent polyethylene cover increased the temperature of the environment as well as the soil matric potential and decreased the relative humidity. It also increased water consumption (84 L/plant/cycle), efficiency (26 L/kg fruit), and yield (3.23 kg/plant). We concluded that the cover transparent polyethylene increased by 114% the efficiency in water use and, by 158% the fruit yield of P. ixocarpa cv. Rendidora.

RESUMEN En México, el cultivo de tomate de cáscara o tomate verde (Physalis ixocarpa) se realiza en campo, en pequeñas superficies, con poca tecnificación y bajos rendimientos. Para conocer el comportamiento y aumentar su rendimiento, se evaluó el cultivo de tomate de cáscara cultivar Rendidora bajo tres estructuras de protección, con diferentes materiales de cubierta y su influencia sobre la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA), la temperatura y humedad relativa del aire, el potencial mátrico del suelo, consumo de agua y rendimiento. Los materiales de cubierta fueron polietileno transparente, polietileno blanco y malla blanca tipo antiáfidos. Cada material de cubierta fue un tratamiento y el testigo sin cubierta. La densidad de siembra fue de 1,5 plantas/m2 establecidas en suelo, bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y 20 plantas por unidad experimental en cada ambiente. La cubierta de polietileno transparente aumentó la temperatura del ambiente, el potencial mátrico del suelo y disminuyó la humedad relativa, también aumentó el consumo de agua (84 L/planta/ciclo) y su eficiencia (26 L/kg fruto) así como el rendimiento (3,23 kg/planta). Se concluye que la cubierta de polietileno trasparente aumentó en 114% la eficiencia en el uso del agua y en 158% el rendimiento de tomate de cáscara cultivar Rendidora.