Resumo Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar a quantificação do “flare” do aquoso por fotometria à laser e a quantificação clínica subjetiva do “flare” do aquoso após facoemulsificação pela técnica V-Prechop de nucleodissecção, em cães. Foram utilizados 43 cães de diferentes raças, machos e fêmeas, com idades entre 3 e 10 anos, portadores de catarata madura (G1, n=22) e imatura (G2, n=21). Após a cirurgia, os pacientes foram avaliados semanalmente para quantificação do flare por fotometria laser em diferentes períodos, e para observação clínica do flare por biomicroscopia de lâmpada de fenda, nos mesmos períodos. A exacerbação clínica da inflamação intraocular foi mais evidente nos pacientes do G2 quando comparados com os do G1. Com o tempo regrediu na maioria deles, persistindo em grau leve em três animais ao final do período de observação. A análise estatística demonstrou diferenças entre os grupos estudados no pós-operatório imediato e após 30 dias de observação. A avaliação quantitativa do “flare” do aquoso (em ph/ms) na fotometria à laser mostrou-se maior nos olhos operados de ambos os grupos (G1 e G2). No entanto, houve diferença significativa no pós-operatório imediato e aos 45 e 30 dias no G1 e G2, respectivamente. Ao comparar os olhos operados de cada grupo, observou-se diferença significativa no pré-operatório e 60 dias de pós-operatório; os valores médios foram sempre maiores nos pacientes do G2 (G1-pré-operatório = 25,5 ± 11,4 ph/ms e G2-pré-operatório = 45,7 ± 17,7 ph/ms; G1-60d = 23,4 ± 8,9 ph/ms e G2-60d = 39,8 ± 13,4 ph/ms). Em conclusão, pode-se supor que a fotometria de célula a laser e flare apresentou maior acurácia em comparação à avaliação clínica do flare usando escores no pós-operatório na facoemulsificação por nucleodissecção V-Prechop. É possível que os valores quantitativos de flare encontrados sejam semelhantes utilizando outras técnicas de nucleodissecção em facoemulsificação, utilizando este método não invasivo de avaliação do flare. Objetivouse Objetivou se “flare VPrechop V Prechop 4 raças fêmeas 1 anos G1, G n=22 n22 n 22 (G2 n=21. n21 n=21 . 21 n=21) cirurgia períodos fenda deles pósoperatório pós operatório phms ph ms mostrouse mostrou (G G2. G2) entanto respectivamente grupo observouse observou préoperatório pré 6 G1préoperatório Gpréoperatório 255 25 5 25, 114 11 11, G2préoperatório 457 7 45, 177 17 17, G160d Gd 60d d 234 23 23, 89 8 9 8, G260d 398 39 39, 134 13 13, ph/ms. conclusão podese pode VPrechop. Prechop. n=2 n2 2 n=

Abstract This study aimed to compare the quantification of aqueous flares using laser photometry and subjective clinical determination after phacoemulsification through the V-prechop nucleodissection technique in dogs. Forty-three dogs of different breeds, males and females, aged 3-10 years, with mature (G2, n = 22) and immature (G1, n = 21) cataracts, were included. After surgery, the patients were evaluated weekly for aqueous flares (using laser flare photometry) and clinically evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy over different periods. Intraocular inflammation was more evident in patients with stage G2 disease than in those with stage G1 disease. Over time, it regressed in most animals, persisting to a mild degree in three animals by the end of the observation period. Statistical analyses revealed key differences between the groups in the immediate postoperative period and after 30 days of observation. “Aqueous flare” (ph/ms), quantified using laser flare photometry, was higher in the operated eyes of both groups (G1 and G2). However, a significant difference was observed in the immediate postoperative period and at 45 and 30 days in groups G1 and G2, respectively. Furthermore, when comparing the operated eyes of each group, a significant difference was observed in the preoperative period and 60 days postoperatively; the mean values were always higher in the G2 patients (G1-preop = 25.5 ± 11.4 ph/ms and G2-preop = 45.7 ± 17.7 ph/ms; G1-60d = 23.4 ± 8.9 ph/ms and G2-60d = 39.8 ± 13.4 ph/ms). In conclusion, laser cell and flare photometry showed higher accuracy in evaluating aqueous flares than clinical evaluation based on scores during the postoperative period in phacoemulsification by V-prechop nucleodissection. The quantitative values of flares obtained using this non-invasive method may also be used to evaluate other nucleodissection techniques in phacoemulsification. Vprechop V prechop Fortythree Forty breeds females 310 3 10 3-1 years G (G2 22 G1, 21 cataracts included surgery slitlamp slit lamp periods time Aqueous ph/ms, phms , ph ms (ph/ms) (G G2. . G2) However 4 respectively Furthermore group 6 postoperatively G1preop Gpreop preop 255 25 5 25. 114 11 11. G2preop 457 7 45. 177 17 17. G160d Gd 60d d 234 23 23. 89 8 9 8. G260d 398 39 39. 134 13 13. ph/ms. ph/ms) conclusion noninvasive non invasive 31 1 3- 2 (ph/ms

ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that exposure to psychoactive substances is related to spermatogenesis alterations that affect sperm quality. The objective of the present work was to determine sperm parameters in regular users of marijuana cigarettes. Seminal samples from 42 active consumers of marijuana cigarettes and 16 volunteer non-marijuana users were analyzed. Through a semen analysis, we identify conventional seminal parameters (viability, motility, morphology, and sperm concentration) according to the guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The antioxidant effect of the seminal plasma was evaluated through the determination of the percentage of inhibition of the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. The median values of consumers with respect to the control group were respectively: volume - 2.98 mL versus 3.95 mL (p = 0.0221); total concentration - 189 million/mL versus 291.1 million/mL (p= 0.0636); progressive motility - 50% versus 56.5% (p = 0.0052); viability - 65.3% versus 73.1% (p = 0.0732); and normal morphology - 5% versus 7% (p = 0.0167). The results obtained in the present study indicate that the consumption of marijuana cigarettes negatively affects progressive motility, normal morphology, and total sperm concentration. In addition, the total sperm concentration is affected by the frequency of consumption of marijuana cigarettes.

RESUMEN La evidencia sugiere que la exposición a sustancias psicoactivas se relaciona con alteraciones en la espermatogénesis que afectan la calidad espermática. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los parámetros espermáticos en consumidores habituales de cigarrillos de marihuana. Se analizaron muestras seminales de 42 consumidores activos de cigarrillos de marihuana y de 16 voluntarios no consumidores de marihuana. Mediante un análisis de semen, se determinaron los parámetros seminales convencionales (viabilidad, movilidad, morfología, y concentración de los espermatozoides) siguiendo los lineamientos establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Adicionalmente, se evaluó la capacidad antioxidante del plasma seminal mediante la determinación del porcentaje de inhibición del radical estable 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidracilo. Los valores de la mediana de los consumidores respecto al grupo control fueron: volumen - 2,98 mL versus 3,95 mL (p = 0,0221); concentración total - 189 millones/mL versus 291,1 millones/mL (p = 0,0636); movilidad progresiva - 50% versus 56,5% (p = 0,0052); viabilidad - 65,3% versus 73,1% (p = 0,0732); y morfología normal - 5% versus 7% (p = 0,0167), respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio indican que el consumo de cigarrillos de marihuana afecta negativamente la movilidad progresiva, la morfología normal y la concentración total de espermatozoides; además, la concentración total de espermatozoides está afectada por la frecuencia del consumo de cigarrillos de marihuana.

SUMMARY Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that result in the uncontrolled release of catecholamines and secondary hypertension. They usually manifest with episodic blood pressure fluctuations, headaches and palpitations. In some cases PPGLs may be asymptomatic until they are detected as a diagnostic approach to other diseases. There have been reports that have associated PPGLs with arterial thrombosis, some with the additional finding of intracardiac thrombi. We present the case of a 21-year-old male Hispanic patient with a recurrent para-aortic paraganglioma detected by persistent hypertension, bilateral lower limb artery thrombosis and an intracardiac thrombus.

Abstract Introduction: A prevalence of 1 to 71 % of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities has been reported in asymptomatic relatives of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Objective: To determine the frequency of EEG abnormalities in asymptomatic relatives of patients with JME according to the degree of kinship. Methods: Prospective, analytical study. First-, second- and third-degree relatives of patients with JME who agreed to participate and signed informed consent were included. The analysis was descriptive, bivariate. Results: 209 asymptomatic relatives were included, out of which 115 (55 %) were females and 94 (45 %) were males, with a mean age of 35.9 ± 16.9 (range between 6 and 73 years). Forty-four (21.1 %) relatives had abnormal EEGs. First-degree relatives (12 %) had abnormalities more frequently in comparison with second- and third-degree relatives (p = 0.007). Conclusions: EEG abnormalities were observed in one third of asymptomatic relatives. It is important to highlight that there were more alterations among first-degree relatives. In the future, these findings might enable for the risk of clinically developing the disease to be estimated and for genetic counseling to be provided.

Resumen Introducción: Se ha reportado de 1 a 71 % de prevalencia de anormalidades en el electroencefalograma (EEG) de familiares asintomáticos de pacientes con epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ). Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de anormalidades en el EEG en familiares asintomáticos de pacientes con EMJ de acuerdo con el grado de parentesco. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron familiares de primer, segundo y tercer grado de pacientes con EMJ, quienes aceptaron participar y firmaron el consentimiento informado. El análisis fue descriptivo bivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 209 familiares asintomáticos, 115 (55 %) mujeres y 94 (45 %) hombres, con edad media de 35.9 ± 16.9 (rango entre seis y 73 años); 44 familiares (21.1 %) tuvieron EEG anormal. Los familiares de primer grado (12 %) cursaron con mayor frecuencia con anormalidades en comparación con los de segundo y tercer grado (p = 0.007). Conclusiones: Se observaron anormalidades en el EEG de una tercera parte de los familiares asintomáticos. Es importante resaltar que existieron más alteraciones entre los familiares de primer grado. En un futuro, estos hallazgos permitirán estimar el riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad clínicamente y brindar consejo genético.

Resumo: O ganso-do-orinoco (Neochen jubata) é um anatídeo endêmico da América do Sul, cujo habitat são praias arenosas ao longo de rios médios e grandes, com uma vegetação ripária bem desenvolvida e em savanas do pântano com extensos banhados de água doce. Dados recentes indicam a presença de comportamento migratório longitudinal e, apesar destes, não existem registros sobre o perfil genético dessa espécie. A região do rio Araguaia, no município de Luiz Alves, Goiás, recebe um número indeterminado de patos sazonalmente e há poucas informações sobre os indivíduos que visitam este local, constituindo o cenário ideal para um estudo capaz de oferecer uma perspectiva genética geral dessa espécie e também de entender melhor a relação de parentesco entre esses indivíduos. Para tal, caracterizamos geneticamente 60 indivíduos amostrados em três anos distintos de coleta, utilizando marcadores moleculares microssatélites e DNA mitocondrial. As análises de diversidade genética revelaram baixos níveis de heterozigosidade para todos os grupos amostrados. No entanto, eles estão dentro do Equilíbrio proposto por Hardy-Weinberg (HWE), pois a consanguinidade ou a deriva não estão atuando nesses grupos, a análise de parentesco apoia este resultado indicando um alto número de indivíduos não relacionados ao longo dos anos. A AMOVA apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Esses resultados podem refletir a estrutura dessa espécie migratória naquela região, com o teste de diferenciação pareada de indivíduos de 2013 e 2014 sendo mais semelhantes entre si do que os de outros anos, indicando uma possível estruturação genética diagnosticada pelos anos de captura. No entanto, há um alto compartilhamento alélico entre os três grupos amostrados sugerindo que esses indivíduos são uma população que se conecta ao longo do tempo e que têm uma relação filopátrica com o local. Os resultados aqui encontrados constituem um marco inicial para o conhecimento genético do ganso-do-orinoco que contribuirá para novos estudos sobre esta espécie considerada "quase ameaçada" pela IUCN.

Abstract: The Orinoco Goose (Neochen jubata) is a few-known and endemic Anatidae to South America, inhabiting sandy beaches along medium and large rivers, with a well-developed riparian forest and in swamp savannas and large freshwater baths. Recent data indicate the presence of longitudinal migratory behavior, and despite them, there are no records on the genetic profile of this species. The Araguaia River region, in the municipality of Luiz Alves, Goiás, receives an undetermined number of ducks seasonally, and there is little information about the individuals who visit this place, constituting the ideal scenario for a study able to offer a genetic overview perspective of this species and to understand the relationship between these individuals better. For this, we genetically characterized 61 individuals sampled in three distinct years of collection using microsatellite molecular markers and mitochondrial DNA. Genetic diversity analyses revealed low levels of heterozygosity for all sampled groups. However, they are within the equilibrium proposed by Hardy-Weinberg (HWE), as inbreeding or drift are not acting in these groups. The parentage analysis supports it, showing a high number of unrelated individuals over the years. AMOVA showed a significant difference among groups. These results may reflect the structure of this migratory species in that region, with the paired differentiation test of individuals from 2013 and 2014 being more similar to each other than those from other years, indicating a possible genetic structure diagnosed by the years of capture. However, there is a high allelic sharing among the three sampled groups, suggesting that these individuals are a population that connects over time and that they have a philopatric relationship with the location. The results found in this study constitute an initial milestone for the genetic knowledge of the mallard duck that should be raised in many other genetic studies.

Resumen: El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para la enfermedad renal terminal. Pueden presentarse diversas complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas posteriores, entre ellas las vasculares (trombosis/estenosis de la vena y/o arteria renal) que son poco frecuentes y resultan en la pérdida del injerto. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino que al tercer día posterior al trasplante persisten con anuria y elevación de azoados, realizándose renograma con 99m - Tc MAG3 con hallazgos compatibles de trombosis vascular.

Abstract: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. Various medical and surgical complications can occur later, among them the vascular ones (thrombosis/stenosis of the vein and/or renal artery) that are infrequent and result in the loss of the graft. We present the case of a male patient who persisted with anuria and azoate elevation on the third day after transplantation, performing a renogram with 99m - Tc MAG3 with compatible findings of vascular thrombosis.

ABSTRACT Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by movement disorders, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. Relatives of HD patients experience a great burden as the latter suffer from altered social conduct and deterioration of interpersonal relationships. Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states (to oneself and others). Deficits in ToM are thought to have a role in the changes in empathy and interpersonal difficulties that HD patients face. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study to compare ToM task scores of patients with mild to moderate HD, their relatives (spouse or at-risk first-degree relative with a negative gene test) and controls.Individuals with dementia or depression were excluded. The ToM test battery included Spanish versions of the Reading Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), Happé's Strange Stories (Social and Physical Stories subtests) and the Hinting Task. Results: The series comprised 12 HD patients, 12 relatives and 12 controls. The HD patients showed lower affective ToM scores than controls (RMET 19 [3.5] vs 23.9 [2.7], p = 0.016). Cognitive ToM tasks scores were lower in HD patients than controls as well (Happé's Social Stories 9 [2.6] vs 13 [1.9], p = 0.001; the Hinting Task 13.6 [3.4] vs 17.5 [4.0], p = 0.009). In the Hinting Task, HD relatives had lower scores in than controls (13 [3.2] vs 17.5 [4.0], p = 0.009) and similar scores to controls in the rest of the battery. Conclusion: The HD patients with mild to moderate disease severity and their relatives show ToM deficits.

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Huntington (EH) es una enfermedad genética autosómica dominante caracterizada por trastornos del movimiento, deterioro cognitivo y síntomas psiquiátricos. Los familiares de las personas con EH experimentan gran carga dado que los pacientes sufren de conducta social alterada y deterioro de relaciones interpersonales. La Teoría de la mente (ToM) consiste en la habilidad para atribuir estados mentales (a uno mismo o a otros). Se piensa que déficits en ToM tienen un rol en los cambios en empatia y en las dificultades interpersonales que los pacientes con EH enfrentan. Métodos: Condujimos un estudio transversal para comparar el desempeño en puntajes de tareas de ToM en pacientes con EH leve a moderada, sus familiares (pareja o familiar en riesgo con prueba genética negativa) y controles sanos. Se excluyó a sujetos con demencia o depresión. La batería de pruebas de ToM incluyó versiones en español de la prueba de lectura de la mente en los ojos (RMET), Historias Extrañas de Happé (subpruebas Social y Física) y Hinting Task. Resultados: La serie consistió de 12 pacientes con EH, 12 familiares y 12 controles. Los pacientes con EH mostraron puntajes menores de tareas de ToM afectiva que los controles (RMET 19 [3.5] vs 23.9 [2.7], p = 0.016). Los puntajes de tareas de ToM cognitiva fueron inferiores a los controles en los pacientes con EH (Historias Sociales de Happé 9 [2.6] vs 13 [1.9], p = 0.001; Hinting task 13.6 [3.4] vs 175 [4.0], p = 0.009). En la Hinting task los familiares de pacientes con EH mostraron puntajes inferiores que los de los controles (13 [3.2] vs 175 [4.0], p = 0.009) y puntajes similares a aquellos de los controles en el resto de la batería. Conclusión: Los pacientes con EH con enfermedad leve a moderada y sus familiares muestran déficits en tareas de ToM.

Resumen: Los estudios de medicina nuclear permiten en tumor neuroendocrino (TNE) de origen desconocido la búsqueda del tumor primario y estadificación de la enfermedad.

Abstract: Nuclear medicine studies allow neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of unknown origin to search for the primary tumor and staging the disease.

Resumo: Estudos de medicina nuclear permitem o tumor neuroendócrino (NET) de origem desconhecida para a pesquisa do tumor primário e o estadiamento da doença.

Resumen La arquitectura actúa como configuradora del espacio en el que, a pesar de que muchas variables son y deben ser cuantificadas, y estrictamente controladas, también a raíz de su relación directa con los modos de vida del ser humano, está sujeta a fenómenos singulares que le impiden acudir a fórmulas arquetípicas como solución al asunto del Habitar. En consecuencia, este artículo reconoce el valor de las vivencias, la convivencia y el relato de los eventos significativos, como un tema esencial para asegurar la calidad humana en el espacio construido, la contribución en la sensibilización de nuestra sociedad con su entorno y la evolución de la arquitectura misma. Esta última, al acoger sus contenidos ideográficos, se integran en la memoria colectiva y comprende que, a través de la construcción de lugares y no-lugares, afecta directamente los eventos cotidianos de la ciudad y a quienes la habitan.

Abstract T Architecture takes action in the configuration of space, but in spite of the fact that many variables are and have to be quantified and strictly controlled; also as a consequence of it’s direct relationship with human being’s way of living, Architecture is subject to singular phenomena that prevent it from attending archetypal formulas to solve the Dwelling issue. Therefore, this article seeks to recognize the value of life experiences, cohabitation and the narration of significant events, as an essential topic to ensure a human touch in built space, help sensitize our society with it’s environment and the evolution of Architecture itself; that by embracing it’s ideographic contents, manages to integrate in the collective memory and realize that through the construction of places and no-places, directly affects the everyday events of the city and the people who live in it.

Resumen Introducción. El trauma vascular es un evento de baja frecuencia, con alta carga de morbilidad y mortalidad, que afecta mayormente a hombres jóvenes y en muchas ocasiones requiere manejo quirúrgico. Se asocia con múltiples complicaciones, que van desde la reintervención quirúrgica, hasta la amputación de la extremidad, las cuales, a su vez, se ven influenciadas por variables relacionadas tanto con el trauma como con la atención hospitalaria. Objetivo. Caracterizar los pacientes mayores de 13 años con traumatismos arteriales periféricos en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo, de Neiva, Huila, Colombia, en el periodo enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2016. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de tipo descriptivo, con población a conveniencia de pacientes mayores de 13 años que sufrieron traumatismos arteriales periféricos y fueron llevados a procedimiento quirúrgico en el Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo. Resultados. Se encontraron 54 pacientes con trauma arterial periférico, cifra que representa el 1,5 % de los ingresos por trauma en la Institución durante el período de estudio. El género más representativo fue el masculino (n=49), las heridas por arma cortopunzante el principal mecanismo de trauma (n=22) y las extremidades el área comúnmente afectada (n=47). Se halló un puntaje de gravedad de la lesión promedio al ingreso de 26 puntos, y un tiempo de isquemia de extremidad mayor a seis horas al momento del ingreso en el 31,5 % de los casos (n=17). Conclusiones. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas fueron hechas en mayor medida por cirugía de trauma, seguido de cirugía vascular. El principal manejo fue la anastomosis término-terminal y el injerto de safena invertida. Las complicaciones fueron en mayor medida la trombosis arterial (n=12), seguida de la amputación de extremidad (n=7).

Abstract Introduction. Vascular trauma is a low frequency event, with a high burden of morbidity and mortality that mostly affects young men. It often requires surgical management, which is associated with multiple complications ranging from reoperation to limb amputation; that in turn, are influenced by variables associated with both trauma and hospital care. Objective. To characterize the patients over 13 years of age with peripheral arterial trauma admitted to the Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo University Hospital, Neiva, Colombia, from January 2014 to December 2016. Methods. Retrospective observational study of descriptive type with population of patients older than 13 years with peripheral arterial trauma who had a surgical procedure at the Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo University Hospital. Results. This study showed that the 54 patients with peripheral arterial trauma represented 1.5% of the total trauma admissions at the Institution during the study period. The most representative gender was male (n = 49), short stab wounds were the main mechanism of trauma (n = 22), and the extremities were the most commonly affected area (n = 47). An average ISS (Injury Severity Score) and a limb ischemia time of more than 6 hours in 31.48% (n = 17) of the patients were recorded at entry. Conclusions. Surgical interventions were undertaken by trauma surgery followed by vascular surgery. The main postoperative complications were arterial thrombosis (n=12) followed by limb amputation (n=7).

Resumen Catasetum tiene distribución Neotropical y su centro de diversidad está en la Amazonía brasileña. Colombia, pese a ser uno de los países más ricos en orquideoflora, es uno de los menos explorados. Por tal razón, el objetivo de la investigación fue conocer la diversidad, distribución, conservación y especies con potencial de uso en cultivo comercial de Catasetum para el departamento de Santander y Colombia en general. Se identificaron 14 especies y un nuevo registro para Colombia, C. tenebrosum. Tales taxones han experimentado un proceso de cultivo y domesticación para la preservación y propagación del material, con el propósito de manejo en colecciones privadas y comercialización. La distribución y riqueza interespecífica de Catasetum se encuentra principalmente en los municipios asociados al Valle interandino del Magdalena medio, adicional a esto, la modelación de nicho ecológico, incluye un área pequeña hacia el norte de la cordillera Oriental, flanco occidental, en la región del piedemonte como un foco donde se concentra las mejores condiciones bioclimáticas, entre un rango altitudinal de 50 a 1000 m. Se amplía la distribución y rango altitudinal de C. lucis, especie exclusiva de Santander, y en este estudio no se encontraron poblaciones nativas de C. tricorne. En conclusión, el departamento de Santander tiene la mayor diversidad de Catasetum en Colombia, por lo que puede ser considerado centro de conservación in situ y ex situ de las especies del país.

Abstract Catasetum has neotropical distribution and its diversity center is in the Brazilian Amazon. Spite of, Colombia being one of the richest countries in orchid flora, also it has been one of the least explored. For this reazon, the objective of this research was to understand the diversity, distribution, conservation and species with potential use in commercial cultivation of Catasetum to Santander Department and Colombia in general. 14 species and a new report for Colombia, C. tenebrosum were recorded. These plants have undergone a process of cultivation and domestication, for the material preservation and propagation, with the aim to manage private collections and marketing. The Catasetum distribution and inter-species wealth is mainly related with municipalities of the interandino Middle Magdalena Valley, stands like ecological niche modeling, adding the Eastern Cordillera, Occidental flank in the region of Piedmont, between an altitude ranges of 50 to 1000 m. It marks the distribution and altitudinal range C. lucis, Santander exclusive specie. In this study the C. tricorne native populations were not found. In conclusion, the Santander Department has the greatest diversity of Catasetum in Colombia, so it can be considered a species conservation center in situ and ex situ in the country.

Passiflora con ca. 575 especies es el género más rico de Passifloraceae cuyo centro de diversidad está en Colombia y Ecuador. Éste se divide en cinco subgéneros, entre estos Astrophea agrupa las especies arborescentes y leñosas. El propósito de la investigación fue conocer la diversidad y estado de conservación de especies del subgénero Astrophea para Colombia, sumando aspectos de distribución actual y potencial. Por lo anterior, se revisaron colecciones de herbarios nacionales e internacionales y literatura científica, complementando con colectas de campo. Los resultados fueron analizados con Excel© y los mapas obtenidos mediante Diva-GIS©, además los criterios de la IUCN se aplicaron para cada especie. Se registraron 375 observaciones, agrupadas en 24 especies distribuidas en 28 departamentos. La distribución potencial, sugiere nichos asociados a las regiones de Amazonía y Orinoquía; bioregiones con amplios vacíos de colecta ubicadas dentro de las preferencias de distribución por rango altitudinal de las especies (0-500 m.s.n.m.). Las áreas con mayor riqueza son el centro occidente y nororiente del país con más de siete especies por zona. Pese a esto, el 80% de las especies están por fuera de áreas protegidas, lo que se agrava bajo los criterios de la IUCN, pues el 46% presentan algún grado de amenaza, además del alto porcentaje de endemismo (37,5%). Once especies son incluidas como nuevos reportes para 14 departamentos. Esfuerzos de colecta deben orientarse en las regiones de distribución potencial que poseen condiciones bioclimáticas óptimas para el desarrollo de las especies.

Passiflora with approx. 575 species is the most diverse genus in Passifloraceae, with Colombia and Ecuador holding the largest number of taxa. It is divided into five subgenera, one of them being Astrophea, a group of arborescent and woody species. The aim of this research, was to assess the diversity and conservation status of the species in the subgenus Astrophea native to Colombia, and investigate their current and potential distribution. Subsequently, national and international herbarium collections and scientific literature were reviewed. This research was further supplemented by recent field collections. The results were analyzed with Excel © and maps obtained by Diva-GIS © to which the IUCN criteria were applied for each species. 24 species were identified, distributed within 28 departments, by assessing 375 records. The potential distribution ranges of the species, suggests niches associated to the Amazonía and Orinoquía, bioregions with large gaps in collection, provided they are in the species preferred altitudinal ranges (0-500 m). The most diverse parts of the country are the center west and northeast, with more than 7 taxa per area. 46% of species have some degree of threat and 37.5% are endemic. Despite this, 80% of species occur outside protected areas, which further complicate its conservation status according to the IUCN criteria. Eleven species are newly reported for the 14 departments. Collection efforts should be focused on areas with optimal bioclimatic conditions for the growth of species as regions for potential distribution.

En Colombia alrededor del 35% de las especies registradas son endémicas y, en algunos casos, sólo son conocidas por el espécimen o localidad tipo. No obstante, el avance de la frontera agrícola, la deforestación, la minería y otras prácticas antropogénicas, son las principales causas de su extinción. Los estudios realizados en Santander, desde la decada del sesenta, determinaron que Sobralia uribei, especie endémica de este departamento, es conocida en una localidad del municipio de Piedecuesta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la diversidad intraespecífica, distribución y estado actual de conservación de S. uribei. Por esta razón, se revisaron los herbarios locales y se realizaron salidas de campo en el departamento de Santander. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados para análisis morfológicos y biogeográficos mediante el programa DIVA-GIS. Después de 54 años, se registra una nueva localidad en el municipio de Contratación, a una distancia en línea recta de 84 km, y un promedio de 1500-2000 msnm. Los caracteres morfológicos diferenciales fueron la altura de la planta (1-3 m), el color del ápice del labelo (blanco o lila), y el número de flores por racimo (9-11vs 7-9). La distribución potencial se concentró en los municipios de El Carmen, San Vicente de Chucurí, Hato, Galán y Zapatoca, entre los 1500 a 2600 msnm, y no donde fue colectada. La temperatura de las subpoblaciones no presenta diferencias significativas, y los inicios de la precipitación de enero a abril permiten la floración de la especie. El estatus de conservación de S. uribei se defiene en la categoría de Peligro Crítico (CR) según los criterios de riesgo propuestos por la UICN. Actualmente, la intervención antrópica es el factor principal que puede causar la extinción de las subpoblaciones existentes, por lo que estrategias de conservación in situ y ex situ son urgentes y necesarias.

In Colombia, about 35% of the recorded species are endemic and in some cases are only known specimen type or location. However, the advance of the agricultural frontier, deforestation, mining and other anthropogenic practices are the main causes of extinction. Studies in Santander, from the sixties, determined that Sobralia uribei, endemic to this department, is known in a locality in the municipality of Piedecuesta. The objective of this research was to study the intraspecific diversity, distribution and state of conservation of S. uribei. For this reason, local herbal reviewed and conducted field trips in the Department of Santander. The data obtained were processed for morphological and biogeographic analysis using DIVA-GIS program. After 54 years, a new location is recorded in the municipality of Trade, a straight line distance of 84 km, and an average of 1500 to 2000 m. The differential morphological characters were plant height (1-3 m), the apex of the lip color (white or purple), and the number of flowers per cluster (9-11 vs 7-9). The potential distribution is concentrated in the towns of El Carmen, San Vicente de Chucurí, Hato, Galán and Zapatoca, between 1500-2600 m, and not where it was collected. The temperature of subpopulations no significant differences and the beginning of the precipitation from January to April, allowing the flowering of the species. The conservation status of S. uribei is defiene in the category of Critically Endangered (CR) according to risk criteria proposed by IUCN. Currently, human intervention is the main factor that may cause the extinction of existing subpopulations, so conservation strategies in situ and ex situ, are urgent and necessary.

El presente trabajo constituye el consolidado de los resultados de investigación correspondientes a un estudio exploratorio conducente a la identificación de los estilos de liderazgo predominantes en los dirigentes de las empresas de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia y su Area Metropólitana (AMB). Para tal fin, a partir de un muestreo representativo, se aplicó un instrumento de evaluación basado en el modelo de los cuatro marcos del liderazgo sobre 329 gerentes y se realizó el subsecuente análisis estadístico de los resultados. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se concluye que los gerentes del AMB, en general, tienden frecuentemente hacia prácticas como la definición de objetivos, procedimientos, normas claras, dirección a través del análisis y el diseño de planes ampliamente aceptados; y, en menor medida hacia prácticas como el estímulo al desarrollo de sus colaboradores, la competencia interna, la resolución de conflictos y la conformación de una base de poder para ejercer su liderazgo. Adicionalmente, se señalan las relaciones existentes entre cada uno de los estilos definidos y algunas variables sociodemográficas como la edad, el sexo y el sector económico de desempeño.

This paper aims to present the result of a research concerning an exploratory study, conducted to identify the predominant leadership styles in business managers of the city of Bucaramanga and its surrounded area in Colombia, To this end, after a representative sampling-process definition, an assessment tool based on the model of four frames of leadership and its subsequent statistical analysis of the results was applied over 329 top managers, Considering the above, we found, in general, that managers in the AMB tend to apply practices such as defining objectives, procedures, and clear rules, and their way of direction is mainly through the analysis and designing of widely accepted plans; and in lesser extent to practices such as employee development, encouraging internal competition, conflict resolution and a conformation of a power base to lead others, Moreover, statistical links among the founded styles and some socio-demographic variables are presented as additional contributions

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa que leva em conta um estudo exploratório, conduzido para identificar os estilos de liderança predominantes na gerência de negócios da cidade de Bucaramanga e em sua área metropolitana localizadas na Colômbia, Para este fim, após feita a definição do processo de amostragem representativa, uma ferramenta de avaliação baseada no modelo de quatro quadros de liderança e sua posterior análise estatística dos resultados foi aplicado com 329 gestores de alto cargo, De acordo com o exposto, conclui-se que os gerentes da AMB, em geral, muitas vezes tendem a práticas como a definição dos objectivos, procedimentos, regras claras, de direção através da análise e concepção de planos amplamente aceitas; e, em menor extensão em práticas como o incentivo ao desenvolvimento de seus funcionários, a concorrência interna, resolução de conflitos e estabelecimento de uma base de poder para exercer sua liderança, Além disso, as ligações estatísticas entre os estilos fundados e algumas variáveis sócio-demográficas são apresentadas como contributes adicionais