ABSTRACT The use of residues resulting from the processing of agricultural products is an widely studied topic, which is justified by the need to reduce costs and by the search for productive sustainability, which has as one of its principles the full use production, reducing waste and therefore increasing the amount of products extracted per unit of area. Residual seeds, resulting from the production of fruit pulps, are rich in nutrients and with the potential to be further improved by the application of germination, increasing the protein content and the content of bioactive compounds. However, in the germination process, the product acquires a high water content, requiring immediate drying and control of the water adsorption kinetics after dehydration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the water adsorption isotherms of germinated seeds flours from pumpkins of three varieties at temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 °C, to obtain the most appropriate mathematical model to describe the hygroscopic behavior and to determine the thermodynamic properties of water adsorption, through the values of the integral isosteric heat, differential entropy, differential enthalpy and Gibbs free energy for the studied conditions. The GAB and Peleg models fit the experimental data well. With increasing water activity, there was a reduction in isosteric heat and entropy. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was confirmed. Gibbs free energy was negative for all temperatures, increasing with increasing equilibrium water content, demonstrating that it is a spontaneous process.

Abstract Jackfruit is an exotic fruit present in the Northeast region of Brazil, presenting a great economic potential for the region because of the internal and external commercialization of its fruit. Its seed is rich in carbohydrates, protein, minerals and vitamins, and is an alternative source of starch and for food. Germination is an easily accessible, inexpensive technology for the production of sprouts, improving the bioavailability of nutrients in the seed for consumption, such as proteins and bioactive compounds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical, physical and physicochemical parameters of fresh and germinated jackfruit seeds. The germination of jackfruit seeds increased the contents of water, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and total sugars, in addition to reducing the content of starch, lipids, tannins and the parameters of color, luminosity, red (+ a*) and yellow (+b*) intensities. In relation to the physical properties of the seed, there was an increase in the real specific mass and in the unit mass. For apparent specific mass there was a reduction. Seed germination provided an increase in the levels of magnesium, iron and sodium, consequently reducing potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, copper and manganese.

Resumo A jaca é um fruto exótico presente na região Nordeste do Brasil, apresentando um grande potencial econômico para região em face da comercialização interna e externa do seu fruto. Sua semente é rica em carboidratos, proteína, minerais e vitaminas, constituindo fonte alternativa de amido para alimentação. A germinação é uma tecnologia barata de fácil acesso para produção de brotos, melhorando a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes na semente para o consumo, a exemplo das proteínas e compostos bioativos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros químicos, físicos e físico-químicos das sementes de jaca in natura e germinadas. A germinação das sementes de jaca proporcionou o aumento nos teores de água, proteínas, ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos e açúcares totais, além de reduzir os conteúdo de amido, lipídios, taninos e os parâmetros de cor, a luminosidade, intensidade de vermelho (+a*) e de amarelo (+b*). Em relação às propriedades físicas da semente, ocorreu acréscimo na massa específica real e na massa unitária. Para massa específica aparente houve redução. A germinação das sementes proporcionou aumento nos teores de magnésio, ferro e sódio, consequentemente ocorrendo redução de potássio, fósforo, cálcio, zinco, cobre e manganês.

RESUMO A quantidade e a qualidade da água potável ingerida estão diretamente relacionadas com a saúde humana. A garantia de segurança e potabilidade depende do funcionamento adequado de etapas que vão desde o tratamento até a distribuição; e, caso alguma delas apresente falhas, pode haver processo de contaminação. Partindo desse pressuposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho verificar a qualidade microbiológica da água fornecida em bebedouros de escolas públicas e privadas de ensino fundamental e infantil da cidade de Santa Rita, na Paraíba. As análises de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e bactérias heterotróficas foram realizadas segundo os padrões e metodologias da American Public Health Association. Por meio dos resultados deste trabalho, baseados nos padrões contidos na Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011, do Ministério da Saúde, em relação à contagem de coliformes totais, verificou-se que 100% das amostras apresentavam-se impróprias para consumo, enquanto coliformes termotolerantes foram detectados em 33,33% das amostras). A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas variou entre 1,5x102 e 1,6x103 UFC.mL-1, sendo assim, todas as amostras foram consideradas impróprias ao consumo humano. Sugere-se um rigoroso controle de qualidade e a adoção de boas práticas, tais como tratamento da água, limpezas periódicas e manutenção dos reservatórios, filtros e bebedouros, bem como medidas preventivas e corretivas para manutenção da higiene e do controle microbiológico dos reservatórios de água, de forma a ser disponibilizada água com qualidade.

ABSTRACT The quantity and the quality of drinking water intake are directly related to human health. In order to guarantee the safety and potability of drinking water, a series of steps ranging from treatment to distribution must work properly, and if any of them fails, contamination can occur. Based on this assumption, the aim of the present work was to check the microbiological water quality in drinking fountains from pre-school and elementary public and private schools in the city of Santa Rita, Paraíba, Brazil. The analyzes of total coliforms, thermotolerant bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria were carried out according to the standards and methodologies of the American Public Health Association. Based on the standards from Decree 2,914 of December 12, 2011, from the Brazilian Health Ministry, of the total coliforms, 12 samples (100%) were unfit for consumption, and thermotolerant coliforms were detected in 33.33% of the samples. The heterotrophic bacteria count ranged from 1.5x102 to 1.6x103 CFU.mL-1, and as such, all of the samples were unsuitable for human consumption. Thus, we suggest the implementation of a rigorous maintenance process that monitors and controls hygiene and microbiological contamination in the drinking fountains at these locations. Additionally, we recommend the adoption of preventive and corrective measures such as water treatment, regular cleaning and the maintenance of reservoirs, filters and drinking fountains, in order to provide quality water at these schools.