RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se há influência do alagamento temporário do solo no desempenho agronômico e no rendimento de cultivares de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 11x2 (onze cultivares e duas condições hídricas do solo), com quatro repetições. O estresse foi o imposto no estádio antecedente a antese das plantas. Foi realizada a avaliação por dois anos (2016/2017) do número de espigueta da espiga principal, número de sementes da espiga principal, massa de sementes da espiga principal, número de sementes da espiga do perfilho, massa de sementes da espiga do perfilho e rendimento da área útil. Os atributos físicos número de sementes, massa de sementes e o rendimento de sementes de trigo, conforme a cultivar e ano agrícola, são afetados negativamente pelo alagamento temporário (12 dias) do solo. Há influência do alagamento temporário do solo no desempenho agronômico e na produtividade das variedades de trigo. As variedades TBio Toruk, TBio Sinuelo, TBio Sintonia e CD151 são superiores na condição de alagamento do solo para o número de espiguetas, número de sementes e para o atributo massa de sementes. Na condição de capacidade de campo, as sementes produzidas apresentam maior rendimento, atingindo cerca de 309,2 Kg a mais para a cultivar TBio Sinuelo, 262 Kg para a TBio Toruk e 114 Kg na CD1303 em comparação àquelas produzidas sob o período de alagamento imposto.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to evaluate whether there is any influence of temporary soil flooding on the agronomic performance and yield of wheat varieties. The experimental design was completely random blocks, in an 11x2 factorial scheme (eleven varieties and two soil water conditions), with four replications. Stress was imposed in the stage prior to plant anthesis. The assessments were made in two seasons (2016/2017) in relation to the number of spikelets in the main ear, number of seeds in the main ear, mass of seeds in the main ear, number of seeds in the tiller ear, mass of seeds in the tiller ear and yield in the useful area. The physical attributes number of seeds, seed mass and wheat seed yield, according to variety and agricultural year, are negatively affected by the temporary flooding (12 days) of the soil. There is influence of temporary soil flooding on the agronomic performance and yield of wheat varieties. The varieties TBio Toruk, TBio Sinuelo, TBio Sintonia, and CD151 are superior in soil flooding condition for the number of spikelets, number of seeds end for the seed mass attribute. In the soil at field capacity, the seeds produced have higher yield compared to those produced under flooding period, reaching about 309.2 Kg more for the variety TBio Sinuelo, 262 Kg for TBio Toruk and 114 Kg in CD1303.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen dose management on the growth responses and physiological performance of barley seeds. Two barley cultivars (BRS Brau and BRS Cauê) and four nitrogen doses were used. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 2 X 4 factorial scheme (cultivars BRS Brau and BRS Cauê x nitrogen doses 120, 150, 180, and 210 kg ha-1). Successive collections of primary data were performed every fourteen days for growth analysis. The analyzed variables were total dry matter, dry matter production and relative growth rate, assimilated partition, and seed electrical conductivity. Increasing nitrogen doses caused a temporal-quantitative difference in growth, partition, and the accelerated aging test of barley seeds. The 150 kg ha-1 N dose resulted in total dry matter over time (Wt) superiority for both evaluated cultivars. The variable dry matter production rate achieved an increase with the 150 kg ha-1 N dose at 70 days after emergence (DAE) for BRS Brau and at 56 DAE for BRS Cauê supporting Wt. The 180 and 150 kg ha-1 N doses increased the relative growth rate for BRS Brau and BRS Cauê.

RESUMEN Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del manejo de las dosis de nitrógeno en las respuestas de crecimiento y el rendimiento fisiológico de las semillas de cebada. Se utilizaron dos cultivares de cebada (BRS Brau and BRS Cauê) y cuatro dosis de nitrógeno. El diseño experimental consistió en bloques al azar en un esquema factorial 2 X 4 (cultivares BRS Brau y BRS Cauê x dosis de nitrógeno 120, 150, 180 y 210 kg ha-1). Se realizaron recolecciones sucesivas de datos primarios cada catorce días para el análisis de crecimiento. Las variables analizadas fueron materia seca total, producción de materia seca y tasa de crecimiento relativa, partición asimilada y conductividad eléctrica de las semillas. El aumento de las dosis de nitrógeno causa una diferencia cuantitativa-temporal en el crecimiento, partición y la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado de las semillas de cebada. La dosis de 150 kg ha-1 N resultó en una superioridad total de la materia seca en el tiempo (Wt) para ambos cultivares evaluados. La tasa variable de producción de materia seca logró un aumento para la dosis de 150 kg ha-1 N a los 70 días después de la germinación (DAE) para BRS Brau y a 56 DAE para BRS Cauê apoyando Wt. Las dosis de 180 y 150 kg ha-1 N aumentaron la tasa de crecimiento relativo para BRS Brau y BRS Cauê.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of wheat plant grown from seeds with different vigor levels. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3 x 3 factorial design (cultivar x vigor level) with four replications. The wheat cultivars were Tbio Toruk, Tbio Mestre and Tbio Iguaçu. The classification of vigor levels was high, medium and low, determined by several vigor procedures. The following evaluations were performed: plant height, number of spikelets in the main tiller, number of seeds in the main tiller, seed mass in the main tiller, number of fertile tillers, number of seeds in tillers, seed mass in tillers, number of plants.m-2, number of spikes.m-2, and grain yield per hectare. The use of high vigor seeds provides a greater number of wheat plants and spikes per area. Grain yield is affected significantly by seed vigor level: there is an increase of up to 11% by using high vigor seeds compared to low vigor seeds.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar comparativamente o crescimento e a expressão do vigor de sementes de feijão provenientes de plantas submetidas à aplicação de ácido giberélico. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de ácido giberélico nas concentrações de zero; 50; 100 e 200 mg.L-1 no estádio V2. As coletas para análise de crescimento foram realizadas em intervalos regulares de sete dias após a semeadura, até as plantas atingirem o estádio R9. Em cada coleta, as plantas foram separadas em órgãos, para a determinação do crescimento e da partição de matéria seca. Além disso, determinou-se o índice de colheita, massa de mil sementes, número de sementes por planta, inserção da primeira vagem, comprimento e matéria seca total de plântulas. A matéria seca total, as taxas de produção de matéria seca e a eficiência de conversão de energia solar são superiores em plantas submetidas à aplicação exógena de ácido giberélico. O índice de colheita bem como o número de sementes por planta apresentam uma tendência de redução com a elevação da concentração de ácido giberélico. Contudo, a massa de mil sementes tende a ser superior na dose de 50 mg.L-1. O vigor de sementes de feijão, avaliado pelo teste de comprimento de plântulas, é alterado com aplicação de ácido giberélico.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of bean seeds from plants submitted to the application of gibberellic acid. The treatments consisted of the application of gibberellic acid in concentrations of zero; 50; 100 and 200 mg.L-1 in the V2 stage. The samples for growth analysis were performed at regular intervals of seven days after sowing, until the plants reached the R9 stage. At each collection, the plants were separated into organs for determination of growth and dry matter partition. In addition, the harvest index, mass of one thousand seeds, number of seeds per plant, insertion of the first pod, length and total dry matter of seedlings were determined. Total dry matter, dry matter production rates and solar energy conversion efficiency are higher in plants submitted to the exogenous application of gibberellic acid. The harvest index as well as the number of seeds per plant present a tendency of reduction with the increase of the gibberellic acid concentration. However, the mass of one thousand seeds tends to be higher in the dose of 50 mg.L-1. The vigor of bean seeds, evaluated by the test of seedling length, is altered with application of gibberellic acid.

Resumen: El uso de reguladores de crecimiento en trigo tiene el objetivo de reducir los problemas causados por el acamado de plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la expresión del crecimiento y el vigor de las semillas de trigo, tratadas con un regulador de crecimiento, y el uso de fertilización para obtener altos rendimientos. El cultivar utilizado fue OR Topázio, y los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco concentraciones del trinexapac-etilo [0-sin aplicación; 200; 400; 600 y 800 ml de producto comercial ha-1] con ocho períodos de colecta [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 y 112 días después de la emergencia]. Se utilizó un diseño experimental enteramente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial 5 x 8 (cinco concentraciones y ocho períodos de colecta), con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó materia seca total, tasa de producción de materia seca, tasa relativa de crecimiento, tasa de asimilación neta, eficiencia de conversión de energía solar, partición de fotoasimilados, índice de cosecha e índice de velocidad de emergencia. La acumulación de materia seca total, tasa de crecimiento relativo, altura de la planta y el índice de cosecha se redujeron con el regulador de crecimiento, con intensidad variada de acuerdo con la concentración aplicada. La tasa de asimilación neta se redujo cuando las plantas fueron sometidas a las concentraciones de 400, 600 y 800 ml ha-1. La emergencia de las plántulas y el índice de velocidad de emergencia no se vieron afectados por la acción del regulador de crecimiento.

Summary: The use of growth regulators in wheat aims to reduce problems caused by the lodging of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of wheat seeds treated with a growth regulator and the fertilization of plants to achieve high yields. The cultivar used was OR Topázio, the treatments consisted of the combination of five rates of the trinexapac-ethyl [0 - no application; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mL of the commercial product ha-1] and eight harvesting dates [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 days after emergence ]. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 5 x 8 (five rates and eight harvest dates) with four repetitions. The total dry matter, dry matter production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, conversion efficiency of solar energy, photoassimilate partition, harvest index, and seedling emergence index were evaluated. Allocation of total dry matter, relative growth rate, plant height and harvest index were reduced by the growth regulator, with varied intensity according to the rate applied. The net assimilation rate was reduced in plants subjected to 400, 600 and 800 mL ha-1. The seedling emergence and the speed of emergence index were not affected by the action of the growth regulator.