Abstract This article seeks to present a theoretical-practical reflection on the experience of future history teachers, graduates of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), and operators of the rights of children and adolescents (guardianship counselors) in Brazil. A dialogue that allowed the development of an epistemological reflection on education and social issues, especially the relationship between teaching, school and the network for the protection of children and adolescents. In the first part, we will present the scenario of practice and reflection and the idea of a safety net. In a second moment, we presented a debate on how these agents became the main articulators between the school, the community and the child protection network. Next, we will treat the school as a space of protection and the role that the history teacher can play to face violence and defend the rights of children and adolescents. Finally, we point out some knowledge and actions necessary for the teacher to face the social challenges of the present and the future in the Brazilian school space, showing how the dialogue of this fruitful pedagogical encounter took place.

Resumen Este artículo busca presentar una reflexión teórico-práctica sobre la experiencia de los futuros profesores de historia, graduados de la Universidad Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), y los operadores de los derechos de los niños y adolescentes (Consejeros de Tutela) en Brasil. Un diálogo que permitió el desarrollo de una reflexión epistemológica sobre la enseñanza y las cuestiones sociales, especialmente la relación entre la enseñanza, la escuela y la red de protección de niños y adolescentes. En la primera parte, presentaremos el escenario de la práctica y la reflexión y la idea de una red de seguridad. En un segundo momento, presentamos un debate sobre cómo estos agentes se convirtieron en los principales articuladores entre la escuela, la comunidad y la red de protección de niños, niñas y adolescentes. A continuación, trataremos la escuela como un espacio de protección y el papel que puede desempeñar el profesor de historia para enfrentar la violencia y defender los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Finalmente, señalamos algunos conocimientos y acciones necesarias para que el profesor enfrente los desafíos sociales del presente y del futuro en el espacio escolar brasileño, mostrando cómo tuvo lugar el diálogo de este fructífero encuentro pedagógico.

ABSTRACT Some scientific evidence shows that military personnel, including lifeguard firefighters, with high levels of physical fitness may be able to perform their work tasks more efficiently and make the best decisions. The present work aimed to investigate the correlation between anthropometric variables and physical performance in lifeguard firefighters. The sample consisted of 105 men, lifeguard firefighters from the military fire department of the state of Rio de Janeiro. On the first visit, the following procedures were performed: a) completion of the par-Q and the Informed Consent Form; b) anthropometric and body composition measurements. On the second visit, the following tests were performed: 1) 20-meter sprint; 2) zigzag COD; 3) Running Anaerobic Sprint Test. Positive correlations were observed between abdominal perimeter and time in the 20-meter sprint, time in the zig-zag COD, total time in the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test; between waist-to-hip ratio and time in the 20-meter sprint, total time in the Running Anaerobic Sprint Test. Furthermore, negative correlations were observed between abdominal perimeter and velocity in the 20-meter sprint, velocity in the zig-zag COD; between waist-to-hip ratio and speed in the 20-meter sprint. However, no correlations were observed between the perimeter of the abdomen and the fatigue index; between waist-to-hip ratio and zig-zag time and speed COD, fatigue index. it was verified that, in lifeguard firefighters, high scores of abdominal circumference and waist-to-hip ratio negatively influence physical performance.

RESUMO Algumas evidências mostram que militares, dentre eles os bombeiros guarda-vidas, com elevados níveis de aptidão física podem ser capazes de executar suas tarefas laborais com maior eficiência e tomar as melhores decisões. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a correlação entre variáveis antropométricas e desempenho físico, em bombeiros guarda-vidas. A amostra foi composta por 105 homens, bombeiros guarda-vidas do corpo de bombeiros militares do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram observadas correlações positivas entre perímetro do abdômen e tempo no sprint de 20 metros, tempo no zig zag COD, tempo total no Running Anaerobic Sprint Test; entre relação cintura quadril e tempo no sprint de 20 metros, tempo total no Running Anaerobic Sprint Test. Além do mais, foram observadas correlações negativas entre perímetro do abdômen e velocidade no sprint de 20 metros, velocidade no zig zag COD; entre relação cintura quadril e velocidade no sprint de 20 metros. Entretanto, não foram observadas correlações entre perímetro do abdômen e índice de fadiga; entre relação cintura quadril e tempo e velocidade no zig zag COD, índice de fadiga. Verifica-se que, em bombeiros guarda-vidas, elevados escores de circunferência abdominal e relação cintura quadril influenciam, de forma negativa, no desempenho físico.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

Abstract Aim: To assess the postural control performance of football 5-a-side (FFS) players, comparing them with sighted players. Methods: Eight FFS players and 7 sighted futsal players were included. Postural control tests included feet together stance (FTS) and single-leg stance (SLS) tasks, performed on rigid and foam surfaces. Sighted players performed the tests with open (EO) and closed (EC) eyes. Area of displacement (Area) and average velocity (Vavg) were calculated from the center of pressure time-series coordinates. Results: On both surfaces conditions, a significant difference between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EO players was observed during FTS (higher Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.04) and SLS (higher Area and Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.01). No differences between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EC players were found. Differences between sighted EO vs. sighted EC were observed during FTS on the foam surface, and in SLS on both surface conditions (p < 0.03). Conclusion: FFS players’ postural control performance is similar to sighted players with EC but worse than sighted players with EO, suggesting their postural control performance can be simply explained in terms of visual restriction.

Resumo As novas centralidades passaram a ter um papel mais destacado na malha urbana brasileira desde a década de 2000. A cidade de Pau dos Ferros, localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, destacou-se ao expandir sua influência regional no período 2003-2014. O objetivo deste texto é entender como o gasto público fortaleceu a centralidade regional dessa cidade. A hipótese discutida é de que o gasto público é um elemento fundamental para garantir a integração urbano-regional de cidades intermediárias localizadas nas áreas não metropolitanas do Nordeste brasileiro. Conclui-se que, dentre os gastos públicos, aqueles direcionados ao ensino superior foram decisivos para que o município de Pau dos Ferros atingisse maior relevância regional.

Abstract The new centralities started to play a more prominent role in the Brazilian urban network in the 2000s. The city of Pau dos Ferros, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, stood out by expanding its regional influence between 2003 and 2014. The purpose of this text is to understand how public spending has strengthened the regional centrality of Pau dos Ferros. The hypothesis discussed here is that public spending is a fundamental element to guarantee the urban--regional integration of intermediate cities located in the non-metropolitan areas of Northeastern Brazil. The conclusion is that, among public expenditures, those directed to higher education were decisive for the municipality of Pau dos Ferros to achieve greater regional relevance.

RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente, não há clareza no que diz respeito ao uso da técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análise do efeito da suplementação de creatina (Cr) sobre as estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético submetido a exercício. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características espectrais do músculo tibial anterior de ratos submetidos a exercício em piscina e à suplementação com Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. Em primeiro lugar, foi realizada uma experiência para assegurar que a FT-IR seria capaz de detectar a variação nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético no grupo de ratos sedentários (SED) e no grupo de ratos que só receberam suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. Em seguida, foi examinado o efeito do exercício físico sobre as características espectrais do tecido muscular, especialmente quando comparado com os grupos sem prática de exercício. Resultados: Foi possível verificar que os picos centrados em 1658 cm−1(amida I) e 1546 cm−1(amida II) são espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores do teor proteico. Conclusão: Assim sendo, a técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostrou ser capaz de monitorar as variações nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético tanto em animais que receberam suplementos, quanto nos que foram submetidos a exercício e ambos os casos conciliados. Além disso, a técnica FT-IR provou ser um método viável para a avaliação não destrutiva de estruturas proteicas no músculo esquelético. Nível de evidência II, Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently there is a lack of clarity around the use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein subjected to exercise. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the spectral characteristics of the tibialis anterior muscle in rats subjected to exercise in a pool and to Cr supplementation. Methods: Experiment 1. First, an experiment was conducted to ensure that FT-IR would be able to detect change in the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein in the group of sedentary rats (SED) and in the group of rats that received creatine supplementation (CRE). Experiment 2. Next, the effect of physical exercise on the spectral characteristics of muscle tissue, especially when compared to the groups without exercise practice, was examined. Results: It was possible to verify that the peaks centered on 1658 cm-1 (amide I) and 1546 cm-1 (amide II) are characteristic spectra and indicated as markers of protein content. Conclusion: Thus, FT-IR spectroscopy proved to be able to monitor changes in secondary structures of skeletal muscle protein in both animals that received supplements and in those subjected to exercise and both cases reconciled. Furthermore, the FT-IR technique proved to be a viable method for the nondestructive evaluation of skeletal muscle protein structures. Level of evidence II, Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente, no hay claridad en lo que se refiere al uso de la técnica de espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análisis del efecto de la suplementación de creatina (Cr) sobre las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético sometido a ejercicio. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características espectrales del músculo tibial anterior de ratones sometidos a ejercicio en piscina y a la suplementación con Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. En primer lugar, fue realizada una experiencia para asegurar que la FT-IR sería capaz de detectar la variación en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético en el grupo de ratones sedentarios (SED) y el grupo de ratones que sólo recibieron suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. A continuación, fue examinado el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las características espectrales del tejido muscular, especialmente cuando comparado con los grupos sin práctica de ejercicio. Resultados: Fue posible verificar que los picos centrados en 1658 cm−1 (amida I) y 1546 cm−1 (amida II) son espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores del tenor proteico. Conclusión: Siendo así, la técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostró ser capaz de monitorizar las variaciones en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético, tanto en animales que recibieron suplementos, como en los que fueron sometidos a ejercicio y ambos casos conciliados. Además, la técnica FT-IR probó ser un método viable para la evaluación no destructiva de las estructuras proteicas en el músculo esquelético. Nivel de evidencia II, Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: The present study compared cardiorespiratory capacity between cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Nineteen cirrhotic patients and 19 healthy subjects, paired by age and gender, participated in the study. Volunteers performed an incremental cardiopulmonary test with a ramp protocol, a ventilatory and metabolic variables were obtained and analyzed. The recovery was analyzed by calculating the time needed for 50% of oxygen consumption (VO2) recovery to occur as the median between the peak of the exercise and the end of recovery on the VO2 curve (T1/2). The VE/VCO2 slope were performed by the linear regression of ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) data. RESULTS: During resting condition, cirrhotic patients presented significantly higher levels of VO2 compared to healthy subjects. The VE/ VO2 and VE/ VCO2 values were significantly higher in the control group at the anaerobic threshold and at the peak of the test compared to cirrhotic patients. Time under effort was significantly higher for healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that liver cirrhosis can compromise the patients’ quality of life, mainly by inducing metabolic alterations which can impair functional capacity and lead to a sedentary lifestyle.

Abstract Aim: Several health professionals prescribe static stretching exercises (SS) as essential for those that practice physical exercises, for injury prevention and performance improvement, although there is still no consensus. There are few studies on the effects of SS use on warming up. Thus study aimed to compare the effects of the inclusion of SS in general warming up procedures on muscle strength in Brazilian army personnel. Methods: Thirty-two young military men were selected. They were subjected to anthropometric evaluation and performed knee extension and flexion in an isokinetic digital dynamometer, at a speed of 60°/s. Then, they were divided into two randomized and counterbalanced groups, Traditional Group (TG) and Experimental Group (EG). The TG performed the lower limbs warm-up protocol provided for military physical training (MPT) and immediately after, performed the isokinetic muscle strength test. The EG performed the same protocol, performing the SS in the hamstrings and quadriceps, before warming up. Results: An increase was found in the peak isokinetic torque in the knee extension of the EG (Pre: 209.80 ± 21.36 vs Post: 243.98 ± 30.35; p = 0.001) and flexion (Pre: 130.86 ± 18.63 vs Post: 142.41 ± 25.92; p = 0.006). In the TG, significant differences were found in the extension of the knee, but not in flexion (Pre: 209.14 ± 34.27 vs. Post: 239.38 ± 36.17; p = 0.001 and Pre: 129.23 ± 18.43 vs Post: 133.66 ± 13.20; p = 0.297, respectively). Conclusion: The inclusion of SS in general warming up did not harm and even improved muscle strength performance in knee extension and flexion in Brazilian Army military personnel.

RESUMO Introdução Viscossuplementação e treinamento de força são intervenções propostas no tratamento da osteoartrite de joelho. Objetivo Descrever a resposta isocinética em mulheres com osteoartrite de joelho submetidas a ambas intervenções. Métodos Ensaio clínico duplo-cego e randomizado envolvendo 30 mulheres com diagnóstico de osteoartrite bilateral de joelho de graus II e III utilizando os critérios radiológicos de Kellgren & Lawrence. Elas foram randomizadas em três grupos de dez pacientes cada: um grupo foi submetido à viscossuplementação e ao treinamento de força (VTF), o outro submetido ao treinamento de força (TF) e o terceiro grupo foi submetido apenas à viscossuplementação (VS). Todas as avaliações seguiram as fases do estudo definidas como pré-procedimento (PRE); após 48 horas da VS (POS-VS); após 12 semanas de treinamento (POS T) e após oito semanas de destreinamento (POS D). Foram realizadas infiltrações intra-articulares de joelho com uma dose única de Hilano GF-20 e dinamometria isocinética para determinar o torque máximo em extensão e em flexão do joelho. A dor foi medida através da escala visual analógica (EVA). Resultados As intervenções promoveram melhorias na resposta isocinética em todos os três grupos e em ambos grupos musculares, com vantagem para o grupo extensor. Observou-se uma diferença significativa na resposta isocinética dos grupos treinados quando comparados ao grupo somente viscossuplementado (p<0,005), além disso o grupo VTF apresentou melhor resposta isocinética quando comparado ao grupo TF. Conclusão O tratamento combinado de viscossuplementação e treinamento de força e o tratamento com o treinamento de força apenas apresentaram melhores resultados na resposta isocinética e na redução da dor do que o tratamento apenas com viscossuplementação. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos–Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Viscosupplementation and strength training are proposed interventions in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Objective To describe the isokinetic response in women with knee osteoarthritis who underwent both interventions. Methods A double-blind, randomized clinical trial involving thirty women diagnosed with grade II and III bilateral knee osteoarthritis using the radiological criteria of Kellgren & Lawrence. The subjects were randomized into three groups of ten patients each: one group was submitted to viscosupplementation and strength training (VST), another was submitted to strength training (ST) only, and a third to viscosupplementation (VS) only. All evaluations followed the study phases defined as pre-procedure (PRE); after 48 hours of VS (POS-VS); after 12 weeks of training (POS T); and after eight weeks of detraining (POS D). Intra-articular knee infiltrations were performed with a single dose of Hylan GF-20 and isokinetic dynamometry to determine the maximum torque in knee extension and flexion. Pain was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results The interventions promoted improvements in the isokinetic response in all three groups and in both muscle groups, with advantage for the extensor group. A significant difference was noticed in the isokinetic response of the trained groups when compared only to the viscosupplemented group (p<0.005), and the VST group showed better isokinetic response compared to the ST group. Conclusion Combined treatment with viscosupplementation and strength training, and treatment with strength training only, presented better results in terms of isokinetic response and pain reduction than viscosupplementation alone. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies-Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción Viscosuplementación y entrenamiento de fuerza son intervenciones propuestas en el tratamiento de osteoartritis de rodilla. Objetivo Describir la respuesta isocinética en mujeres con osteoartritis de rodilla sometidas a ambas intervenciones. Métodos Ensayo clínico doble ciego y aleatorizado que involucró a 30 mujeres con diagnóstico de osteoartritis bilateral de rodilla de grados II y III utilizando los criterios radiológicos de Kellgren y Lawrence. Ellas fueron aleatorizadas en tres grupos con diez pacientes cada uno: un grupo fue sometido a viscosuplementación y al entrenamiento de fuerza (VEF), el otro sometido al entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) y el tercer grupo sometido sólo a la viscosuplementación (VS). Todas las evaluaciones siguieron las fases del estudio definidas como pre-procedimiento (PRE); después de 48 horas de la VS (POS-VS); después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento (POS E) y después de ocho semanas de desentrenamiento (POS D). Fueron realizadas infiltraciones intraarticulares de rodilla con una dosis única de Hilano GF-20 y dinamometría isocinética para determinar el torque máximo en extensión y en flexión de rodilla. El dolor fue medido a través de la escala visual analógica (EVA) Resultados: Las intervenciones promovieron mejoras en la respuesta isocinética en los tres grupos y en ambos grupos musculares, con ventaja para el grupo extensor. Se observ ó una significativa diferencia en la respuesta isocinética de los grupos entrenados cuando comparados solamente al grupo viscosuplementado (p<0,005), además el grupo VEF presentó mejor respuesta isocinética cuando comparado al grupo EF. Conclusión El tratamiento combinado de viscosuplementación y entrenamiento de fuerza y el tratamiento con entrenamiento de fuerza sólo presentaron mejores resultados en la respuesta isocinética y en la reducción del dolor que el tratamiento con sólo viscosuplementación. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos-Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o efeito agudo do alongamento estático (AE) dos músculos antagonistas (isquiostibiais) intra-série no volume de repetições máximas dos extensores de joelho no exercício cadeira extensora. A amostra foi composta por 15 homens voluntários, saudáveis, com experiência em treinamento de força (23,7 ± 4,3 anos, 81,9 ± 15,0 kg, 1,8 ± 0,1 m). Foram realizados dois protocolos experimentais, protocolo sem alongamento estático prévio (PT) e protocolo de alongamento dos antagonistas (PAA). Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferença entre os protocolos ou interações entre protocolos e séries no desempenho de repetições máximas (p ≤ 0,05). Não havendo também decréscimos no desempenho de força muscular. Conclui-se que é provável que o AE não influencie um maior desempenho de repetições máximas quando aplicado em faixa de repetições voltadas à resistência muscular.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of intra-set antagonist static stretching (hamstrings) on the performance of maximum repetitions of knee extensors adopting muscle endurance training zone. The sample consisted of 15 healthy male volunteers with experience in strength training (23.7 ± 4.3 years, 81.9 ± 15.0 kg, 1.8 ± 0.1 m). Two experimental protocols were conducted: protocol without static stretching (PT) and antagonist stretching protocol (PAA) in the knee extension exercise. The results showed that there was no difference between protocols or interactions between protocols and sets in maximum repetitions performance (PT, set1 – 21.3 ± 3.4; set2 – 16.1 ± 1.9; set3 – 13.5 ± 1.3 / PAA, set1 – 21.0 ± 2.0; set2 – 16.7 ± 2.6; set3 – 13.7 ± 2.2) (p ≤ 0.05) (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, antagonist static stretching does not influence performance of maximum repetitions of knee extensors over multiple sets focused on muscle endurance.

Resumo Qual foi a evolução do sistema urbano baiano no contexto da urbanização brasileira pós-1990? O objetivo deste texto é analisar as transformações nas redes de cidades do estado da Bahia em período mais recente. Buscou-se caracterizar a Região de Influência de Salvador, cujas articulações espaciais extrapolam as divisas do próprio estado. Esse recorte constitui importante instrumento de compreensão da dinâmica urbano-regional. Na conclusão, apresenta-se uma reflexão sobre as novas determinações da hierarquia urbano-regional baiana.

Abstract The purpose of this text is to analyze the transformations in the urban network in the state of Bahia post-1990. We sought to characterize the Salvador’s area of influence; whose spatial articulations go beyond the boundaries of the state itself. This cut is an important instrument for understanding the urban-regional dynamics. In conclusion, it is presented a reflection on the new determinations of the urban-regional hierarchy in Bahia.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of combinations of resistance training (RT) and static stretching (SS) on heart rate (HR), systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP), rate pressure product (RPP), oxygen saturation (SpO2), rating of perceived effort (RPE), and heart rate variability (HRV) in men. METHODS: Twelve normotensive healthy men participated in four protocols: a) SS+RT, b) RT+SS, c) RT, and d) SS. Variables were measured before, immediately after, and 15, 30, and 45 min after the sessions. RESULTS: The combination of SS and RT increased (p<0.001) HR when compared to the effects of the noncombined protocols (from 2.38 to 11.02%), and this result indicated metabolic compensation. Regarding DBP, there were differences (p<0.001) between the RT and SS groups (53.93±8.59 vs. 67.00±7.01 mmHg). SS has been shown to be able to reduce (p<0.001) SpO2 (4.67%) due to the occlusion caused by a reduction in the caliber of the blood vessels during SS compared to during rest. The increase in RPP (6.88% between RT and SS+RT) along with the HR results indicated higher metabolic stress than that reflected by the RPE (combined protocols increased RPE from 21.63 to 43.25%). The HRV analysis confirmed these results, showing increases (p<0.01) in the LF index between the combined and noncombined protocols. Compared to the effect of RT, the combination of SS and RT promoted a vagal suppression root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD) index (from 9.51 to 21.52%) between the RT and SS+RT groups (p<0.01) and between the RT and RT+SS groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Static stretching increases cardiac overload and RPE, reducing oxygen supply, especially when performed in combination with RT.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the role of intermediate sized cities among the other urban scales in Brazil. These scales modify the urban hierarchies in underdeveloped nations. After the 1990s, the form of coordination between urban, rural and regional changed the pattern of Brazilian urbanization. However, investments in logistics infrastructure and the technical processes of economic modernization, penetrated in the expansion areas of the agro-export frontier and intensified the pace of urbanization in non-metropolitan areas, making way for reflex urbanization.

RESUMO O artigo discute o papel que as cidades intermediárias cumprem na hierarquia urbana brasileira, visando ao entendimento das novas determinações urbanas e regionais em países subdesenvolvidos. Após os anos de 1990, o modo como se deu a articulação entre o urbano, o rural e o regional alterou o padrão de urbanização brasileiro. Todavia, os investimentos em infraestrutura logística e a os processos técnicos de modernização econômica penetram nos espaços de expansão da fronteira agroexportadora e intensificam o ritmo de urbanização em áreas não metropolitanas, impulsionando a urbanização reflexa.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar as respostas da pressão arterial e da modulação autonômica cardíaca depois da execução do exercício de força de forma máxima e submáxima. Três grupos foram formados, um que realizou o exercício de forma máxima (idade: 20.5 ± 0.6 anos, massa corporal: 63.7 ± 14.8 quilos, estatura: 1.70 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 22.8 ± 4.5 quilograma por metro quadrado [kg/m²]), outro de forma submáxima (idade: 25 ± 4.1 anos, massa corporal: 69.1 ± 12.8 quilos, estatura: 1.80 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 22.2 ± 1.7 kg/m²) e ainda, um controle (idade: 23.7 ± 3.8 anos, massa corporal: 64.2 ± 15 quilos, estatura: 1.70 ± 0.10 metro, índice de massa corporal: 21.8 ± 1.9 kg/m²). A pressão arterial e os intervalos R-R da freqüência cardíaca foram registrados antes do exercício e durante uma hora com cortes de dez minutos após o exercício. A análise de variância não ilustrou diferenças significativas entre os protocolos experimentais para pressão arterial (p > 0.05), porém o tamanho do efeito foi capaz de mostrar que o treino mais intenso provocou redução na pressão arterial sistólica em mais momentos. Em relação à resposta autonômica cardíaca, o grupo que se exercitou de forma submáxima exibiu um aumento significativo na razão LF/HF (p = 0,022) no momento 20 minutos pós-esforço. O protocolo mais intenso provocou reduções na pressão arterial em mais momentos, e foi mais seguro em relação à modulação autonômica cardíaca, visto que não provocou aumento na atividade simpática durante a recuperação.

The aim of the study was verified the blood pressure responses and the cardiac autonomic modulation after the strength exercise in two different conditions (maximal and submaximal). The subjects were divided in three groups, such as: maximal repetitions (age: 20.5 ± 0.6 years, weight: 63.7 ± 14.8, height: 1.7 ± 0.1, body mass index: 22.8 ± 4.5 Kilogram per square meter (kg/m²)), submaximal repetitions (age: 25 ± 4.1 years, weight: 69.1 ± 12.8, height: 1.8 ± 0.1, body mass index: 22.2 ± 1.7 (kg/m²)) and a control group (age: 23.7 ± 3.8 years, weight: 64.2 ± 15, height: 1.7 ± 0.1, body mass index: 21.8 ± 1.9 (kg/m²)). The blood pressure and the Heart Rate R-R intervals were measured before and during one hour after the session, with 10-minutes intervals length between measurements. The analyze of variance did not showed significant differences between experimental protocols to blood pressure (p > 0.05). However, the effect size was able to show that the most intense training caused a reduction in systolic blood pressure at times. Regarding cardiac autonomic response, the group that exercised the submaximal form exhibited a significant increase in LF / HF (p = 0.022) when 20 minutes’ post-exercise. There was a not significant difference in cardiac autonomic modulation between protocols. The high intensity protocol has caused blood pressure reductions in more moments and it was over safer in relation to cardiac autonomic modulation, since it did not cause increased sympathetic activity during recovery.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of low-intensity (LI) resistance exercise (RE) with continuous blood flow restriction (CBFR) and intermittent blood flow restriction (IBFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a one-repetition maximum test, 10 normotensive recreationally trained men performed three experimental protocols. In the three RE protocols, increases in SBP, DBP, and MAP were observed immediately after exercise, but the effect sizes (ESs) were greater for the LI + CBFR and high-intensity protocols. There were hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP in all three protocols; however, the effects on MAP lasted longer for the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols. These long-lasting hypotensive effects on DBP and MAP occurred in all three protocols. Thus, we conclude that the post exercise hypotensive effects on SBP, DBP, and MAP appear to occur in all three RE protocols, with the effect on SBP being longer in the LI + IBFR and LI + CBFR protocols.