Abstract Bartonelloses represent a group of potentially fatal diseases associated with various clinical manifestations including endocarditis. Caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Bartonella, these microorganisms have a remarkable ability to infect mammals, and their transmission is commonly associated with hematophagous vectors such as fleas, lice, mosquitoes, and ticks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Bartonella sp. DNA in 81 triatomines of the species Triatoma sordida collected in the field in peri‑domiciliary areas of the Brazilian city of Seabra, located in the state of Bahia. Nested PCR was conducted targeting the ftsZ gene and real-time PCR targeting the gltA gene, both representing specific reactions for Bartonella henselae. Additionally, conventional PCR targeting kDNA was employed to evaluate the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. Of the samples tested, 23/81 (28.39 %) bugs showed positive PCR for B. henselae. No sample showed positive PCR for T. cruzi. The high prevalence of triatomines with a positive PCR for B. henselae emphasizes the close relationship between these insects and the bacteria, indicating the need for further studies to investigate the vectorial potential of these kissing bugs. endocarditis mammals fleas lice mosquitoes ticks sp 8 peridomiciliary peri domiciliary Seabra Bahia realtime real time Additionally cruzi tested 2381 23 23/8 28.39 2839 28 39 (28.3 % B T 238 2 23/ 28.3 283 3 (28. 28. (28 (2 (

Abstract Triatoma melanocephala is an endemic species of Brazil. Phenotypic (external morphology) and molecular studies were performed to contribute to the taxonomy and phylogeny of triatomines, since few studies on the internal morphology of these were found. In order to contribute to the biological, morphological and taxonomic knowledge of the subfamily Triatominae, this work describes the internal morphology of the reproductive apparatus of adult males and females of T. melanocephala. For this work 30 specimens from Jequié, Bahia, Brazil were used. Triatoma melanocephala's reproductive system included slim spermathecae insertions, large/medium rounded terminal bodies, and irregular ellipsoid-shaped testicles with a transparent, vitreous appearance. These results contribute to the knowledge of the reproductive biology of this species of vectorial importance and show taxonomic relevance, as well as possible application in systematic studies.

Resumen Triatoma melanocephala es una especie endémica de Brasil. Se realizaron estudios fenotípicos (morfología externa) y moleculares para contribuir a la taxonomía y filogenia de los triatominos, ya que se encontraron pocos estudios sobre la morfología interna de estos. Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento biológico, morfológico y taxonómico de la subfamilia Triatominae, este trabajo muestra la morfología interna del aparato reproductor de adultos machos y hembras de T. melanocephala. Para este trabajo se utilizaron 30 especímenes recolectados en Jequié, Bahía, Brasil. El sistema reproductivo de T. melanocephala incluye inserciones delgadas de espermatecas, cuerpos grandes/medianos con terminaciones redondeadas, y testículos de forma elipsoidal irregular con una apariencia transparente y vitrea. Estos resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de la biología reproductiva de esta especie de importancia vectorial y muestran relevancia taxonómica, así como su posible aplicación en estudios sistemáticos.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to identify in the scientific literature which food and nutrition education interventions promote the reduction of anthropometric measures in schoolchildren. Methods: integrative literature review. The search was carried out in the following databases: PUBMED, SCIELO (Online Electronic Scientific Library) and LILACS (Latin American Literature in Health Sciences). The search terms used in the Health Sciences (DeCS) and MESH descriptors: child AND food AND educational nutrition AND obesity. Data collection took place in October and November 2021. Conclusion: the strategies that had the most results for reducing measures in schoolchildren, based on the collected studies, were the distribution of pamphlets and meetings with schoolchildren in which themes were addressed on the proportions of healthy eating; Educational game and weekly lectures on topics related to healthy eating; educational workshops on the preparation of snacks with fruit and the development of health education programs with topics on nutrition and physical activity. The introduction of nutritional food education actions should be carried out from the beginning of school life so that individuals develop an interest and curiosity for food and thus acquire healthy habits to maintain body weight properly.

RESUMEN: El objetivo fue identificar en la literatura científica qué intervenciones en educación alimentaria y nutricional promueven la reducción de medidas antropométricas en escolares. Métodos: revisión integrativa de la literatura. La búsqueda se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: PUBMED, SCIELO (Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea) y LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud). Los términos de búsqueda utilizados en los descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) y MESH: niño Y alimentación Y nutrición educativa Y obesidad. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo en los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2021. Conclusión: las estrategias que tuvieron más resultados para la reducción de medidas en escolares, a partir de los estudios recolectados, fueron la distribución de folletos y reuniones con escolares en los que se abordaron temas sobre las proporciones de salud comiendo; Juego educativo y conferencias semanales sobre temas relacionados con la alimentación saludable; talleres educativos sobre la preparación de refrigerios con frutas y el desarrollo de programas de educación en salud con temas de nutrición y actividad física. La implantación de acciones de educación alimentaria nutricional debe llevarse a cabo desde el inicio de la vida escolar para que las personas desarrollen el interés y la curiosidad por la comida y así adquieran hábitos saludables para mantener adecuadamente el peso corporal. nbsp;

RESUMO: O objetivo foi identificar na literatura científica quais as intervenções de educação alimentar e nutricional promovem a redução das medidas antropométricas em escolares. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados:nbsp;PUBMED, SCIELO (Biblioteca Científica Eletrônica em Linha) e LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde). Os termos de busca utilizados nos descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e MESH: child AND food AND nutrition educativo AND obesity. A coleta de dados ocorreu no mês de outubro e novembro de 2021. Conclusão: as estratégias que tiveram mais resultados para redução de medidas em escolares, com bases nos estudos coletados, foram a distribuição de panfletos e encontros com os escolares na qual foram abordados temas sobre as proporções de alimentação saudável; Jogo didático e palestras semanas abordando temas pertinentes à alimentação saudável; oficinas educativas de elaboração de lanches com frutas e o desenvolvidos de programas de educação em saúde com tópicos de nutrição e atividade física. A introdução das ações de educação alimentar nutricional devem ser feitas desde o início da vida escolar para que os indivíduos desenvolvam o interesse e curiosidade pelos alimentos e assim possam adquirir hábitos saudáveis para a manutenção do peso corporal de forma adequada. nbsp;

ABSTRACT Objective. To develop an evidence map on visceral leishmaniasis prevention, control, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Methods. Systematic reviews on visceral leishmaniasis were searched using MEDLINE/PubMed and Virtual Health Library. After selection, each included systematic review was assessed, characterized, and categorized by intervention type and by outcomes, according to the methodology offered by the PAHO/WHO Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (BIREME). The methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool to determine the confidence level of the evidence obtained. Results. Among the prevention and control interventions, insecticide spraying, bednets, dog collars, and dog culling were the most assessed, emphasizing that insecticidal dog collars can reduce visceral leishmaniasis incidence in dogs. Regarding diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rK39 immunochromatographic test (rK39 ICT), and direct agglutination test (DAT) presented high sensitivity and specificity. As for treatment, pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B were the most analyzed drugs and showed therapeutic success; however, serious adverse events can occur due to their use. The prognostic factors identified were anemia, edema, bleeding, jaundice, age, and HIV coinfection. Conclusions. The evidence map developed shows rK39 ICT and DAT as promising diagnostic alternatives and reinforces the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B and pentavalent antimonials. Insecticide-impregnated dog collars appear as a promising measure for the control of visceral leishmaniasis, but there is also a need for future studies and reviews with higher methodological quality, especially on prevention and control interventions.

RESUMO Objetivo. Desenvolver um mapa de evidências de prevenção, controle, diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico da leishmaniose visceral. Métodos. Foram realizadas buscas por revisões sistemáticas sobre leishmaniose visceral no MEDLINE/PubMed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Após a seleção, cada revisão sistemática incluída foi avaliada, caracterizada e classificada por tipo de intervenção e por desfechos, de acordo com a metodologia oferecida pelo Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BIREME) da OPAS/OMS. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta AMSTAR2 para determinar o nível de confiança das evidências obtidas. Resultados. Entre as intervenções de prevenção e controle, pulverização com inseticida, mosquiteiros, coleiras para cães e abate de cães foram as mais frequentemente avaliadas, com destaque para as coleiras inseticidas na redução da incidência de leishmaniose visceral em cães. Quanto ao diagnóstico, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), o teste imunocromatográfico rK39 (rK39 ICT) e o teste de aglutinação direta (DAT, sigla em inglês para direct agglutination test) apresentaram alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Em relação ao tratamento, os antimoniais pentavalentes e a anfotericina B foram os medicamentos mais analisados e demonstraram sucesso terapêutico, embora seu uso possa resultar em eventos adversos graves. Os fatores prognósticos identificados foram anemia, edema, sangramento, icterícia, idade e coinfecção com HIV. Conclusões. O mapa de evidências desenvolvido mostra o rK39 ICT e o DAT como alternativas promissoras para o diagnóstico e reforça a eficácia da anfotericina B lipossomal e dos antimoniais pentavalentes. As coleiras impregnadas com inseticida aparecem como medida promissora para o controle da leishmaniose visceral, mas estudos e revisões futuras com mais qualidade metodológica, especialmente sobre intervenções de prevenção e controle, são necessários.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Elaborar un mapa de evidencia sobre la prevención, el control, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral. Métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas de revisiones sistemáticas sobre la leishmaniasis visceral en MEDLINE/PubMed y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Tras la selección, cada revisión sistemática incluida fue sometida a evaluación, caracterización y categorización según tipo de intervención y resultados, de acuerdo con la metodología ofrecida por el Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la OPS/OMS (BIREME). La calidad metodológica se evaluó con la herramienta AMSTAR2 para determinar el nivel de confianza de la información obtenida. Resultados. Entre las intervenciones de prevención y control, las más evaluadas fueron la fumigación con insecticidas, los mosquiteros, los collares para perros y el sacrificio de perros y se hizo hincapié en que los collares insecticidas para perros pueden reducir la incidencia de leishmaniasis visceral en perros. En cuanto al diagnóstico, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR, por su sigla en inglés), la prueba inmunocromatográfica rK39 (rK39 ICT) y la prueba de aglutinación directa (DAT, por su sigla en inglés) mostraron alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Con respecto al tratamiento, los fármacos más analizados que arrojaron éxito terapéutico fueron los antimoniales pentavalentes y la anfotericina B; sin embargo, su uso puede provocar efectos adversos graves. Los factores pronósticos que se identificaron fueron anemia, edema, sangrado, ictericia, edad y coinfección por el VIH. Conclusiones. El mapa de evidencia elaborado presenta la prueba inmunocromatográfica rK39 y la prueba de aglutinación directa como alternativas diagnósticas prometedoras, y consolida la eficacia de la anfotericina B liposomal y los antimoniales pentavalentes. Los collares de perro impregnados de insecticida parecen ser una medida prometedora para el control de la leishmaniasis visceral, si bien también son necesarios estudios y revisiones adicionales de mayor calidad metodológica, especialmente sobre intervenciones de prevención y control.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Triatoma lenti and Triatoma sherlocki are endemic species of the State of Bahia, located in northeastern Brazil, where they have records of domiciliation in the human environment. In view of the epidemiological aspect and taxonomic importance of these species for the systematics of the Triatoma genus, a study was carried out with nymphs of all five instars. METHODS An extensive review of studies on nymphs from the subfamily Triatominae is presented. Morphology was studied using a scanning electron microscope and morphometric analyses. RESULTS: The morphological study allowed us to characterize and discriminate species by means of scanning electron microscope of the last abdominal segment. In addition, the results show morphometric variability, with the total size of the head that best discriminates the species. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on nymphs are fundamental to the ecosystem; however, the literature on the immature forms of certain groups is scarce, difficult to use, or nonexistent. Therefore, this study includes morphological and morphometric data of the nymphal instars of T. lenti and T. sherlocki, corroborating the specific taxonomy of these species.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar é uma das principais doenças tropicais negligenciadas, de grande importância devido ao caráter letal desta zoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal dos casos de LV no Estado do Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, inserindo-o dentro do período total de 1971 a 2018. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para análise da carga da doença, foram coletados dados do Instituto de Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde através do estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco. Foi empregada a análise de regressão Prais-Winsten. Foram registrados 2.374 casos com provável local de infecção no Piauí e 2.492 casos em residentes do estado. A série histórica analisada, de 1971 a 2018, reafirma o caráter cíclico da doença, pela presença dos picos epidêmicos identificados em 1983 e 1984, 1993 e 1994, 2003 e 2004 e 2013 e 2014. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas na tendência dos coeficientes de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade no estado. No entanto, houve aumento significativo do coeficiente de incidência no Território de Desenvolvimento (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variação percentual anual de 17,5%) e redução no TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) e TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). A LV tem a maior carga de doença medida em anos de vida ajustados por deficiência entre as doenças tropicais negligenciadas do estado. Recomenda-se o aprimoramento das medidas de vigilância e controle do agravo.

La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) o kala azar es una de las principales enfermedades tropicales desatendidas de gran importancia, debido al carácter letal de esta zoonosis causada por protozoos del género Leishmania. El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia temporal de los casos de LV en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, incluyéndola dentro del período total de 1971 a 2018. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) y del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM). Para el análisis de la carga de la enfermedad, se recogieron datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud, a través del estudio Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo (GBD Compare). Se empleó el análisis de regresión Prais-Winsten. Se registraron 2.374 casos con probable lugar de infección en Piauí y 2492 casos en residentes del estado. La serie histórica analizada, de 1971-2018, reafirma el carácter cíclico de la enfermedad por la presencia de los picos epidémicos, identificados en 1983 y 1984, 1993 y 1994, 2003 y 2004 y 2013 y 2014. No se identificaron alteraciones significativas en la tendencia de los coeficientes de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad en el estado. No obstante, hubo un aumento significativo del coeficiente de incidencia en el Territorio de Desarrollo (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variación del porcentaje anual de 17,5%) y reducción en el TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) y TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). La LV tiene una mayor carga de enfermedad medida en años de vida ajustados por deficiencia entre las enfermedades tropicales olvidadas del estado. Se recomienda el perfeccionamiento de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la enfermedad.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is one of the main neglected tropical diseases, of major importance due to the lethal nature of this zoonosis caused by protozoa of genus Leishmania. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in VL cases in the state of Piauí, Brazil, from 2008 to 2018, within the total period from 1971 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) and the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM). For burden of disease analysis, data were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD Compare). Prais-Winsten regression analysis was used. A total of 2,374 cases were recorded with probable infection in the state of Piauí and 2,492 cases in residents of the state. The historical series analyzed, from 1971 to 2018, reaffirms the cyclical nature of the disease, based on the identification of epidemic peaks in 1983-1984, 1993-1994, 2003-2004, and 2013-2014. No significant alterations were identified in the trends in incidence, mortality, and case-fatality coefficients in the state. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence coefficient in the Chapada das Mangabeiras Development Territory, with an annual percent change of 17.5%, and a decrease in the Vale do Sambito Development Territory (-18.3%) and Vale do Rio Guaribas Development Territory (-8,1%). VL has a high burden of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, and is among the leading neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí. The study concludes by recommending the improvement of surveillance and control measures for this disease.

La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) o kala azar es una de las principales enfermedades tropicales desatendidas de gran importancia, debido al carácter letal de esta zoonosis causada por protozoos del género Leishmania. El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia temporal de los casos de LV en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, incluyéndola dentro del período total de 1971 a 2018. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) y del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM). Para el análisis de la carga de la enfermedad, se recogieron datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud, a través del estudio Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo (GBD Compare). Se empleó el análisis de regresión Prais-Winsten. Se registraron 2.374 casos con probable lugar de infección en Piauí y 2492 casos en residentes del estado. La serie histórica analizada, de 1971-2018, reafirma el carácter cíclico de la enfermedad por la presencia de los picos epidémicos, identificados en 1983 y 1984, 1993 y 1994, 2003 y 2004 y 2013 y 2014. No se identificaron alteraciones significativas en la tendencia de los coeficientes de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad en el estado. No obstante, hubo un aumento significativo del coeficiente de incidencia en el Territorio de Desarrollo (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variación del porcentaje anual de 17,5%) y reducción en el TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) y TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). La LV tiene una mayor carga de enfermedad medida en años de vida ajustados por deficiencia entre las enfermedades tropicales olvidadas del estado. Se recomienda el perfeccionamiento de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la enfermedad. (LV importancia Leishmania Brasil 200 2018 197 SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Salud GBD Compare. Compare Compare) PraisWinsten. PraisWinsten Prais Winsten. Winsten Prais-Winsten 2374 2 374 2.37 249 analizada 19712018, 19712018 1971-2018 epidémicos 198 1984 199 1994 201 2014 obstante (TD variación 17,5% 175 17 5 18,3% 183 18 3 (-18,3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) 20 19 (SIM 237 37 2.3 24 1971201 1971-201 17,5 18,3 (-18,3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2. 197120 1971-20 17, 18, (-18, 8, (-8,1 19712 1971-2 (-18 (-8, 1971- (-1 (-8 (- (

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar é uma das principais doenças tropicais negligenciadas, de grande importância devido ao caráter letal desta zoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal dos casos de LV no Estado do Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, inserindo-o dentro do período total de 1971 a 2018. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para análise da carga da doença, foram coletados dados do Instituto de Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde através do estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco. Foi empregada a análise de regressão Prais-Winsten. Foram registrados 2.374 casos com provável local de infecção no Piauí e 2.492 casos em residentes do estado. A série histórica analisada, de 1971 a 2018, reafirma o caráter cíclico da doença, pela presença dos picos epidêmicos identificados em 1983 e 1984, 1993 e 1994, 2003 e 2004 e 2013 e 2014. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas na tendência dos coeficientes de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade no estado. No entanto, houve aumento significativo do coeficiente de incidência no Território de Desenvolvimento (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variação percentual anual de 17,5%) e redução no TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) e TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). A LV tem a maior carga de doença medida em anos de vida ajustados por deficiência entre as doenças tropicais negligenciadas do estado. Recomenda-se o aprimoramento das medidas de vigilância e controle do agravo. (LV Leishmania Objetivouse Objetivou se Brasil 200 2018 inserindoo inserindo 197 Utilizaramse Utilizaram SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Doenças Risco PraisWinsten. PraisWinsten Prais Winsten. Winsten Prais-Winsten 2374 2 374 2.37 2492 492 2.49 estado analisada 198 1984 199 1994 201 2014 entanto (TD variação 17,5% 175 17 5 18,3% 183 18 3 (-18,3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) Recomendase Recomenda agravo 20 19 (SIM 237 37 2.3 249 49 2.4 17,5 18,3 (-18,3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2. 24 4 17, 18, (-18, 8, (-8,1 (-18 (-8, (-1 (-8 (- (

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is one of the main neglected tropical diseases, of major importance due to the lethal nature of this zoonosis caused by protozoa of genus Leishmania. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in VL cases in the state of Piauí, Brazil, from 2008 to 2018, within the total period from 1971 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) and the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM). For burden of disease analysis, data were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD Compare). Prais-Winsten regression analysis was used. A total of 2,374 cases were recorded with probable infection in the state of Piauí and 2,492 cases in residents of the state. The historical series analyzed, from 1971 to 2018, reaffirms the cyclical nature of the disease, based on the identification of epidemic peaks in 1983-1984, 1993-1994, 2003-2004, and 2013-2014. No significant alterations were identified in the trends in incidence, mortality, and case-fatality coefficients in the state. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence coefficient in the Chapada das Mangabeiras Development Territory, with an annual percent change of 17.5%, and a decrease in the Vale do Sambito Development Territory (-18.3%) and Vale do Rio Guaribas Development Territory (-8,1%). VL has a high burden of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, and is among the leading neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí. The study concludes by recommending the improvement of surveillance and control measures for this disease. (VL Leishmania Brazil 200 2018 197 SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Injuries GBD Compare. Compare Compare) PraisWinsten Prais Winsten used 2374 2 374 2,37 2492 492 2,49 analyzed 19831984, 19831984 1983 1984, 1984 1983-1984 19931994, 19931994 1993 1994, 1994 1993-1994 20032004, 20032004 2003 2004, 2004 2003-2004 20132014. 20132014 2013 2014. 2014 2013-2014 mortality casefatality case fatality However 175 17 5 17.5% 18.3% 183 18 3 (-18.3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) disabilityadjusted disability adjusted years 20 201 19 (SIM 237 37 2,3 249 49 2,4 1983198 198 1983-198 1993199 199 1993-199 2003200 2003-200 2013201 2013-201 17.5 18.3 (-18.3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2, 24 4 198319 1983-19 199319 1993-19 200320 2003-20 201320 2013-20 17. 18. (-18. 8, (-8,1 19831 1983-1 19931 1993-1 20032 2003-2 20132 2013-2 (-18 (-8, 1983- 1993- 2003- 2013- (-1 (-8 (- (

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We aimed to study intraspecific variation in Triatoma costalimai, a potential vector of Chagas disease present in Brazil and Bolivia. METHODS: We analyzed phenotypic (connexivum color patterns, wing morphometrics) and genetic variation (16S mtDNA) of three Brazilian T. costalimai populations. We compared 16S sequences with those of putative Bolivian T. costalimai and its sister species, T. jatai. RESULTS: Brazilian populations had different connexivum color patterns and forewing shapes. A 16S mtDNA haplotype network showed a clear separation of Brazilian T. costalimai from both T. jatai and Bolivian T. costalimai. CONCLUSIONS: We report considerable variability in T. costalimai populations.

Abstract Introduction: The genus Rhodnius in the subfamily Triatominae comprises 20 species, which can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. Due to the development of molecular techniques, Triatominae species can now be characterized by mitochondrial and nuclear markers, making it possible to verify and/or correct the existing data on these species. The results achieved in this study provide a more detailed and accurate differentiation of the Rhodnius species, helping the establishment of a more appropriate classification. Methods: Data collection was performed by DNA analysis, morphological and morphometric studies to distinguish four populations of R. neglectus and four of R. prolixus. Phylogenetic data were compared to morphological and morphometric data. Results: The analysis of Cytb fragments suggests that the four colonies designated to Rhodnius neglectus as well as those of R. prolixus were correctly identified. Conclusions: The morphological characters observed in the specimens of the colonies originally identified as R. prolixus and R. neglectus, such as the presence or absence of collar in the eggs, the patterns of the median process of the pygophore, and anterolateral angle, are consistent with the species. Geometric morphometrics also show an intraspecific variability in R. prolixus.

ABSTRACT Chagas disease is an important endemic morbidity in Latin America affecting millions of people in the American continent. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and transmitted through the feces of the insect vector belonging to the subfamily Triatominae. The present conducted an entomological survey of triatomines and analyzed entomological indicators, such as the rate of infestation, colonization, triatomine density and natural infection in rural communities in the municipality of Campinas do Piaui, Piaui State, in the Northeast region of Brazil. Data on the search of triatomines performed in 167 domiciliary units (DUs), harvested during the period of February to July 2019, in 12 rural communities were analyzed. The capture of triatomines occurred in all studied communities, being 76 the number of positive DUs, of the 167 surveyed, presenting a global rate of infestation of 45.51%. Two triatomines species were collected: Triatoma brasiliensis (98.49%) and T. pseudomaculata (1.51%), the first was found in the domiciliary and peridomiciliary areas, while the second was captured only in peridomiciliary areas. The index of colonization was 17.1%. Natural infection was observed only in 5.44% of T. brasiliensis samples. The entomological survey was conducted in rural communities, showingthe risk of transmission of Chagas disease to the local population, requiring continuous entomological surveillance and vector control.

OBJETIVO Isolar cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi em triatomíneos capturados nos ambientes domiciliar, peridomiciliar e silvestre da Bahia e do Rio Grande do Sul. MÉTODOS Os triatomíneos capturados nos estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul foram identificados por meio de chaves entomológicas. O conteúdo intestinal foi examinado por compressão abdominal e as amostras que continham formas de Trypanosomatidae foram inoculadas em meio de cultura Liver Infusion Tryptose e em camundongos Swiss. RESULTADOS Foram identificadas seis espécies de triatomíneos nas coletas realizadas em municípios do Estado da Bahia: Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) e T. sordida (460), e duas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: T. circummaculata (11) e T. rubrovaria (115). Dos exemplares examinados, T. cruzi foi isolado de 28 triatomíneos pertencentes a quatro espécies: T. melanocephala (uma), T. lenti (uma), T. rubrovaria (16) e T. sordida (10). O índice de infecção natural de triatomíneos por T. cruzi foi de 6,4%. CONCLUSÕES O isolamento de cepas de T. cruzi em triatomíneos encontrados no intra e peridomicílio reflete o potencial risco de transmissão da doença de Chagas nos municípios estudados.

OBJECTIVE Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi strains. METHODS First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression, and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT medium and Swiss mice. RESULTS Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T. rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T. cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four different species: T. melanocephala (one), T. lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T. sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T. cruzi was 6.4%. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T. cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.

OBJETIVO Isolar cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi em triatomíneos capturados nos ambientes domiciliar, peridomiciliar e silvestre da Bahia e do Rio Grande do Sul. MÉTODOS Os triatomíneos capturados nos estados da Bahia e Rio Grande do Sul foram identificados por meio de chaves entomológicas. O conteúdo intestinal foi examinado por compressão abdominal e as amostras que continham formas de Trypanosomatidae foram inoculadas em meio de cultura Liver Infusion Tryptose e em camundongos Swiss. RESULTADOS Foram identificadas seis espécies de triatomíneos nas coletas realizadas em municípios do Estado da Bahia: Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) e T. sordida (460), e duas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: T. circummaculata (11) e T. rubrovaria (115). Dos exemplares examinados, T. cruzi foi isolado de 28 triatomíneos pertencentes a quatro espécies: T. melanocephala (uma), T. lenti (uma), T. rubrovaria (16) e T. sordida (10). O índice de infecção natural de triatomíneos por T. cruzi foi de 6,4%. CONCLUSÕES O isolamento de cepas de T. cruzi em triatomíneos encontrados no intra e peridomicílio reflete o potencial risco de transmissão da doença de Chagas nos municípios estudados.

OBJECTIVE Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi strains. METHODS First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression, and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT medium and Swiss mice. RESULTS Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T. rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T. cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four different species: T. melanocephala (one), T. lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T. sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T. cruzi was 6.4%. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T. cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.

By macroscopic and microscopic dorsal side observation, it was noted that the IX and X segments of two species each of Panstrongylus and Triatoma terminate in an elongated way, whereas they terminate abruptly in the two species of Rhodnius. Scanning observation of the dorsal, ventral, lateral and posterior sides of the female genitalia of Panstrongylus herreri, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius colombiensis, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma infestans and Triatoma vitticeps revealed that these six species are generally and specifically distinguished based on these elements. We describe several components that distinguish P. herreri from P. megistus: four on the dorsal side: the VII, VIII, IX and X segments, on the ventral view, three: VII sternite, VIII gonocoxite and VIII gonapophyse, on the lateral view one character, VIII gonocoxite and on the posterior view three characters: VIII and IX gonocoxite and XI gonopophyse. Comparing R. colombiensis and R. prolixus, there were three distinct characters on the dorsal side: the VII, VIII and X segments, on the ventral view three characters: the IX and X segments and VIII gonocoxite and on the posterior view four characters: the VIII, IX, X segments and VIII gonapophyse that distinguish the two species. T. infestans and T. vitticeps have four different characters on the dorsal side: the VII, VIII, IX and X segments, on the ventral view four characters: the VII and X segments, VIII gonocoxite and VIII gonapophyse, on the lateral view two characters, IX and X segments and on the posterior view four characters: the IX and X segments, VIII gonocoxite and VIII gonapophyse that distinguish the two species. Examination of the external female genitalia of six triatomine species by scanning suggests that these components are useful for taxonomical studies.