ABSTRACT Maize is a demanding crop that is responsive to nitrogen fertilisation, and meeting its needs is essential to avoid a loss of productivity or environmental contamination. Monitoring nutrient status during crop development is fundamental for optimising nitrogen fertilisation, and using spectral sensors can help detect spatial variability in the field. Based on this premise, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three low-cost sensors in detecting variability in the spectral and agronomic characteristics of the maize cultivar, BM 3066 PRO2®, induced by different N doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) under two cropping systems, no-tillage and conventional. The study employed a camera with a sensor in the visible region of the spectrum (RGB), a camera in the visible-infrared region (OCN), both mounted on a drone, and a portable chlorophyll meter. Spatial variability was assessed during the crop cycle using the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll index. The results showed that the NDVI(ON) vegetation index from the OCN sensor was more effective at differentiating the treatments than was the NGR vegetation index from the RGB sensor. Furthermore, the chlorophyll b index was better at detecting variations induced by different nitrogen doses, outperforming the vegetation indices obtained by means of aerial images. The airborne sensors under test are more suitable for detecting early spatial macro-variability, while the chlorophyll meter is more effective at assessing the degree of nitrogen deficiency. fertilisation contamination field premise lowcost low cost cultivar 306 PRO2 PRO PRO2® 0, 0 (0 100 20 30 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 systems notillage no tillage conventional RGB, , (RGB) visibleinfrared infrared OCN, (OCN) drone NDVI (NDVI NDVION ON NDVI(ON Furthermore images macrovariability, macrovariability macro variability, macro-variability deficiency ( 10 2 3 ha- (RGB (OCN

ABSTRACT. Conservation practices such as no-tillage are necessary to maintain, and/or improve agricultural soil quality. However, straw formation and maintenance in tropical regions is a limiting factor to adopting this system. In this sense, this research aimed to study the effect of cover crops on straw formation, soil quality indicators, and cowpea yield under no-tillage in the Amazon savanna. Two experiments were carried out in consecutive years, on a Latossolo Amarelo. The treatments consisted of the straw of cover crops in a single (S) and intercrop (I) system, as follows: Urochloa brizantha (UBS), Pennisetum glaucum (PGS), Crotalaria juncea (CJS), Canavalia ensiformis (CES), Mucuna aterrima (MAS), U. brizantha and C. juncea (UBCJI), U. brizantha and C. ensiformis (UBCEI), P. glaucum and C. juncea (PGCJI), P. glaucum and C. ensiformis (PGCEI), and spontaneous vegetation (SV). Cowpea was cultivated after desiccation of the cover crops. Most of the straw favored soil particle aggregation, except for C. juncea and SV, which negatively influenced this variable. Basal soil respiration, organic carbon content, potassium, base saturation, geometric mean diameter, macroaggregates, and macroporosity at layer of 0-0.10 m were the most sensitive indicators for improving soil quality in a savanna environment. UBS, UBCJI, and UBCEI were superior to the other treatments in improving soil quality. Almost all treatments increased cowpea yield by up to 29%, except for CJS and SV. ABSTRACT notillage no tillage maintain andor or However system sense years Amarelo S (S I (I follows UBS , (UBS) PGS, PGS (PGS) CJS, (CJS) CES, CES (CES) MAS, MAS (MAS) U C UBCJI (UBCJI) UBCEI, (UBCEI) P PGCJI, PGCJI (PGCJI) PGCEI, PGCEI (PGCEI) SV . (SV) aggregation variable respiration content potassium saturation diameter macroaggregates 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 environment 29 29% (UBS (PGS (CJS (CES (MAS (UBCJI (UBCEI (PGCJI (PGCEI (SV 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 1 0-0. 2 00. 01 0. 0-0 0-

ABSTRACT Given the heterogeneity of soils in Roraima state, Brazil, and the need for a phosphorus (P) extraction protocol, this study aimed to assess the efficiency of the Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, Bray-1 extractants and anion exchange resin (AER) in determining available P in soils representative of the state. The chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes of seven soil classes were determined. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design in a 7 x 5 factorial scheme with four repetitions. The first factor was the soils (LA (ITÃ), LV (ITÃ), LA (SERRA DA PRATA), LA (CCA), PA (CCA), FT (BONFIM), SN (SURUMU)), and the second P doses, estimated based on the maximum P-adsorption capacity (MPAC). A polyethylene pot containing 5 dm3 of soil and five plants was defined as the experimental unit. The indicator species was corn grown in two 30-day phases. The P doses were applied using monopotassium phosphate. Soil samples were removed before planting to determine available P using the extractants. Corn dry weight was assessed at the end of the two-phase experiment. Correlation tests were performed for dry weight versus extractant and extractant versus extractant. The Mehlich-3 and Bray-1 extractants were the most sensitive to variations in soil attributes. The resin exhibited the greatest correlations with the different soils individually and combined, showing potential in determining available P in soils from the humid tropical region of the Brazilian Amazon. state Brazil (P protocol Mehlich1, Mehlich1 Mehlich 1, 1 Mehlich-1 Mehlich3, Mehlich3 3, 3 Bray1 Bray Bray- AER (AER chemical determined greenhouse repetitions ITÃ, ITÃ , (ITÃ) SERRA PRATA, PRATA PRATA) CCA, CCA (CCA) BONFIM, BONFIM (BONFIM) SURUMU, SURUMU (SURUMU)) Padsorption adsorption MPAC. MPAC . (MPAC) dm unit 30day day 30 phases phosphate twophase phase Mehlich- combined Amazon (ITÃ (CCA (BONFIM (SURUMU) (MPAC (SURUMU

ABSTRACT Basin hydrological and morphometric parameters are elements that must be made on a map with sufficient information. This information collected on-site has been limited by public order problems. Basin circularity index (Ci) is among the morphometric indices, which has not been calculated yet for the basins under study. Basins automatic delimitation carried out from Geographic Information Systems (GIS), has allowed its research and management due to efficiency in data processing, ease, and low cost; in addition, increase images and databases availability. The work aim was to evaluate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) SRTM proposed methodology in the Corporación Autónoma Regional de las Cuencas de los Ríos Negro y Nare (Cornare) jurisdiction, extracting from it the numerical drainage, in order to delimit basins and sub-basins, as well as calculate indices, such as drainage density (Dd) and Ci. The declivity map showed terrain with very soft to very strong surface relief. Basin´s automatic delimitation based on the drainage order ≥6 was the one that came closest to the basin actual characteristics; regarding the sub-basins delimitation, it was the one based on the ≥3 order. Dd and Ci indices indicated that the sub-basins have moderate drainage, runoff level, and infiltration capacity and tend to be more elongated than circular.

RESUMEN Los parámetros hidrológicos y morfométricos de una cuenca constituyen estimaciones que deben realizarse sobre un mapa con suficiente información. La recopilación de esta in situ se ha visto limitada por problemas de orden público. Entre los índices morfométricos de una cuenca se encuentra el índice de circularidad (Ic), que hasta el momento no ha sido calculado para las cuencas en estudio. La delimitación automática de cuencas realizada a partir de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), ha permitido la investigación y manejo de las mismas debido a la eficiencia en el procesamiento de datos, facilidad y bajo costo, además de la creciente disponibilidad de imágenes y bases de datos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la metodología propuesta para utilizar el Modelo Digital de Elevación (MDE) SRTM de la jurisdicción de la Corporación Autónoma Regional de las Cuencas de los Ríos Negro y Nare (Cornare) y extraer de este el drenaje numérico, para delimitar cuencas y subcuencas, así como calcular índices, tales como densidad de drenaje (Dd) e Ic. El mapa de declividad mostró terrenos con relieve muy suave a muy fuerte. La delimitación automática de cuencas con base en el orden de drenaje ≥6 fue la que más se acercó a la realidad; en cuanto a la delimitación de subcuencas, fue aquella con base en el orden ≥3. Los índices Dd e Ic, indicaron que las subcuencas tienen drenaje, nivel de escorrentía y capacidad de infiltración moderados y tienden a ser más alargadas que circulares.

RESUMO O uso racional da água na produção de alimentos é um desafio no cenário atual. Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar as características do solo em área de arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo da água. Para isso, avaliou-se os sistemas de manejos de irrigação do arroz: M1- Inundação intermitente; M2- Inundação intermitente na fase vegetativa até 50% de floração média, seguida de inundação contínua até a maturação; M3- Inundação contínua na fase vegetativa até 50% de floração, seguida de inundação intermitente até a maturação e M4- Inundação contínua durante todo o ciclo e duas cultivares BRS Tropical e IRGA 424. Como controle, uma área não cultivada, também foi avaliada. Avaliou-se os teores de P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ e H + Al, pH, carbono orgânico do solo (COS), nitrogênio total, estoque de carbono, estoque de nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, relação C/N; Emissão de CO2, carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBMS), coeficiente metabólico (qMic) e atividades da fosfatase e da urease. Não houve diferença entre os sistemas de manejo de água quanto aos atributos P, K+ e Mg2+, CTC e relação C/N. O CBMS, as atividades da fosfatase e urease foram mais baixas em todos tratamentos quando comparados ao controle. A emissão de CO2 foi influenciada pela fase fenológica da cultura. O COS, estoque de carbono, CBMS, relação C/N, K+ e atividades da fosfatase foram os atributos mais sensíveis nos diferentes sistemas O manejo da água influencia as propriedades do solo, alterando sua qualidade. atual Objetivouse Objetivou se isso avaliouse avaliou M1 M M2 50 média M3 M4 424 controle cultivada avaliada Avaliouse Avaliou P K Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Mg2+ Al3 Al pH COS , (COS) total catiônica C/N CN C N CO CBMS (CBMS) qMic (qMic cultura qualidade 5 42 (COS (CBMS 4

ABSTRACT The rational use of water while considering the increases in food production is a great challenge for agriculture currently. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the soil properties of rice paddy areas under different water management systems. For this, the rice cultivars BRS Tropical and IRGA 424 were grown under the following treatments: M1: Intermittent flooding; M2: Intermittent flooding, followed by continuous flooding; M3: Continuous flooding, followed by intermittent flooding; and M4: Continuous flooding for the entire plant cycle. As a control, a non-cultivated area, adjacent to the experimental plots was also evaluated. The variables analyzed were P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ contents, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) Carbon Stock (C-Stock), nitrogen stock (N-Stock), Cation-exchange capacity (CEC), C/N ratio; CO2 emission, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB), metabolic coefficient (qMic) and acid phosphatase and urease activities. There was not difference among the different water management systems for P, K+, Mg2+, CEC and C/N ratio. The SMB and the acid phosphatase and urease activities were lower under the different treatments when compared to the control. The CO2 emission under rice paddy system was influenced by the phenological phase of the crop. The variables SOC, C-Stock, SMB, C/N ratio, K+, acid phosphatase and usease activities are those most sensitive attributes observed in the soil under different water management systems during rice cultivation. Water management in the rice paddy system influenced soil by changing its quality. currently this 42 M1 M M2 M3 M4 cycle control noncultivated non cultivated area evaluated P K K+ Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Al3 Al contents pH SOC , (SOC) TN (TN CStock, CStock C (C-Stock) NStock, NStock N (N-Stock) Cationexchange Cation exchange CEC, (CEC) CN ratio CO (SMB) qMic (qMic crop Stock, C-Stock cultivation quality 4 (SOC (C-Stock (N-Stock (CEC (SMB

RESUMO Apesar da relevância do enxofre (S) para o desenvolvimento das plantas, estudos sobre sua disponibilidade no solo são restritos à algumas culturas e regiões do Brasil. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar extratores para avaliar a disponibilidade de S e estabelecer níveis críticos em solos do estado do Ceará. Em laboratório foi extraído o S disponível de 23 solos (0 - 0,20 m), empregando-se dois extratores: soluções de Ca(H2PO4)2, 500 mg L-1 de P, em H2O (MCP) e NH4OAc em HOAc (AMA). Em experimento instalado em casa de vegetação foi usado, como planta indicadora, o sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum vulgari Pers.), cultivar EA116, em dois cultivos sucessivos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (23 x 2), com três repetições. Os termos do fatorial corresponderam aos solos e doses de S (0 e 80 mg por unidade experimental). O MCP apresentou maior eficiência de extração de S disponível que o AMA, embora o teor de S obtido por ambos tenha apresentado correlação significativa (r = 0,96). O S disponível por MCP apresentou melhor correlação com incremento de produção e S absorvido, sugerindo ser o mais indicado. Os níveis críticos de S foram de 3,90 e 3,40 mg dm-3 para MCP e AMA, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Despite the relevance of sulphur (S) to plant development, studies in Brazil on its availability in the soil are restricted to a few crops and regions. The aim of this study was to compare extractants for assessing the availability of S, and establish critical levels for soils in the state of Ceará. In the laboratory, available S was extracted from 23 soils (0 - 0.20 m), using two extractants: a solution of Ca(H2PO4)2, 500 mg L-1 P in H2O (MCP) and NH4OAc in HOAc (AMA). In an experiment set up in a greenhouse, forage sorghum ‘EA116’ (Sorghum vulgari Pers.) was used as an indicator plant in two successive crops. A completely randomised experimental design was employed, in a 23 x 2 factorial scheme with three replications, where the factors corresponded to the soils and to the doses of S (0 and 80 mg per experimental unit). The MCP was more efficient in extracting available S than was the AMA, although the S content obtained by both did show a significant correlation (r = 0.96). The available S using MCP showed a better correlation, with an increase in production and in absorbed S, suggesting MCP to be the most suitable extractant. The critical levels for S were 3.90 and 3.40 mg dm-3 for MCP and AMA, respectively.

RESUMO A produtividade de mandioca no Brasil, em 2019, foi de 18 t ha-1, muito aquém do seu potencial. O fósforo é um nutriente determinante da produtividade e encontra-se em níveis muito baixos em solos tropicais. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar doses de fósforo na produtividade e qualidade de raízes tuberosas de cultivares de mandioca na savana amazônica. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. Nas parcelas foram aleatorizadas cinco doses de fósforo (0, 45, 90, 180 e 360 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e nas subparcelas duas cultivares de mandioca (Aciolina e Amazonas). Aos 12 meses de cultivo, as raízes tuberosas foram colhidas e avaliadas. O teor de ácido cianídrico não foi influenciado pelos fatores em estudo. O índice de colheita foi dependente, apenas, das cultivares, sendo superior na cv. Amazonas. A cv. Amazonas foi mais produtiva (86 t ha-1), porém, menos eficiente na utilização do P. A produtividade das cultivares Aciolina e Amazonas foram incrementadas em 125 e 82%, até as doses de máxima eficiência técnica de 192 e 208 kg ha-1 de P2O5, respectivamente. Portanto, a adubação fosfatada é uma boa opção para o cultivo da mandioca.

ABSTRACT In 2019, cassava productivity in Brazil was 18 t ha-1, well below its potential. Phosphorus is a nutrient that determines productivity and is found at very low levels in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate phosphorus doses in the yield and quality of tuberous roots of cassava cultivars in the Amazonian savanna. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with 4 replications. In the plots, five doses of phosphorus were randomized: 0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 kg ha-1 de P2O5 and in the subplots two cultivars (Aciolina and Amazonas). At 12 months the plants were harvested and the effect of treatments was evaluated. The HCN content was not influenced by the factors under study. The CI was dependent only on the cultivars, being higher in cv. Amazonas. The cv. Amazonas was more productive (86 t ha-1), but less efficient in the use of P. The productivity of the cultivars Aciolina and Amazonas were increased by 125 and 82%, up to the doses of maximum technical efficiency of 192 and 208 kg ha-1 de P2O5, respectively. Therefore, phosphate fertilization is a good option for the cultivation of cassava.

Abstract The research summarized and validated the individual selection of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) plants. 43 progenies, previously selected in genetic tests and fields of producers of flood areas, were evaluated. Each progeny was installed in a row of 10 half-sister plants, with a space of 3x2 m. Using the SELEGEN (Reml / Blup) Model 63 program, four crops were analyzed, and individuals were selected for each of the 16 descriptors evaluated. For fruit yield, the Tipishca-Río Tigre population stood out, occupying 5 of the first 10 places. The individuals TT0725-4 (Tigre-Tipishca) turned out to be a natural recombinant for fruit yield / weight. And individual 64-8 turned out to be triple recombinant (yield / fruit weight / ascorbic acid). The descriptors with the highest genetic control with r ≥ 0.30 were: average fruit weight, brix degrees, plant height, number of basal branches and petiole length. The criteria of similarity of the morphological markers with the fruit yield are proposed as predictive indexes of productivity. The plant height at two years of age was the most important.

Resumo Atualmente no Brasil a principal forma de erosão é causada pelo impacto das gotas de chuva na superfície do solo, desencadeando o processo de erosão hídrica e causando sérios danos às áreas agrícolas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar perdas de solo, água, nutrientes e carbono orgânico em diferentes culturas, solo descoberto e savana, sob chuva natural. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (solo descoberto - SD, feijão-caupi - FC, Braquiária brizantha - BB, milho - MI e savana natural - SN) com três repetições; O tratamento do solo descoberto (SD), seguido do tratamento com feijão-caupi (FC) apresentou maiores perdas de solo, água, nutrientes e carbono orgânico; As maiores perdas de solo, água, nutrientes e carbono orgânico no tratamento do solo descoberto (SD) ocorreram durante o período de maior erosividade, mas para os tratamentos FC, BB e MI ocorreram durante o estabelecimento da cultura, tendo em vista a menor cobertura do solo; Solos cultivados com Brachiaria brizantha - BB, Milho - MI e a área com Savana Natural - SN, foram mais eficientes na redução das perdas de solo e água, durante todos os meses avaliados. A Cobertura vegetal proporcionada pelo tratamento (SN) e pelos tratamentos (BB) e (MI) atuaram na redução dos efeitos danosos da erosão, minimizando as perdas de nutrientes e carbono orgânico; O solo deve estar bem protegido durante os períodos em que a chuva apresente os maiores valores do índice de erosividade.

Abstract Currently in Brazil, the main form of erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, triggering the process of water erosion and causing serious damage to agricultural areas. This study evaluated losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in different cultures, bare soil and savanna under natural rain. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (bare soil - BS, cowpea bean - CB, Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and natural savanna - SN) with three replications; The treatment of bare soil (BS), followed by the treatment cultivated with cowpea bean (CB) showed higher losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients; The highest losses of soil, water, organic carbon and nutrients in the treatment of bare soil (BS) occurred during the period of greatest erosivity; but for treatments CB, BB and CO, the highest losses occurred during the establishment of the crop, in view of the lower soil cover. Soils cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha - BB, corn - CO and in the Natural Savana - SN area were more efficient in reducing soil and water losses during all months evaluated. Plant cover produced by the (SN) treatment and by the (BB) and (CO) treatments acted to reduce the harmful effects of erosion, minimizing losses of nutrients and organic carbon. The soil should be well protected during periods when rainfall presents the highest values of erosivity index.

ABSTRACT Soil organic matter (SOM) fractions result from a variety of environmental processes, which affect incorporation and production rates, decomposition, alteration, and/or mineralization of organic matter. The aim of this study was to characterize SOM under the environments of rain forest, wooded campinarana (grasslands), arboreal-shrubby campinarana, grassy-woody campinarana, and pioneer plants of the Viruá National Park, in the north of the Brazilian Amazon. After chemical and physical characterization and soil classification, total organic carbon (TOC), total N, microbial activity, organic C from fulvic acid fractions (FA), humic acid (HA), and humin (Hu) were determined at two depths (0.00-0.15 and 0.15-0.30 m). The TOC was lower in the grassy-woody campinarana, arboreal-shrubby campinarana, and pioneer formation areas than in the rain forest. Higher values of microbial activity were related to forest ecosystems in soils without physical or water restrictions and with better fertility compared to the other areas. The Hu predominated in all vegetation types studied, especially in the surface layer, because of the more soluble nature of HA and FA; and the higher values of HA/FA ratios in wooded campinaranas indicate that these environments contribute to higher losses of humic substances through fulvic acid forms, due to better drainage conditions.

As rochas basálticas possuem composição rica em elementos químicos considerados nutrientes às plantas, o que a torna apta para o uso agrícola, melhorando a fertilidade dos solos. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de basalto moído nos teores de alguns nutrientes no solo. Foi utilizado um Latossolo Amarelo ácido e de baixa CTC, formação geológica Boa Vista, estado de Roraima. A rocha basáltica da formação Apoteri foi coletada na pedreira da serra de Nova Olinda, Boa Vista. Os tratamentos consistiram da incorporação e incubação de oito doses do pó da rocha (0; 0,85; 1,70; 3,35; 5,03; 10,05; 20,40 e 40,80 g kg-1, correspondente a 0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0; 12,0; 24,0; 48,0 e 96 t ha-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e três repetições. Após a incorporação do basalto moído ao solo e por um período 180 dias de incubação, o solo foi analisado quanto aos teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e Al3+ trocáveis, acidez potencial (H+Al), teores disponíveis de Zn, Fe, Cu e Mn e valores de pH em H2O e em KCl. A dose de 20,40 g kg-1 de basalto proporcionou a máxima redução da acidez ativa, com pH aumentando de 4,8 para 5,5. Os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis aumentaram, porém proporcionaram baixos incrementos desses cátions no solo. As doses de basalto apresentaram alta eficiência para a neutralização da acidez potencial. A adição do basalto moído proporcionou incremento nos teores de Zn, Fe e Cu no solo com o tempo de incubação.

Basaltic rocks have chemical and mineralogical composition that allows its agricultural application due to its capability of improving soil fertility. The aim in this work was to evaluate the effect of levels of finely crushed basalt rock in soil chemical conditioning. A dystrophic Yellow Latosol from pre-weathered Boa Vista Formation was used. The rock of the Apoteri formation was collected in the mine of Nova Olinda near Boa Vista. The treatments consisted of the incorporation and incubation of eight rock powder levels (0; 0.85; 1.70; 3.35; 5.03; 10.05; 20.40 and 40.80 g kg-1). The experimental design was entirely randomly with eight treatments and three replicates. After the incorporation of the rushed rock powder for a period 180 days of soil incubation, the soil was analyzed and determined the values of Ca2+, Mg2+, pH in H2O, pH in KCl, Al3+, H+ Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn. The level of 20.40 g kg-1 of basalt provided the maxim reduction of the active acidity, varying from 4.8 to 5.5. Concentrations of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased, but their increments in the soil solution was small. Basalt levels presented high efficiency for neutralization of the potential acidity. Amendments with crushed rock increased extractable amounts of Zn, Fe and Cu in soil, after incubation.

A produção de mudas de fruteiras nativas é um importante passo para a preservação das espécies, exploração comercial sustentável e geração de emprego. Neste contexto, os fertilizantes alternativos, como pó de rocha, propiciam a obtenção de um substrato com maior fertilidade, rico em nutrientes, com redução de custos em mão de obra e com a reposição de adubação. O objetivo no presente trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. McVaugh) em função de doses de pó de basalto. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação pertencente ao CCA/UFRR. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial (5x2+1), sendo seis doses de pó de basalto (0; 0,42;1,04; 2,08; 4,17 e 8,33 g kg-1), duas granulometrias (0,05 e 0,10 mm f) e uma testemunha. Vasos de polietileno de 14 litros foram as unidades experimentais e utilizou-se um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico textura média. A incubação do solo nos vasos teve duração de 120 dias e, após esse período, fez-se o transplante das plântulas. Após seis meses do plantio, foram determinados altura, diâmetro do colo, número de ramos e biomassa seca da parte aérea e de raiz das mudas. A partir destes dados, foram calculados os índices morfológicos. Os tratamentos sem pó de basalto (0 g kg-1) e a dose de 0,42 g kg-1 produziram mudas de menor qualidade em ambas as granulometrias testadas. As melhores mudas de camu-camu foram obtidas aplicando-se 4,17 e 8,33 g kg-1 de pó de basalto com a granulometria de 0,05 mm.

The seedling production of native fruits is an important step towards the preservation of species, commercial exploitation and sustainable employment generation. In this context, alternative fertilizers, such as rock dust, provide obtaining a substrate with higher fertility, nutrient-rich, with reduced costs in manpower and replacement of fertilization. The objective in the present research was to evaluate the initial development of camu-camu seedlings (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. McVaugh) in function of levels of crushed basalt. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, at CCA/UFRR. The experimental designed was completely randomized with eight treatments and five repetitions in factorial scheme (5x2+1), being five levels of crushed basalt (0, 0.42, 1.04, 2.08, 4.17 and 8.33 g kg-1), two particle size (0.05 mm and 0.10 mm f). Vases of polyethylene of 14L of capacity were the experimental units, and the soil was a Distrofic Yellow Latosol. The incubation period of the soil in vases was for 120 days and after that period the seedlings were transplanted to vases. Six months after the transplant the height, diameter of plant, branches number, and aerial part and root dry biomass of seedlings were determined. From this data the morphologic indexes were calculated. The Treatments without crushed basalt (0 g kg-1) and the levels 0.42 g kg-1 produced seedlings of lower quality in both granulometry analyzed. The better development of seedlings of camu-camu was obtained using 4.17 e 8.33 g kg-1 of crushed basalt with 0.05 granulometry.

A influência do material de origem, variando de sedimentos Pliopleistocênicos a rochas vulcânicas básicas, e da posição topográfica na gênese de solos foi estudada em uma topolitossequência representativa da região das savanas da bacia do rio Cauamé, em Roraima. O estudo objetivou diferenciar os solos por meio de atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos. Foram amostrados e descritos morfologicamente 14 perfis de solos, em uma topossequência no sentido norte-sul e num transecto no sentido leste-oeste, com identificação das seguintes classes: Latossolos Amarelos, Latossolos Vermelhos, Argissolos Amarelos, Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos, Plintossolos, Gleissolos, Neossolos Flúvicos e Vertissolos. A mineralogia da fração argila foi determinada por difratometria de raios X. Os processos pedogenéticos e as características dos solos foram estreitamente relacionados com variações topográfico-hidrológicas e material de origem. Os solos formados a partir de sedimentos pré-intemperizados da formação Boa Vista apresentaram invariavelmente baixa fertilidade, acidez moderada a forte e predomínio de caulinita na fração argila, com baixos teores de óxido de Fe. Os solos desenvolvidos de basalto ou de sedimentos com influência máfica são eutróficos, com saturação por bases alta e presença de argilominerais de camada 2:1. A ocorrência de solos eutróficos, de pontuações carbonáticas degradadas e de Vertissolos sob vegetação de savana nesse setor do norte amazônico indica condições paleoclimáticas bem mais secas no Quaternário, quando houve formação de carbonatos nos horizontes inferiores dos Vertissolos, em depressões fechadas.

The influence of parent material, varying from Plio-Pleistocene sediments and basic volcanics, and topographic position, to soil genesis, was studied in a topolitossequence typical of savanna at the Cauamé River catchment, Roraima. We aimed to describe the soil variability under savanna by means of chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes. Fourteen soil profiles were described and samples, allowing the identification of the following classes: Yellow Latosol, Red Latosol, Yellow and Red-Yellow Argisols, Plinthosols, Gleisols, Fluvic Neosols and Vertisols. The mineralogy was determined by DRX. The pedogenetical processes and soil characteristics were closely related with topographical-hydrological variation and underlying lithology. Soils derived from pre-weathered sediments of the Boa Vista Formation are generally of low fertility, with high acidity and kaolinite mineralogy and low Fe-oxides contents. Soils developed from Basalt or under the influence of alluvia with mafic contribution all showed high base saturation (eutric) and clay mineralogy with the presence of 2:1 clays, with varying amounts of kaolinite. The occurrence of Vertisols, degraded carbonatic nodules and eutric soils under savanna indicate Quaternary drier paleoclimates in this part of north Amazonia, during which carbonates were formed in the lower horizons of Vertisols, in closed depressions.

Em Roraima, a distribuição espacial das populações indígenas identifica um cenário de busca constante de solos capazes de sustentar uma agricultura itinerante. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer relação entre a compreensão dos solos por parte dos Yanomami da região do médio Catrimani e o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, bem como avaliar o seu tipo de uso em função de análises químicas para diagnóstico da fertilidade do solo. O trabalho foi executado em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu em visitas a oito malocas para estudar os solos. Foram coletadas amostras em trincheiras até 1,50 m de profundidade para análise e classificação dos solos e (em prospecções com o trado) nas profundidades de 0-10 a 10-30 cm, em 21 tipos de uso agrícola, e da área de floresta para análises químicas de fertilidade. A segunda fase foi uma oficina, abordando os sistemas de exploração agrícola, com duração de 20 h. Focalizou-se a discussão sobre a compreensão do meio ambiente (Urihi)(1) e sistemas de produção agrícolas e sobre a importância do uso correto do conhecimento dos solos. Os solos são denominados pelos Yanomami em função das características morfológicas, pelos teores de matéria orgânica e pela presença de minhocas, e da posição na paisagem - a escolha para agricultura é fundamentada nessas características. As práticas agrícolas consistem da derrubada da mata nativa, queima e plantio das culturas em separado. Os solos descritos na área foram: Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Maxita a uuxi wakë axi), Argissolo Amarelo (Maxita a axi), Latossolo Amarelo (Maxita a axi) e Plintossolo (Maxita a axi a maamaxipë). O processo de derruba e queima promove um incremento inicial do teor de Ca e K trocáveis e P assimilável devido à contribuição das cinzas, o que permite a exploração das áreas por um período máximo de três anos.

In Roraima, the spatial distribution of indigenous peoples indicates a background of constant search for soils capable of sustaining shift cultivation. This study aimed to establish a relationship between the understanding of soil by the Yanomami tribe from the mid-Catrimani river region and the Brazilian System of Soil Classification and evaluate the type of agricultural land use according to soil fertility tests, in two steps. The first consisted of visiting eight Indian communities to collect soil samples at 21 sites with different types of agriculture and forests, both from profile soil (depth 0-1.50 m) and pits (depth 0-0.1 m and 0.1-0.3 m) for laboratory analysis. The second step was a workshop addressing the shift cultivation systems (duration 20 h). The discussion focused on the understanding of the environment (Urihi) and agricultural production systems, and on the importance of the correct use of knowledge of the soil and its fertility. Soils are named according to their morphology and position in the landscape by the Yanomami. The choice of agricultural areas is based on these features, aside from the organic matter content and the presence of earthworms. Agricultural practices comprise clearing and burning of the native forest immediately before planting a set of separate crops. The soils described in the area were classified according to the Brazilian taxonomic system as follows: Red Yellow Argisol (Maxita a uuxi wake axi), Yellow Argisol (Maxita a axi) Yellow Latosol (Maxita a axi) and Plintosol (Maxita a axi a maaxipé). Slashing and burning initially increases exchangeable Ca, K and available P due to the contribution of the ashes, which allows an agricultural exploitation of these areas for a maximum period of three years.

A adubação fosfatada e as formas de aplicação de fertilizantes fosfatados são fatores importantes no manejo das culturas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses de fósforo e formas de aplicação de fertilizante fosfatado na cultura do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) em solo de cerrado do Estado de Roraima. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo, em Latossolo Amarelo distrocoeso, no Campus do Cauamé da Universidade Federal de Roraima. O delineamento experimental foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com as parcelas principais organizadas em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas formas de aplicação do fertilizante fosfatado: a) Lanço - L; b) Sulco simples - SS e c) Sulco duplo - SD. As subparcelas corresponderam às doses da adubação fosfatada: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 vezes a dose recomendada para adubação de manutenção do feijão-caupi. Houve efeito das doses de fósforo sobre o crescimento e absorção de fósforo pelas plantas. O maior crescimento, produção de vagem por planta, de grãos e absorção de fósforo ocorreu com a aplicação do fertilizante fosfatado aplicado em sulcos duplos.

Phosphorus fertilization and ways of phosphate fertilizers application are important factors considering crop management. This study aimed at assessing the effect of phosphorus rates and phosphate fertilizers application forms on growth and phosphorus uptake of cowpea plants cropped on cerrado soil in the State of Roraima, Brazil. An experiment took place under field conditions, on a Yellow Latosol, at Cauamé Campus of Roraima's Federal University, located in the municipality of Boa Vista/RR. The experimental design was split-plot, in a completely randomized blocks, with three replicates. The plots consisted of the following phosphoric fertilizers application forms: a) broadcasting; b) single furrow and c) double furrow. Sub-plots corresponded to phosphorus doses: 0, 0,5; 1,0; 1,5, and 2,0 times the recommended dose for cowpea maintenance fertilization (60 kg ha-1 of P2O5). There was a significant effect of P rates over plant growth and plant uptake. Application of fertilizer in double furrows promoted higher plant growth, grain yield, and plant phosphorous uptake.