ABSTRACT. Cowpea planting season is crucial for high yield and should comprise the period of the year that warrants the best climatic conditions for cowpea cultivation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water availability and temperature on the performance of cowpea cultivars. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a 4 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with four replications. Factors included four levels of soil moisture (25, 50, 75, and 100% of water holding capacity), two growing seasons (mild and hot), and five cowpea cultivars (Carijó, Itaim, Pujante, Rouxinol, and Tapahium). The number of pods and seeds per plant, seed production, water use efficiency, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and physiological parameters were evaluated. Seed production was higher during the mild season than during the hot season and increased linearly with increasing soil water availability. Photosynthetic activity and transpiration were higher during the hot season than during the mild season, with their reduction under a water availability of 25% regardless of the growing season. Total chlorophyll content decreased with excess water. Regardless of water availability, temperature was the most limiting climatic factor for cowpea performance. Cultivars Carijó, Itaim, and Tapahium exhibited a lower reduction in productive potential when grown in the hot season.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de isolados nativos e exóticos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) na promoção do crescimento de plântulas micropropagadas de Pseudobombax simplicifolium S. Robyns durante a fase de aclimatização. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em três tratamentos de inoculação; Entrophospora etunicata (autóctone), Acaulospora longula (exótico) e um grupo testemunha não inoculado. As plântulas foram aclimatizadas em solo e vermiculita (2:1 v/v) em 10 repetições para cada tratamento totalizando 30 parcelas experimentais. Ao final do experimento, mudas de P. simplicifolium micorrizadas apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento comparado às não inoculadas. Apesar do inóculo com FMA nativo de E. etunicata ter sido mais eficiente em colonizar as plantas, os incrementos na área foliar, biomassa fresca e seca foram similares aos proporcionados pela espécie exótica de FMA (A. longula). Conclui-se que durante a fase de aclimatização, mudas de P. simplicifolium têm o desenvolvimento vegetativo beneficiado pela micorrização, independente da origem dos isolados fúngicos testados nesse estudo. (FMA S aclimatização inoculação autóctone, autóctone , (autóctone) exótico (exótico inoculado 21 2 1 (2: v/v vv v 3 experimentais P inoculadas E plantas foliar A. A (A longula. . longula) Concluise Conclui se micorrização estudo (autóctone (2 (

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of native and exotic isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in promoting the growth of micropropagated seedlings of Pseudobombax simplicifolium S. Robyns during the acclimatization phase. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse in an entirely randomized design with three inoculation treatments; Entrophospora etunicata (autochthonous), Acaulospora longula (exotic) and a non-inoculated control group. Seedlings were acclimated in soil and vermiculite (2:1 v/v) in 10 repetitions for each treatment totaling 30 experimental plots. At the end of the experiment, mycorrhized P. simplicifolium seedlings presented better development than those not inoculated. Although the inoculum with native AMF of E. etunicata was more efficient in colonizing the plants, the increments in leaf area, fresh and dry biomass were similar to those provided by the exotic AMF species (A. longula). It is concluded that during the acclimatization phase, P. simplicifolium seedlings present great vegetative development when mycorrhized, regardless of the origin of the fungal isolates tested in this study. (AMF S phase treatments autochthonous, autochthonous , (autochthonous) (exotic noninoculated non inoculated group 21 2 1 (2: v/v vv v 3 plots P E plants area A. A (A longula. . longula) study (autochthonous (2 (

RESUMO A melancia triploide é muito apreciada pelos mercados mais exigentes, e, devido ao seu tamanho reduzido, torna-se ideal para consumo em famílias pequenas. Com o incremento de áreas cultivadas com melancia sem sementes no mundo, há demanda pelo desenvolvimento de germoplasma tetraploides para obtenção de híbridos triploides de melhor desempenho agronômico. Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de induzir poliploidia na Linhagem resistente ao oídio desenvolvida pela Embrapa Semiárido, LDRO, sob diferentes concentrações de colchicina e métodos de aplicação. As sementes foram tratadas com colchicina (0,0%; 0,1% e 0,2%) por 24h e 48h (Experimento 1) e sob diferentes métodos de aplicação de colchicina a 0,2% a) direto na semente (MDS) com e sem escarificação, b) sementes com emissão da radícula (MER), c) no ponto de inserção entre o hipocótilo e a raiz (MIHR), d) no ápice da plântula (MAP) e e) no hipocótilo invertido (MHI) (Experimento 2). Foi realizada a análise citogenética (contagem do número cromossômico), do número de cloroplastos por pares de células-guardas, número de estômatos, altura da plântula e diâmetro do hipocótilo. Na Linhagem LDRO, a duplicação cromossômica ocorreu em algumas células das plantas, mas não foi possível obter plantas 100% tetraploides. A colchicina a 0,2% por 48h sem escarificação mecânica induz a duplicação cromossômica em melancia. A análise do número de cloroplastos identifica os níveis de ploidia, de forma precoce, reduzindo o número de plantas, que serão avaliadas em citogenética, sendo que esta permite identificar com maior precisão os diferentes níveis de ploidia da planta.

ABSTRACT Triploid watermelon is highly appreciated by the most demanding markets, and due to its small size, it is ideal for consumption by small families. With the growth in areas cultivated with seedless watermelon worldwide, there is a demand for the development of tetraploid germplasm to obtain triploid hybrids with better agronomic performance. This study performed two tests to induce polyploidy in the powdery mildew–resistant line developed by Embrapa Semi-Arid, LDRO, under different colchicine concentrations and application methods. In Experiment 1, the seeds were treated with colchicine (0.0%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) for 24 h and 48 h. In Experiment 2, 0.2% colchicine was applied by different methods: (a) directly on the seed (MDS) with and without scarification, (b) on seeds with radicle emission (MER), (c) at the insertion point between the hypocotyl and the root (MIHR), (d) at the seedling apex (MAP), and (e) in the inverted hypocotyl (MHI). Chromosome count (cytogenetic analysis), number of chloroplasts per pair of guard cells, number of stomata, seedling height, and hypocotyl diameter were measured. In the LDRO line, chromosomal duplication occurred in some plant cells, but it was not possible to obtain 100% tetraploid plants. Colchicine (0.2%) for 48 h without mechanical scarification induced chromosomal duplication in watermelon. The analysis of the number of chloroplasts identified the level of ploidy early, reducing the number of plants needed to be evaluated by cytogenetics, which allowed us to more accurately identify the different levels of ploidy of the plant.

RESUMO: Na micropropagação, o nitrato de potássio (KNO3), reagente puro para análise (P.A.), utilizado no preparo dos meios de cultura, possui custo elevado e a sua aquisição depende de trâmites burocráticos, por se tratar de substância controlada pelo Exército Brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do KNO3 P.A. por fertilizante comercial (com fonte de KNO3), encontrado livremente no comércio, na micropropagação de palma (Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cv Orelha de Elefante. Os tratamentos foram de seis concentrações do fertilizante (0; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 e 2,5 g L-1) e um controle constituído de 1,9 g L-1 de reagente KNO3, conforme mostrado nos sais MS. Avaliou-se a sobrevivência, tamanho e número de brotações do explante, e o valor da biomassa fresca. Após a aclimatização das mudas avaliou-se a sobrevivência, número de brotações, comprimento da parte aérea, número de raízes, formação da raquete, massa média da biomassa fresca, absorção de macronutrientes e alterações morfológicas das mudas. Os explantes inoculados em meio com fertilizantes nas concentrações de 0,0; 2,0 e 2,5 g L-¹ não se desenvolveram. A resposta dos explantes nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1,5 g L-1 do fertilizante foram iguais aos desenvolvidos em meio contendo KNO3, e na concentração de 1,0 g L-1, em todas as variáveis, as médias foram superiores em relação as do controle. Dessa forma, constatou-se a viabilidade do uso do fertilizante no cultivo in vitro da palma, o que propiciou a eliminação dos entraves burocráticos e redução no custo de 99,12% na compra do produto.

ABSTRACT: In micropropagation, potassium nitrate (KNO3), an ACS reagent grade chemical, used in the preparation of growing mediums is expensive and its procurement depends on bureaucratic procedures, as it is controlled by the Brazilian Army. This research to assessed the effect of replacing the ACS KNO3 for a commercially available fertilizer (KNO3- based) on the micropropagation of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cv. Elephant Ear. Treatments used six different fertilizer concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g L-1) and a control consisting of 1.9 g L-1 KNO3, as shown in the MS salts. The survival, size and number of sprouts and the value of fresh biomass were evaluated. After seedling acclimation, we assessed the survival, number of sprouts, length, and number of roots, racket formation, average fresh biomass mass, macronutrient absorption and morphological changes of the seedlings. Explants inoculated with fertilizers at concentrations of 0.0; 2.0 and 2.5 g L-¹ did not grow. The response of explants at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.5 g L-1 of the fertilizer were the same as those developed in a KNO3 medium, and at a concentration of 1.0 g L-1, in all variables, the means were higher than those of the control medium. Therefore, it showed the feasibility of using fertilizers in the in vitro cultivation of the prickly pear cactus, which may remove bureaucratic barriers and reduce product costs by 99.12%.

Abstract Adenia is an Old World genus of Passifloroideae closely related to Passiflora. The two genera comprise the large majority of Passifloroideae species, although most studies are concentrated on Passiflora. Cytological analyses reveal that changes in chromosome numbers played an important role in the evolution of Passiflora, whereas in the remaining genera little is known, hindering the identification of the base number of the family. Here we analyzed the chromosome number and the 35S rDNA sites of three species of Adenia and reevaluated the base number (x) of the subfamily Passifloroideae and the family Passifloraceae, including chromosome data for Turneroideae and Malesherbioideae. The chromosome number of Adenia species seemed to be stable with 2n = 24 or 48 and one or two pairs of rDNA sites, very similar to Passiflora subgenus Astrophea, suggesting a common ancestral karyotype with x = 12. Differently, Turneroideae and Malesherbioideae present x = 7. A whole genomic duplication detected after the separation of Passifloroideae and Malesherbioideae suggests that the base number of Passifloraceae most probably was x = 7, which by dysploidy and polyploidy generated x = 12 for the subfamily Passifloroideae.

Abstract The new table grape cultivar BRS Tainá produces white firm seedless grapes, agreeable flavor, balanced sugar-acid ratio, good berry adherence to the pedicel and yield of 50 ton ha-1 year-1. It is recommended for the tropical conditions of the Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. Propagative material is acquired from nurseries licensed by Embrapa.

HIGHLIGHTS Callogenesis was induced from watermelon anthers The auxin 2,4-D at 2.0 and 5.0 μM concentrations induced callus formation. Anthers’ responses to the pre-treatment at 4 °C varied according to the watermelon genotype.

RESUMO O déficit hídrico e as altas temperaturas são os fatores abióticos que mais restringem o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Entretanto, seus efeitos dependem da fase de desenvolvimento da cultura, da duração e da intensidade do estresse. Com isso, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, avaliar o desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi submetido à restrição hídrica em diferentes fases fenológicas e ao aumento da temperatura do ar. O experimento foi conduzido com a cultivar Carijó, em câmaras de crescimento, em arranjo fatorial de 4x3x2, sendo as disponibilidades hídricas (25, 50, 75, and 100%,) as fases fenológicas (vegetativa, floração e enchimento das vagens) e os regimes de temperatura (T°1: 20-26-33 °C e T°2: 24.8-30.8-37.8 °C) , respectivamente. A redução da disponibilidade hídrica nas fases vegetativa e na floração ocasionou queda na produção de sementes. A porcentagem de flores abortadas foi maior para as plantas mantidas no regime de temperatura com um aumento de 4.8 °C, com consequentemente, redução na produção de sementes. O aumento da disponibilidade hídrica, favoreceu a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz. O aumento de 4,8 °C não afetou o peso da massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, porém, reduziu cerca de 83% da eficiência de uso da água pela planta. Verificou-se as maiores atividades enzimáticas da CAT GPX e SOD nas plantas submetidas ao regime de temperatura de com um aumento de 4.8 °C. Apenas a APX apresentou menor atividade enzimática com o aumento da temperatura. A cv. Carijó apresenta maior sensibilidade ao aumento de 4,8 °C na temperatura do ar do que aos déficits hídricos.

ABSTRACT Water deficit and high temperatures are abiotic factors that most limit plant growth and development. However, its effects depend on crop development stage and on stress duration and intensity. Thus, the objective of was to evaluate the development of cowpea subjected to water restriction in different phenological stages and to increase in air temperature. The experiment was conducted with the cultivar ‘Carijó’, in growth chambers, in a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to levels of water availability (25, 50, 75, and 100%,), phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and pod filling) and temperature regimes (T°1: 20-26-33 °C e T°2: 24.8-30.8-37.8 °C), respectively. Reduction of water availability in the vegetative and flowering stages caused decrease in grain production. The percentage of aborted flowers was higher in plants maintained under an increased temperature of +4.8 °C, with consequent reduction in grain production. Higher water availability values favored shoot and root dry mass production. Increase of 4.8 °C did not affect shoot and root dry mass but reduced water use efficiency by about 83%. The highest enzymatic activities of CAT, GPX and SOD were found in plants subjected to the temperature of +4.8 °C. Only APX showed lower enzymatic activity with increasing temperature. The cv. ‘Carijó’ is more sensitive to the 4.8 °C increase in air temperature than to water deficits.

RESUMEN La temperatura es uno de los elementos climáticos que afectan la mayoría del proceso de germinación y el desarrollo de las plántulas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la germinación y el desarrollo de plántulas de los cultivares de frijol caupí a temperatura creciente. Para este propósito, las semillas de los cultivares Acauã, Carijó, Guariba, Gurguéia, Itaim, Juruá, Pajeú, Potengi, Pujante, Nightingale, Tapahium y Tumucumaque se mantuvieron en la cámara de germinación a temperaturas de 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40°C, con fotoperiodo de 12 horas. Las semillas de frijol caupí tienen un rendimiento óptimo de germinación y desarrollo de plántulas a temperaturas en el rango de 30.49 - 35.48°C. Los cultivares presentaron un porcentaje de germinación superior al 91% por debajo de 40°C, sin embargo, no se observó formación de plántulas normales. La temperatura de 20°C proporcionó una germinación superior al 96%, pero con un período más largo para germinar. El rango de temperatura entre 30 y 35°C favoreció el índice de velocidad de germinación, el tiempo promedio y la velocidad de germinación de la semilla, con temperaturas óptimas que varían entre los cultivares. La tasa más alta de plántulas normales se observó a temperaturas entre 25 y 35°C.

ABSTRACT Temperature is one of the climatic elements that affect germination and seedling development. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate germination and seedling development in cowpea cultivars under increasing temperatures. Seeds from the cultivars Acauã, Carijó, Guariba, Gurguéia, Itaim, Juruá, Pajeú, Potengi, Pujante, Rouxinol, Tapahium, and Tumucumaque were kept in a germination chamber at temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C, with a photoperiod of 12 h. Cowpea seeds have optimal germination performance and seedling development at temperatures in the range of 30.49 - 35.48°C. The cultivars presented a germination percentage above 91% under 40°C; however, the seedlings were abnormal. The temperature 20°C provided germination above 96% but required a longer period to germinate. The temperature range between 30 - 35°C favored the germination speed index, an average time, and seed germination speed, with optimum temperatures varying between the cultivars. The highest normal seedling rate was observed at temperatures between 25 and 35°C.

RESUMEN El tamaño de las semillas es un rasgo agronómico importante, pudiendo utilizarse para diferentes habilidades. Mientras que las semillas pequeñas garantizan un mayor aprovechamiento de la pulpa, semillas más grandes facilitan la siembra, sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos sobre el control genético de este carácter en la sandía. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la herencia del tamaño de las semillas en poblaciones de sandía cruzando genotipos contrastantes, buscando proporcionar soporte técnico durante la selección del tamaño de la semilla en el desarrollo de nuevos genotipos de este fruto. Fue medida la longitud de la semilla de seis poblaciones P1, P2, F1, F2, RC1 y RC2 utilizando el procedimiento generaciones segregantes y no segregantes (GENES), por medio del cual fue posible concluir que la herencia del tamaño de semillas en las poblaciones estudiadas es controlada por dos genes con dominancia incompleta. Además, dependiendo de las poblaciones estudiadas la herencia del carácter en cuestión puede comportarse de manera diferente. La selección de individuos superiores dentro de las poblaciones puede ser realizada con base en el fenotipo, lo que posibilita la exploración de estos individuos dentro de los programas de mejoramiento para componer líneas o híbridos.

ABSTRACT Seed size is an important agronomic trait and is applicable to different abilities. Small seeds guarantee the greater use of the pulp, while larger seeds facilitate sowing. However, there is little work on the genetic control of this characteristic in watermelon. The objective of this work was to study the seed size inheritance in watermelon populations by crossing contrasting genotypes, seeking to gain information to provide technical support during the selection of seed size for the development of new watermelon genotypes. The seed lengths of six populations, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2, were measured using the GENES software segregating and nonsegregating generations procedure. This trait is controlled by two genes with incomplete dominance. In addition, depending on the populations studied, inheritance for the characteristic in question may behave differently. Nevertheless, the selection of superior individuals within populations can be performed based on this phenotype, which allows the exploitation of these individuals within breeding programs to develop lines or hybrids.

Abstract Some species of Lactobacillus have demonstrated beneficial health effects being applied in the production of food supplements. Thus, the incorporation of viable cells as encapsulated probiotics represents an essential condition to be considered in new strategies for the controlled release of microorganisms. Herein, the massive encapsulation of Lactobacillus paracasei is provided by the use of alternative electrospinning technique. Is spite of the high voltage required for the production of fibers, a high density of viable cells is observed into the polymeric electrospun web, allowing the controlled release at targeted pH (characteristic of Eudragit® L100 polymer support). The reported procedure circumvents typical drawbacks of degradation of microorganisms under adverse conditions (storage, package and low pH) and preserves its biologic action after complete release from polymer fibers.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar genitores e combinações híbridas promissoras para o melhoramento de melancia forrageira. Foram avaliados cinco genitores; BGCIA 996 (1), BGCIA 997 (2), BGCIA 998 (3), BGCIA 228 (4), Jojoba (5) e dez híbridos F1’s, obtidos a partir de cruzamentos dialélicos balanceados. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados completos, com três repetições. Avaliou -se as características morfoagronômicas e bromatológicas. Destacaram-se os genitores BGCIA 997, BGCIA 998, BGCIA 228 e Jojoba, quanto ao teor de proteína, produção de frutos, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e número de sementes, respectivamente. O híbrido 1x4 destacou-se para comprimento dos frutos, número de sementes e extrato etéreo. O híbrido 2x3 destacou-se para espessura de casca e polpa, enquanto os híbridos 3x4, 3x5 e 4x5 destacaram-se pela digestibilidade, teor de proteína e produção de frutos, respectivamente. A análise do desvio padrão das estimativas de CEC tanto de DP (Sij-Sik) quanto de DP(Sij-Skl) indicaram que não foram encontrados híbridos com estimativas de CEC duas vezes maiores que DP(Sij-Sik) ou DP(Sij-Skl), exceto para o híbrido 1x4 para número de sementes por fruto. Estes resultados sugerem que os progenitores foram mais promissores do que os híbridos. Da mesma forma, as estimativas da CGC favorecem o método intrapopulacional, o qual promoverá maior eficiência na seleção para ganhos genéticos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify parents and promising hybrid combinations for the improvement of forage watermelon. Five parents were evaluated: BGCIA 996 (1), BGCIA 997 (2), BGCIA 998 (3), BGCIA 228 (4), Jojoba (5) and ten F1 hybrids, which were obtained from balanced diallel crosses. The experimental design was in a complete randomized block, with three replications. The morphoagronomic and bromatological traits were evaluated. The highlights were the progenitors BGCIA 997, BGCIA 998, BGCIA 228 and Jojoba for protein content, fruit yield, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and number of seeds, respectively. The hybrid 1x4 stood out for fruit length, seed number, and ethereal extract. The hybrid 2x3 stood out for rind and pulp thickness while the hybrids 3x4, 3x5 and 4x5 had exceptional digestibility, protein content and fruit yield, respectively. The analysis of the standard deviation of the SCA estimates of both SD (Sij- Sik) and SD (Sij- Skl) indicated that no hybrids were found that had SCA estimates twice that of SD (Sij- Sik) or SD (Sij- Skl), except for the hybrid 1x4 for the number of seeds per fruit. These results suggest that the parents were more promising than the hybrids. Similarly, the GCA estimates favor the intrapopulation method, which will promote greater efficiency in selection for genetic gains.

Schinopsis brasiliensis is an endangered tree species found in the Caatinga biome. It presents a characteristic slow development and difficult propagation, although it has been traditionally exploited in the region. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus (P) fertilization may be beneficial to S. brasiliensis development at the seedling stage, which at the same time may help species conservation and the recovery of degraded areas in the Caatinga biome. We assessed the response of S. brasiliensis to AMF inoculation (Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Acaulospora longula) and P fertilization (0, 12, 24, and 48 mg dm−3 addition of P2O5). S. brasiliensis responded positively to both AMF inoculation and P fertilization. At low P concentrations, the inoculated plants showed higher leaf area and enhanced vegetative development, nutrient content and biomass production compared with non-inoculated plants. Conversely, increasing levels of P fertilization decreased the level of mycorrhizal colonization, plant responsiveness to inoculation, and spore production in C. etunicatum. Thus, P concentrations were able to influence the response of S. brasiliensis to mycorrhization and responsiveness to increased mycorrhization with the decrease in P availability. These results showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis plays an essential role in the development of S. brasiliensis.

No Brasil, Meloidogyne enterolobii vem causando perdas significativas na produção de goiabeiras e, no submédio do Vale do São Francisco, por exemplo, o impacto negativo decorrente da infecção e morte de goiabeiras tem refletido diretamente na qualidade de vida dos agricultores. Até o momento, não existem métodos de controle efetivos: os nematicidas avaliados experimentalmente não têm sido eficientes e não há produtos registrados no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para aplicação em goiabeiras. Assim, há necessidade de realizar pesquisa básica nesta área. A prospecção de proteínas relacionadas com a resistência em espécies resistentes pode ser uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento de medidas para seu controle. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios biológicos de toxicidade para a análise do efeito de extratos proteicos de amendoim sobre o desenvolvimento, a capacidade infectiva e atividade de enzimas proteolíticas de M. enterolobii visando à identificação de proteínas com potencial para controle desse nematoide. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o extrato proteico total de amostras de raízes de plantas de amendoim inoculadas não tem efeito sobre as três características supracitadas. Sendo assim, são necessários estudos dessa natureza com outras espécies resistentes ao patógeno visando à identificação de proteínas que apresentem potencial para o seu controle.

In several regions of the country, including the São Francisco Valley, Meloidogyne enterolobii has caused significant losses in the production of guava, reflecting negatively on life quality of farmers in the region. To date, there is no effective control method, nematicides have been evaluated experimentally and have not been efficient in their control and there are no products registered with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply for use in guava. Therefore, there is a critical need for basic research on this area and the prospection of proteins related to resistance to M. enterolobii in nematode resistant species may be an alternative for the development of control measures. For this purpose, biological assays of toxicity were performed to analyze the effect of peanut protein extracts on the development, infective capacity and activity of proteolytic enzymes of M. enterolobii for the identification of proteins with potential to control this pest. Results showed that total protein extracts from peanut root samples inoculated with M. enterolobii has no effect on the three characteristics evaluated. Thus, similar studies with other species resistant to the pathogen are needed to identify proteins with potential to control M. enterolobii.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da rapadura sobre o desenvolvimento, in vitro, de bananeira, cv. Maçã, visando à redução de custos de produção, por cultura de tecidos. Explantes de bananeira foram inoculados em meios nutritivos, formulados à base de rapadura, com quatro concentrações distintas (10, 25, 50 e 75% de solução de rapadura), e os dados obtidos foram comparados com aqueles das plantas cultivadas em meio MS 100% (controle), perfazendo um total de cinco tratamentos. Ao final de 60 dias, foram avaliados os números médios de folhas, brotos e raízes, bem como os números médios de explantes mortos e oxidados. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para a maior parte dos parâmetros avaliados, exceto para o número médio de explantes oxidados, que foi maior no tratamento com 75% de rapadura. Concluiu-se que meios nutritivos com até 50% de rapadura em sua composição, sem reguladores vegetais, podem ser utilizados em substituição ao meio MS para o cultivo in vitro de bananeira.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of panela (hard brown sugar) on in vitro development of banana cv. Maçã, in order to reduce production costs. Banana explants were inoculated in nutrient media formulated with four different concentrations of panela solution (10, 25, 50 and 75%) and data were compared with those of plants grown on MS medium (control), totalizing five treatments. After 60 days, the average number of leaves, shoots and roots, as well as the mean number of explants dead and oxidized were analyzed. There was no significant difference between treatments for most parameters, except for the mean number of oxidized explants, which was higher in the treatment containing 75% of panela. It was concluded that nutrient media with up to 50% of panela in the composition, without plant growth regulators, can be used for in vitro banana replacing the MS media.