É descrito o caso de homem de 70 anos de idade com história progressiva, iniciada há 6 anos com pesadelos, problemas com a atenção e memória recente, dificuldade de encontrar lugares familiares e episódios de alucinação visual pouco elaborados. Na primeira avaliação neuropsicológica havia déficit difuso de leve intensidade, especialmente nas funções de atenção e memória, viso-espacial e viso-construtiva. Não houve sinais de parkinsonismo nem delírios recorrentes. Tomografia cerebral computadorizada mostrou atrofia cerebral própria da idade. Ressonância magnética com espectroscopia foi normal para faixa etária, embora houvesse redução na curva do N-acetil-aspartato. O uso de um inibidor colinesterásico durante 6 meses melhorou sua autonomia cognitiva, comportamento e sono. Os achados de necrópsia evidenciaram atrofia cortical nas regiões fronto-parieto-temporais com maior acentuação nos lobos frontais. Do ponto de vista histopatológico, havia moderada quantidade de corpos de Lewy intracitoplamáticos distribuídos em todo o córtex cerebral, além de despovoamento neuronal com liberação pigmentar. As colorações por hematoxilina-eosina e Bielschowsky não revelaram células baloniformes, corpos de Pick, degeneração neurofibrilar e placa senil. Com exceção dos corpos de Lewy intracitoplasmáticos, as reações imuno-histoquimicas foram negativas para anti-ubiquitina, anti-tau, anti-beta amilóide, e proteína anti-prion.
A male 70 years old patient with diffuse or ''pure'' Lewy body disease is described. The diagnosis was made based on clinical features of nightmares with no atonia, attention deficits with fluctuation in cognitive function, incapacity to find his way around the neighbourhood and other formerly familiar environments and mild neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychological assessment showed memory deficits, visuospatial and visuo-constructive disturbances. He had neither parkinsonism nor recurrent visual hallucinations typically well formed and detailled. Neuroimaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) showed mild diffuse cortical atrophy, mostly on the left temporal lobe and a decrease of N-acetil-aspartate levels. A cholinesterase inhibitor was prescribed to this patient during 6 months with clinically relevant behavioral effect. Diagnosis confirmation was made by post-mortem neuropathological findings. Macroscopical features were mild atrophy on the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, notedly on the frontal lobes. Microscopically, there was neuronal loss and diffuse classic Lewy bodies. Brainstem (substantia nigra, raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, pedunculopontine nucleus), limbic cortex, and neocortex (frontal, parietal and temporal) were the areas of predilection for Lewy bodies. Hematoxylin-eosin and Bielschowsky staining did not show neuronal swelling (balooned cell), argyrophilic inclusion (Pick's bodies), neurofibrillary tangles nor senile plaques. Immunohistochemical staining for anti-tau, anti-beta-amyloid, and anti-prion protein were negative. Antiubiquitine reaction was positive for Lewy body in the cerebral cortex and brainstem.