ABSTRACT Objective Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately affect transgender women and travestis (TGW), who often lack access to healthcare due to stigma and discrimination. We describe the approach and methodology of a study investigating the prevalence of syphilis, HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and human papillomavirus (HPV) among TGW, as well as their knowledge and perceptions regarding syphilis, to better inform policies to curb STIs among this vulnerable population. Methods: TransOdara was a multicentric, cross-sectional study conducted among TGW in five capital cities from major Brazilian regions between December 2019 and July 2021. Self-identified transgender women and travestis aged >18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling after a qualitative formative phase, completed an interviewer-led questionnaire, were offered a physical examination, and were also asked to provide samples from multiple sites to detect various STIs, starting vaccination and treatment when indicated. Results: A total of 1,317 participants were recruited from the five study locations: Campo Grande (n=181, 13.7%), Manaus (n=340, 25.8%), Porto Alegre (n=192, 14.6%), Salvador (n=201, 15.3%), and São Paulo (n=403, 30.6%). The recruitment period varied at each study location due to logistic constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Despite the enormous challenges posed by the co-occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and field work targeting a vulnerable, elusive, and scattered population, the TransOdara project has been effectively implemented. Caveats did not preclude 1,300 TGW from being interviewed and tested, amid a significant epidemic that disrupted health services and research projects in Brazil and worldwide.

RESUMO Objetivo As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) afetam desproporcionalmente as mulheres trans e travestis (MTT), que muitas vezes não têm acesso a cuidados de saúde devido ao estigma e à discriminação. Descrevemos a abordagem e a metodologia de um estudo que investigou a prevalência de sífilis, HIV, hepatite A, B e C, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e papilomavírus humano (HPV) entre as MTT, bem como seu conhecimento e percepção sobre a sífilis, para melhor as políticas para redução de IST nessa população vulnerável. Métodos: TransOdara foi um estudo multicêntrico, transversal, realizado em cinco capitais das principais regiões brasileiras entre dezembro de 2019 e julho de 2021. Mulheres autoidentificadas como mulheres trans ou travestis, com idade >18 anos, foram recrutadas usando respondent-driven sampling, após uma fase de pesquisa formativa. Responderam a um questionário conduzido por entrevistadoras. Foi oferecida consulta médica, com exame físico, e solicitou-se que fornecessem amostras de vários locais para detectar as IST citadas. Quando indicado e consentido, foram iniciadas a vacinação e o tratamento. Resultados: Foram recrutadas 1.317 participantes nos cinco locais de estudo: Campo Grande (n=181, 13,7%), Manaus (n=340, 25,8%), Porto Alegre (n=192, 14,6%), Salvador (n= =201, 15,3%) e São Paulo (n=403, 30,6%). O período de recrutamento variou em cada local em razão de restrições logísticas impostas pela pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão: Apesar dos enormes desafios colocados pela ocorrência simultânea da pandemia da COVID-19 e do trabalho de campo dirigido a uma população vulnerabilizada e dispersa, o projeto TransOdara foi eficazmente implementado. As adversidades não impediram que mais de 1.300 mulheres trans e travestis tenham sido entrevistadas e testadas em meio a uma epidemia de tal magnitude que perturbou os serviços de saúde e os projetos de pesquisa no Brasil e no mundo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências e os fatores associados à detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) em mulheres trans e travestis em cinco capitais brasileiras. Métodos: Os dados vieram de um estudo transversal, realizado entre 2019 e 2021, com pessoas recrutadas por RDS (respondent driven sampling) em São Paulo, Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre e Salvador. Analisou-se a detecção de CT e NG, em três sítios de coleta (anorretal, orofaríngeo e uretral). Para identificação dos fatores associados empregaram-se modelos logísticos com efeitos mistos. Resultados: Forneceram material biológico para detecção dessas infecções 1.297 participantes recrutadas. As prevalências de CT, NG e coinfecção foram, respectivamente, 11,5, 13,3 e 3,6%. Foram independentemente associados à detecção para CT: trabalho sexual no passado (odds ratio — OR=1,73; intervalos de confiança para 95% — IC95% 1,02–2,95), no momento atual (OR=2,13; IC95% 1,23–3,69) e como atividade parcial (OR=2,75; IC95% 1,60–4,75) e uso de drogas injetáveis na vida (OR=3,54; IC95% 1,49–8,40). Para NG: uso de drogas injetáveis na vida (OR=1,91; IC95% 1,28–2,84) e orientação sexual – heterossexuais (OR=3,44; IC95% 1,35–8,82), homossexuais (OR=5,49; IC95% 1,89–15,97) e bissexuais (OR=3,21; IC95% 1,06–9,68). Para coinfecção: uso de drogas nos últimos 12 meses (OR=2,34; IC95% 1,10–5,00). Ser mais jovem foi associada a todos os desfechos investigados. Conclusão: As prevalências estimadas de CT, NG e de coinfecção foram desproporcionalmente mais elevadas entre as mulheres trans e travestis se comparadas à população geral, especialmente entre as mais jovens, que exerciam trabalho sexual e faziam uso de drogas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in transgender women and travestis in five Brazilian capitals. Methods: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study conducted between 2019 and 2021, with participants recruited through Respondent Driven Sampling in São Paulo, Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Salvador. Detection of CT and NG was analyzed at three collection sites (anorectal, oropharyngeal and urethral). Mixed logistic regression models were employed to identify associated factors. Results: A total of 1,297 recruited participants provided biological material to detect these infections. The prevalences of CT, NG and coinfection were 11.5%, 13.3% and 3.6%, respectively. Independent associations with CT infections included past (OR=1.73; 95%CI 1.02–2.95), current (OR=2.13; 95%CI 1.23–3.69), and part-time sex work (OR=2.75; 95%CI 1.60–4.75), as well as lifetime injectable drug use (OR=3.54; 95%CI 1.49–8.40). For NG, associations were observed with lifetime injectable drug use (OR=1.91; 95%CI 1.28–2.84) and sexual orientation, including heterosexual (OR=3.44; 95%CI 1.35–8.82), homosexual (OR=5.49; 95%CI 1.89–15.97), and bisexual (OR=3.21; 95%CI 1.06–9.68). Coinfection was associated with use of illicit drugs in the last 12 months (OR=2.34, 95%CI 1.10–5.00), and younger age was associated with all investigated outcomes. Conclusion: Estimated prevalences of CT, NG and co-infection were higher among transgender women and travestis compared to the general population, particularly among younger, individuals engaged in sex work and illicit drug use.

RESUMO Objective Determinar a aceitabilidade e os fatores associados à realização do exame físico para detecção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) sintomáticas em mulheres trans e travestis no Brasil. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do “TransOdara”, estudo transversal de prevalência de IST, realizado em cinco capitais brasileiras (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador e São Paulo) entre dezembro de 2019 e julho de 2021. As 1.317 mulheres trans e travestis, com idade ≥18 anos, recrutadas por meio do método respondent-driven sampling passaram por entrevistas e responderam a um questionário estruturado. Foi ofertada consulta médica, incluindo realização de exame físico e coleta de amostras de vários locais para detectar diversas IST. Para a análise dos fatores associados à aceitabilidade do exame físico (geral, genital e anorretal), considerou-se as características sociodemográficas das participantes que permitiram a sua realização. Resultados: A maioria (65,4%; intervalo de confiança – IC95% 62,7–68,0) concedeu permissão para o exame geral (incluindo orofaríngeo), com permissão concedida em menor proporção para os exames genitais (42,3%; IC95% 39,6–46,0) ou anorretais (42,1%; IC95% 39,4–44,9). No geral, 34,4% (IC95% 31,8–37,0) delas recusaram todos os exames. As participantes com sintomas de IST foram significativamente mais propensas a conceder permissão para o exame completo do que as participantes assintomáticas (64,3 vs 37,4%, odds ratio ajustado – AOR=3,6, IC95% 2,4–5,5). Os fatores significativamente associados à aceitabilidade do exame completo na análise multivariada incluíram idade (AOR=1,5 para ≥25 anos), religião (AOR=2,0 para afro-brasileiras, AOR=1,9 para outras religiões em comparação com nenhuma religião) e nível de escolaridade (AOR=2,0 para nível superior). Conclusão: No contexto do manejo de IST, nós observamos aceitação limitada de exames anogenitais entre mulheres trans e travestis, com maior aceitação entre aquelas com sintomas de IST.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to determine the acceptability and factors associated with uptake of a physical examination for the detection of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by transgender women and travestis in Brazil. Methods: TransOdara was a multi-centric, cross-sectional STI prevalence study conducted among transgender women and travestis in five capital cities (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador and São Paulo) representing all Brazilian regions, between December 2019 and July 2021. A total of 1,317 self-identified transgender women and travestis aged ≥18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and responded to a standard questionnaire. A medical consultation was offered including a physical examination and collection of samples from multiple sites to detect various STIs. Factors associated with uptake were investigated by reviewing demographic characteristics of participants who gave permission for physical examination (general, genital, and anorectal). Results: Most participants (65.4%, 95% confidence interval — 95%CI 62.7–68.0) gave permission for a general examination (including oropharyngeal), with fewer permitting genital (42.3%, 95%CI 39.6–46.0) or anorectal (42.1%, 95%CI 39.4–44.9) examinations. Overall, 34.4% (95%CI 31.8–37.0) of participants refused all examinations. Participants with STI symptoms were significantly more likely to give permission for full examination than asymptomatic participants (64.3 vs. 37.4%, adjusted odds ratio — AOR=3.6, 95%CI 2.4–5.5). Other factors significantly associated with uptake of a full examination in multivariate analysis included age (AOR=1.5 for ≥25 years), religion (AOR=1.7 for Afro-Brazilian, AOR=1.9 for other religions compared to no religion), and education (AOR=2.0 for higher-level). Conclusion: In the context of STI management, this study found limited acceptance of anogenital examinations among transgender women and travestis, with higher acceptance among those with STI symptoms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências e fatores associados com as hepatites A, B e C em mulheres trans e travestis em cinco regiões do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres trans e travestis em cinco capitais brasileiras (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador e São Paulo), entre dezembro/2019 e julho/2021. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção de marcadores das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites A (HAV), B (HBV) e C (HCV), utilizando-se testes rápidos e quimioluminescência. Amostras positivas foram submetidas à detecção de HBV-DNA e HCV-RNA por PCR em tempo real e genotipadas por sequenciamento de Sanger. Resultados: As análises de 1.317 amostras indicaram taxas de prevalências nas mulheres trans e travestis recrutadas de 69,1%, 24,4% e 1,5% para exposição ao HAV, HBV e HCV, respectivamente. Elevada taxa de suscetibilidade ao HBV (35,7%) e baixa prevalência do marcador vacinal (40,0%) foram observadas. Mostraram-se associadas à presença de anti-HAV: idade maior que 26 anos, autodeclarar-se preta-parda, ter apenas educação básica, história de encarceramento e uso de preservativo na última relação sexual com parceiro casual. Quanto à exposição ao HBV, foi associada a idade maior que 26 anos, cor da pele preto-parda, ter sido profissional do sexo e história de encarceramento. Idade maior de 37 anos, história de abuso sexual e consumo frequente de álcool foram associadas ao HCV. Conclusão: As maiores prevalências de HAV nessa população encontram-se nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Com relação ao HBV, a prevalência encontrada foi superior à encontrada na população geral, sugerindo maior vulnerabilidade. A prevalência do HCV foi semelhante à encontrada na população geral.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis A, B, and C in transgender women and travestis's networks, in 5 regions of Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study includedtransgender women and travestis in five Brazilian capitals (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador, and São Paulo), between December/2019 and July/2021. All samples were subjected to detection of serological markers of hepatitis virus A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV) infections through rapid tests and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays. Positive samples in the screening tests were submitted to detect HBV DNA and HCV-RNA by real-time PCR and genotyped by Sanger sequencing. Results: Analysis of 1,317 samples showed network prevalence rates of 69.1%, 25.1%, and 1.5% for HAV, HBV, and HCV exposure, respectively. A high susceptibility rate to HBV infection (35.7%) and low prevalence of vaccine response markers (40%) were also observed. Age greater than 26 years, self-declared black/brown skin color, having only primary education, history of incarceration, and use of a condom in the last sexual intercourse with a casual partner were associated with total anti-HAV. Exposure to HBV was associated with age greater than 26 years, self-declared black/brown, history of being a sex worker, and incarceration. Age > 37 years, history of sexual abuse, and frequent alcohol consumption were associated with hepatitis C infection. Conclusion: The highest prevalence of HAV in this population was found in the North and Northeast regions, and the prevalence found was higher than that in the general population, suggesting greater vulnerability. The prevalence of HCV infection in our study was similar to that observed in the general population.

RESUMO Objective Determinar a aceitabilidade e os fatores associados à realização do exame físico para detecção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) sintomáticas em mulheres trans e travestis no Brasil. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do “TransOdara”, estudo transversal de prevalência de IST, realizado em cinco capitais brasileiras (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador e São Paulo) entre dezembro de 2019 e julho de 2021. As 1.317 mulheres trans e travestis, com idade ≥18 anos, recrutadas por meio do método respondent-driven sampling passaram por entrevistas e responderam a um questionário estruturado. Foi ofertada consulta médica, incluindo realização de exame físico e coleta de amostras de vários locais para detectar diversas IST. Para a análise dos fatores associados à aceitabilidade do exame físico (geral, genital e anorretal), considerou-se as características sociodemográficas das participantes que permitiram a sua realização. Resultados: A maioria (65,4%; intervalo de confiança – IC95% 62,7–68,0) concedeu permissão para o exame geral (incluindo orofaríngeo), com permissão concedida em menor proporção para os exames genitais (42,3%; IC95% 39,6–46,0) ou anorretais (42,1%; IC95% 39,4–44,9). No geral, 34,4% (IC95% 31,8–37,0) delas recusaram todos os exames. As participantes com sintomas de IST foram significativamente mais propensas a conceder permissão para o exame completo do que as participantes assintomáticas (64,3 vs 37,4%, odds ratio ajustado – AOR=3,6, IC95% 2,4–5,5). Os fatores significativamente associados à aceitabilidade do exame completo na análise multivariada incluíram idade (AOR=1,5 para ≥25 anos), religião (AOR=2,0 para afro-brasileiras, AOR=1,9 para outras religiões em comparação com nenhuma religião) e nível de escolaridade (AOR=2,0 para nível superior). Conclusão: No contexto do manejo de IST, nós observamos aceitação limitada de exames anogenitais entre mulheres trans e travestis, com maior aceitação entre aquelas com sintomas de IST. (IST Brasil Métodos TransOdara, TransOdara , “TransOdara” Campo Grande Manaus Alegre Paulo 201 2021 1317 1 317 1.31 18 ≥1 anos respondentdriven respondent driven estruturado médica (geral anorretal, anorretal anorretal) considerouse considerou se Resultados 65,4% 654 65 4 (65,4% IC95 IC 62,7–68,0 627680 62 7 68 0 orofaríngeo, orofaríngeo orofaríngeo) 42,3% 423 42 3 (42,3% 39,6–46,0 396460 39 6 46 42,1% 421 (42,1% 39,4–44,9. 394449 39,4–44,9 . 44 9 39,4–44,9) 344 34 34,4 (IC95 31,8–37,0 318370 31 8 37 64,3 643 64 (64, 374 37,4% AOR36 AOR AOR=3,6 2,4–5,5. 2455 2,4–5,5 2 5 2,4–5,5) AOR=1,5 AOR15 (AOR=1, 25 ≥2 anos) AOR=2,0 AOR20 (AOR=2, afrobrasileiras, afrobrasileiras afro brasileiras, afro-brasileiras AOR19 AOR=1, superior. superior superior) Conclusão “TransOdara 20 202 131 1.3 ≥ 65,4 (65,4 IC9 62,7–68, 62768 42,3 (42,3 39,6–46, 39646 42,1 (42,1 39444 39,4–44, 34, (IC9 31,8–37, 31837 64, (64 37,4 AOR3 AOR=3, 245 2,4–5, AOR1 (AOR=1 AOR=2, AOR2 (AOR=2 AOR=1 13 1. 65, (65, 62,7–68 6276 42, (42, 39,6–46 3964 3944 39,4–44 (IC 31,8–37 3183 (6 37, AOR=3 24 2,4–5 (AOR= AOR=2 AOR= (65 62,7–6 627 (42 39,6–4 396 394 39,4–4 31,8–3 318 ( 2,4– (AOR 62,7– (4 39,6– 39,4– 31,8– 2,4 62,7 39,6 39,4 31,8 2, 62, 39, 31,

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to determine the acceptability and factors associated with uptake of a physical examination for the detection of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by transgender women and travestis in Brazil. Methods: TransOdara was a multi-centric, cross-sectional STI prevalence study conducted among transgender women and travestis in five capital cities (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador and São Paulo) representing all Brazilian regions, between December 2019 and July 2021. A total of 1,317 self-identified transgender women and travestis aged ≥18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and responded to a standard questionnaire. A medical consultation was offered including a physical examination and collection of samples from multiple sites to detect various STIs. Factors associated with uptake were investigated by reviewing demographic characteristics of participants who gave permission for physical examination (general, genital, and anorectal). Results: Most participants (65.4%, 95% confidence interval — 95%CI 62.7–68.0) gave permission for a general examination (including oropharyngeal), with fewer permitting genital (42.3%, 95%CI 39.6–46.0) or anorectal (42.1%, 95%CI 39.4–44.9) examinations. Overall, 34.4% (95%CI 31.8–37.0) of participants refused all examinations. Participants with STI symptoms were significantly more likely to give permission for full examination than asymptomatic participants (64.3 vs. 37.4%, adjusted odds ratio — AOR=3.6, 95%CI 2.4–5.5). Other factors significantly associated with uptake of a full examination in multivariate analysis included age (AOR=1.5 for ≥25 years), religion (AOR=1.7 for Afro-Brazilian, AOR=1.9 for other religions compared to no religion), and education (AOR=2.0 for higher-level). Conclusion: In the context of STI management, this study found limited acceptance of anogenital examinations among transgender women and travestis, with higher acceptance among those with STI symptoms. STIs (STIs Brazil Methods multicentric, multicentric multi centric, centric multi-centric crosssectional cross sectional Campo Grande Manaus Alegre Paulo regions 201 2021 1317 1 317 1,31 selfidentified self identified 18 ≥1 respondentdriven respondent driven questionnaire general, (general anorectal. . anorectal) Results 65.4%, 654 65 4 (65.4% 95 95CI CI 62.7–68.0 627680 62 7 68 0 oropharyngeal, oropharyngeal , oropharyngeal) 42.3%, 423 42 3 (42.3% 39.6–46.0 396460 39 6 46 42.1%, 421 (42.1% 39.4–44.9 394449 44 9 Overall 344 34 34.4 31.8–37.0 318370 31 8 37 64.3 643 64 (64. vs 374 37.4% AOR36 AOR AOR=3.6 2.4–5.5. 2455 2.4–5.5 2 5 2.4–5.5) AOR=1.5 AOR15 (AOR=1. 25 ≥2 years, years) AOR=1.7 AOR17 AfroBrazilian, AfroBrazilian Afro Brazilian, Afro-Brazilian AOR19 AOR=1. religion, religion) AOR=2.0 AOR20 (AOR=2. higherlevel. higherlevel level higher-level) Conclusion management 20 202 131 1,3 ≥ 65.4% (65.4 62.7–68. 62768 42.3% (42.3 39.6–46. 39646 42.1% (42.1 39.4–44. 39444 34. 31.8–37. 31837 64. (64 37.4 AOR3 AOR=3. 245 2.4–5. AOR1 (AOR=1 AOR=1 AOR=2. AOR2 (AOR=2 higher-level 13 1, 65.4 (65. 62.7–68 6276 42.3 (42. 39.6–46 3964 42.1 39.4–44 3944 31.8–37 3183 (6 37. AOR=3 24 2.4–5 (AOR= AOR= AOR=2 65. (65 62.7–6 627 42. (42 39.6–4 396 39.4–4 394 31.8–3 318 ( 2.4– (AOR 62.7– (4 39.6– 39.4– 31.8– 2.4 62.7 39.6 39.4 31.8 2. 62. 39. 31.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências e fatores associados com as hepatites A, B e C em mulheres trans e travestis em cinco regiões do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres trans e travestis em cinco capitais brasileiras (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador e São Paulo), entre dezembro/2019 e julho/2021. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção de marcadores das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites A (HAV), B (HBV) e C (HCV), utilizando-se testes rápidos e quimioluminescência. Amostras positivas foram submetidas à detecção de HBV-DNA e HCV-RNA por PCR em tempo real e genotipadas por sequenciamento de Sanger. Resultados: As análises de 1.317 amostras indicaram taxas de prevalências nas mulheres trans e travestis recrutadas de 69,1%, 24,4% e 1,5% para exposição ao HAV, HBV e HCV, respectivamente. Elevada taxa de suscetibilidade ao HBV (35,7%) e baixa prevalência do marcador vacinal (40,0%) foram observadas. Mostraram-se associadas à presença de anti-HAV: idade maior que 26 anos, autodeclarar-se preta-parda, ter apenas educação básica, história de encarceramento e uso de preservativo na última relação sexual com parceiro casual. Quanto à exposição ao HBV, foi associada a idade maior que 26 anos, cor da pele preto-parda, ter sido profissional do sexo e história de encarceramento. Idade maior de 37 anos, história de abuso sexual e consumo frequente de álcool foram associadas ao HCV. Conclusão: As maiores prevalências de HAV nessa população encontram-se nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Com relação ao HBV, a prevalência encontrada foi superior à encontrada na população geral, sugerindo maior vulnerabilidade. A prevalência do HCV foi semelhante à encontrada na população geral. Objetivo Brasil Métodos Campo Grande Manaus Alegre Paulo, Paulo , Paulo) dezembro2019 dezembro 2019 dezembro/201 julho2021 julho 2021 julho/2021 (HAV) (HBV (HCV) utilizandose utilizando se quimioluminescência HBVDNA DNA HCVRNA RNA Sanger Resultados 1317 1 317 1.31 691 69 69,1% 244 24 4 24,4 15 5 1,5 respectivamente 35,7% 357 35 7 (35,7% 40,0% 400 40 0 (40,0% observadas Mostraramse Mostraram antiHAV anti anti-HAV 2 anos autodeclararse autodeclarar pretaparda, pretaparda preta parda, parda preta-parda básica casual pretoparda, pretoparda preto preto-parda 3 Conclusão encontramse encontram Nordeste geral vulnerabilidade dezembro201 201 dezembro/20 julho202 202 julho/202 (HAV (HCV 131 31 1.3 6 69,1 24, 1, 35,7 (35,7 40,0 (40,0 dezembro20 20 dezembro/2 julho20 julho/20 13 1. 69, 35, (35, 40, (40, dezembro2 dezembro/ julho2 julho/2 (35 (40 julho/ (3 (4 (

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis A, B, and C in transgender women and travestis's networks, in 5 regions of Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study includedtransgender women and travestis in five Brazilian capitals (Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Salvador, and São Paulo), between December/2019 and July/2021. All samples were subjected to detection of serological markers of hepatitis virus A (HAV), B (HBV), and C (HCV) infections through rapid tests and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays. Positive samples in the screening tests were submitted to detect HBV DNA and HCV-RNA by real-time PCR and genotyped by Sanger sequencing. Results: Analysis of 1,317 samples showed network prevalence rates of 69.1%, 25.1%, and 1.5% for HAV, HBV, and HCV exposure, respectively. A high susceptibility rate to HBV infection (35.7%) and low prevalence of vaccine response markers (40%) were also observed. Age greater than 26 years, self-declared black/brown skin color, having only primary education, history of incarceration, and use of a condom in the last sexual intercourse with a casual partner were associated with total anti-HAV. Exposure to HBV was associated with age greater than 26 years, self-declared black/brown, history of being a sex worker, and incarceration. Age > 37 years, history of sexual abuse, and frequent alcohol consumption were associated with hepatitis C infection. Conclusion: The highest prevalence of HAV in this population was found in the North and Northeast regions, and the prevalence found was higher than that in the general population, suggesting greater vulnerability. The prevalence of HCV infection in our study was similar to that observed in the general population. Objective travestiss s networks Brazil Methods crosssectional cross sectional Campo Grande Manaus Alegre Salvador Paulo, Paulo , Paulo) December2019 December 2019 December/201 July2021 July 2021 July/2021 (HAV) (HBV) (HCV immunoassays HCVRNA RNA realtime real time sequencing Results 1317 1 317 1,31 691 69 69.1% 251 25 25.1% 15 1.5 exposure respectively 35.7% 357 35 7 (35.7% 40% 40 (40% 2 years selfdeclared self declared blackbrown black brown color education incarceration antiHAV. antiHAV anti HAV. anti-HAV worker 3 abuse Conclusion vulnerability December201 201 December/20 July202 202 July/202 (HAV (HBV 131 31 1,3 6 69.1 25.1 1. 35.7 (35.7 4 (40 December20 20 December/2 July20 July/20 13 1, 69. 25. 35. (35. (4 December2 December/ July2 July/2 (35 ( July/ (3

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar as prevalências e os fatores associados à detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) em mulheres trans e travestis em cinco capitais brasileiras. Métodos: Os dados vieram de um estudo transversal, realizado entre 2019 e 2021, com pessoas recrutadas por RDS (respondent driven sampling) em São Paulo, Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre e Salvador. Analisou-se a detecção de CT e NG, em três sítios de coleta (anorretal, orofaríngeo e uretral). Para identificação dos fatores associados empregaram-se modelos logísticos com efeitos mistos. Resultados: Forneceram material biológico para detecção dessas infecções 1.297 participantes recrutadas. As prevalências de CT, NG e coinfecção foram, respectivamente, 11,5, 13,3 e 3,6%. Foram independentemente associados à detecção para CT: trabalho sexual no passado (odds ratio — OR=1,73; intervalos de confiança para 95% — IC95% 1,02–2,95), no momento atual (OR=2,13; IC95% 1,23–3,69) e como atividade parcial (OR=2,75; IC95% 1,60–4,75) e uso de drogas injetáveis na vida (OR=3,54; IC95% 1,49–8,40). Para NG: uso de drogas injetáveis na vida (OR=1,91; IC95% 1,28–2,84) e orientação sexual – heterossexuais (OR=3,44; IC95% 1,35–8,82), homossexuais (OR=5,49; IC95% 1,89–15,97) e bissexuais (OR=3,21; IC95% 1,06–9,68). Para coinfecção: uso de drogas nos últimos 12 meses (OR=2,34; IC95% 1,10–5,00). Ser mais jovem foi associada a todos os desfechos investigados. Conclusão: As prevalências estimadas de CT, NG e de coinfecção foram desproporcionalmente mais elevadas entre as mulheres trans e travestis se comparadas à população geral, especialmente entre as mais jovens, que exerciam trabalho sexual e faziam uso de drogas. Objetivo (CT (NG brasileiras Métodos transversal 201 2021 respondent sampling Paulo Grande Manaus Salvador Analisouse Analisou anorretal, anorretal (anorretal uretral. uretral . uretral) empregaramse empregaram mistos Resultados 1297 1 297 1.29 respectivamente 115 11 5 11,5 133 13 3 13, 36 6 3,6% odds OR=1,73 OR173 OR 73 95 IC95 IC 1,02–2,95, 102295 1,02–2,95 , 02 2 1,02–2,95) OR=2,13 OR213 (OR=2,13 1,23–3,69 123369 23 69 OR=2,75 OR275 75 (OR=2,75 1,60–4,75 160475 60 4 OR=3,54 OR354 54 (OR=3,54 1,49–8,40. 149840 1,49–8,40 49 8 40 1,49–8,40) OR=1,91 OR191 91 (OR=1,91 1,28–2,84 128284 28 84 OR=3,44 OR344 44 (OR=3,44 1,35–8,82, 135882 1,35–8,82 35 82 1,35–8,82) OR=5,49 OR549 (OR=5,49 1,89–15,97 1891597 89 15 97 OR=3,21 OR321 21 (OR=3,21 1,06–9,68. 106968 1,06–9,68 06 9 68 1,06–9,68) OR=2,34 OR234 34 (OR=2,34 1,10–5,00. 110500 1,10–5,00 10 00 1,10–5,00) investigados Conclusão geral jovens 20 202 129 29 1.2 11, 3,6 OR=1,7 OR17 7 IC9 10229 1,02–2,9 0 OR=2,1 OR21 (OR=2,1 1,23–3,6 12336 OR=2,7 OR27 (OR=2,7 1,60–4,7 16047 OR=3,5 OR35 (OR=3,5 14984 1,49–8,4 OR=1,9 OR19 (OR=1,9 1,28–2,8 12828 OR=3,4 OR34 (OR=3,4 13588 1,35–8,8 OR=5,4 OR54 (OR=5,4 1,89–15,9 189159 OR=3,2 OR32 (OR=3,2 10696 1,06–9,6 OR=2,3 OR23 (OR=2,3 11050 1,10–5,0 1. 3, OR=1, OR1 1022 1,02–2, OR=2, OR2 (OR=2, 1,23–3, 1233 1,60–4, 1604 OR=3, OR3 (OR=3, 1498 1,49–8, (OR=1, 1,28–2, 1282 1358 1,35–8, OR=5, OR5 (OR=5, 1,89–15, 18915 1069 1,06–9, 1105 1,10–5, OR=1 102 1,02–2 OR=2 (OR=2 1,23–3 123 1,60–4 160 OR=3 (OR=3 149 1,49–8 (OR=1 1,28–2 128 135 1,35–8 OR=5 (OR=5 1,89–15 1891 106 1,06–9 110 1,10–5 OR= 1,02– (OR= 1,23– 1,60– 16 14 1,49– 1,28– 1,35– 1,89–1 189 1,06– 1,10– 1,02 (OR 1,23 1,60 1,49 1,28 1,35 1,89– 18 1,06 1,10 1,0 1,2 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,89 1,1 1, 1,8

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in transgender women and travestis in five Brazilian capitals. Methods: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study conducted between 2019 and 2021, with participants recruited through Respondent Driven Sampling in São Paulo, Campo Grande, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Salvador. Detection of CT and NG was analyzed at three collection sites (anorectal, oropharyngeal and urethral). Mixed logistic regression models were employed to identify associated factors. Results: A total of 1,297 recruited participants provided biological material to detect these infections. The prevalences of CT, NG and coinfection were 11.5%, 13.3% and 3.6%, respectively. Independent associations with CT infections included past (OR=1.73; 95%CI 1.02–2.95), current (OR=2.13; 95%CI 1.23–3.69), and part-time sex work (OR=2.75; 95%CI 1.60–4.75), as well as lifetime injectable drug use (OR=3.54; 95%CI 1.49–8.40). For NG, associations were observed with lifetime injectable drug use (OR=1.91; 95%CI 1.28–2.84) and sexual orientation, including heterosexual (OR=3.44; 95%CI 1.35–8.82), homosexual (OR=5.49; 95%CI 1.89–15.97), and bisexual (OR=3.21; 95%CI 1.06–9.68). Coinfection was associated with use of illicit drugs in the last 12 months (OR=2.34, 95%CI 1.10–5.00), and younger age was associated with all investigated outcomes. Conclusion: Estimated prevalences of CT, NG and co-infection were higher among transgender women and travestis compared to the general population, particularly among younger, individuals engaged in sex work and illicit drug use. Objective (CT (NG capitals Methods crosssectional cross sectional 201 2021 Paulo Grande Manaus Salvador anorectal, anorectal (anorectal urethral. urethral . urethral) Results 1297 1 297 1,29 115 11 5 11.5% 133 13 3 13.3 36 6 3.6% respectively OR=1.73 OR173 OR 73 (OR=1.73 95CI CI 95 1.02–2.95, 102295 1.02–2.95 , 02 2 1.02–2.95) OR=2.13 OR213 (OR=2.13 1.23–3.69, 123369 1.23–3.69 23 69 1.23–3.69) parttime part time OR=2.75 OR275 75 (OR=2.75 1.60–4.75, 160475 1.60–4.75 60 4 1.60–4.75) OR=3.54 OR354 54 (OR=3.54 1.49–8.40. 149840 1.49–8.40 49 8 40 1.49–8.40) OR=1.91 OR191 91 (OR=1.91 1.28–2.84 128284 28 84 orientation OR=3.44 OR344 44 (OR=3.44 1.35–8.82, 135882 1.35–8.82 35 82 1.35–8.82) OR=5.49 OR549 (OR=5.49 1.89–15.97, 1891597 1.89–15.97 89 15 97 1.89–15.97) OR=3.21 OR321 21 (OR=3.21 1.06–9.68. 106968 1.06–9.68 06 9 68 1.06–9.68) OR=2.34, OR234 34 (OR=2.34 1.10–5.00, 110500 1.10–5.00 10 00 1.10–5.00) outcomes Conclusion co infection population 20 202 129 29 1,2 11.5 13. 3.6 OR=1.7 OR17 7 (OR=1.7 10229 1.02–2.9 0 OR=2.1 OR21 (OR=2.1 12336 1.23–3.6 OR=2.7 OR27 (OR=2.7 16047 1.60–4.7 OR=3.5 OR35 (OR=3.5 14984 1.49–8.4 OR=1.9 OR19 (OR=1.9 1.28–2.8 12828 OR=3.4 OR34 (OR=3.4 13588 1.35–8.8 OR=5.4 OR54 (OR=5.4 189159 1.89–15.9 OR=3.2 OR32 (OR=3.2 10696 1.06–9.6 OR=2.34 OR23 (OR=2.3 11050 1.10–5.0 1, 11. 3. OR=1. OR1 (OR=1. 1022 1.02–2. OR=2. OR2 (OR=2. 1233 1.23–3. 1604 1.60–4. OR=3. OR3 (OR=3. 1498 1.49–8. 1.28–2. 1282 1358 1.35–8. OR=5. OR5 (OR=5. 18915 1.89–15. 1069 1.06–9. OR=2.3 1105 1.10–5. OR=1 (OR=1 102 1.02–2 OR=2 (OR=2 123 1.23–3 160 1.60–4 OR=3 (OR=3 149 1.49–8 1.28–2 128 135 1.35–8 OR=5 (OR=5 1891 1.89–15 106 1.06–9 110 1.10–5 OR= (OR= 1.02– 1.23– 16 1.60– 14 1.49– 1.28– 1.35– 189 1.89–1 1.06– 1.10– (OR 1.02 1.23 1.60 1.49 1.28 1.35 18 1.89– 1.06 1.10 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.89 1.1 1. 1.8

RESUMO Objetivo As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) afetam desproporcionalmente as mulheres trans e travestis (MTT), que muitas vezes não têm acesso a cuidados de saúde devido ao estigma e à discriminação. Descrevemos a abordagem e a metodologia de um estudo que investigou a prevalência de sífilis, HIV, hepatite A, B e C, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e papilomavírus humano (HPV) entre as MTT, bem como seu conhecimento e percepção sobre a sífilis, para melhor as políticas para redução de IST nessa população vulnerável. Métodos: TransOdara foi um estudo multicêntrico, transversal, realizado em cinco capitais das principais regiões brasileiras entre dezembro de 2019 e julho de 2021. Mulheres autoidentificadas como mulheres trans ou travestis, com idade >18 anos, foram recrutadas usando respondent-driven sampling, após uma fase de pesquisa formativa. Responderam a um questionário conduzido por entrevistadoras. Foi oferecida consulta médica, com exame físico, e solicitou-se que fornecessem amostras de vários locais para detectar as IST citadas. Quando indicado e consentido, foram iniciadas a vacinação e o tratamento. Resultados: Foram recrutadas 1.317 participantes nos cinco locais de estudo: Campo Grande (n=181, 13,7%), Manaus (n=340, 25,8%), Porto Alegre (n=192, 14,6%), Salvador (n= =201, 15,3%) e São Paulo (n=403, 30,6%). O período de recrutamento variou em cada local em razão de restrições logísticas impostas pela pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão: Apesar dos enormes desafios colocados pela ocorrência simultânea da pandemia da COVID-19 e do trabalho de campo dirigido a uma população vulnerabilizada e dispersa, o projeto TransOdara foi eficazmente implementado. As adversidades não impediram que mais de 1.300 mulheres trans e travestis tenham sido entrevistadas e testadas em meio a uma epidemia de tal magnitude que perturbou os serviços de saúde e os projetos de pesquisa no Brasil e no mundo. (IST MTT , (MTT) discriminação sífilis HIV A C NG, NG (NG) CT (CT HPV (HPV vulnerável Métodos multicêntrico transversal 201 2021 18 >1 anos respondentdriven respondent driven sampling formativa entrevistadoras médica físico solicitouse solicitou se citadas consentido tratamento Resultados 1317 1 317 1.31 n=181, n181 n 181 (n=181 13,7%, 137 13,7% 13 7 13,7%) n=340, n340 340 (n=340 25,8%, 258 25,8% 25 8 25,8%) n=192, n192 192 (n=192 14,6%, 146 14,6% 14 6 14,6%) n= (n =201 15,3% 153 15 3 n=403, n403 403 (n=403 30,6%. 306 30,6% . 30 30,6%) COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Conclusão COVID-1 dispersa implementado 1300 300 1.30 mundo (MTT (NG 20 202 > 131 31 1.3 n=181 n18 (n=18 13,7 n=340 n34 34 (n=34 25,8 2 n=192 n19 (n=19 14,6 =20 15,3 n=403 n40 40 (n=40 30,6 COVID1 COVID- 130 1. n=18 n1 (n=1 13, n=34 n3 (n=3 25, n=19 14, =2 15, n=40 n4 4 (n=4 30, n=1 n=3 = n=4

ABSTRACT Objective Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately affect transgender women and travestis (TGW), who often lack access to healthcare due to stigma and discrimination. We describe the approach and methodology of a study investigating the prevalence of syphilis, HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and human papillomavirus (HPV) among TGW, as well as their knowledge and perceptions regarding syphilis, to better inform policies to curb STIs among this vulnerable population. Methods: TransOdara was a multicentric, cross-sectional study conducted among TGW in five capital cities from major Brazilian regions between December 2019 and July 2021. Self-identified transgender women and travestis aged >18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling after a qualitative formative phase, completed an interviewer-led questionnaire, were offered a physical examination, and were also asked to provide samples from multiple sites to detect various STIs, starting vaccination and treatment when indicated. Results: A total of 1,317 participants were recruited from the five study locations: Campo Grande (n=181, 13.7%), Manaus (n=340, 25.8%), Porto Alegre (n=192, 14.6%), Salvador (n=201, 15.3%), and São Paulo (n=403, 30.6%). The recruitment period varied at each study location due to logistic constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Despite the enormous challenges posed by the co-occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and field work targeting a vulnerable, elusive, and scattered population, the TransOdara project has been effectively implemented. Caveats did not preclude 1,300 TGW from being interviewed and tested, amid a significant epidemic that disrupted health services and research projects in Brazil and worldwide. (STIs , (TGW) discrimination syphilis HIV B C NG, NG (NG) CT, CT (CT) HPV (HPV population Methods multicentric crosssectional cross sectional 201 2021 Selfidentified Self identified 18 >1 respondentdriven respondent driven phase interviewerled interviewer led questionnaire examination indicated Results 1317 1 317 1,31 locations n=181, n181 n 181 (n=181 13.7%, 137 13.7% 13 7 13.7%) n=340, n340 340 (n=340 25.8%, 258 25.8% 25 8 25.8%) n=192, n192 192 (n=192 14.6%, 146 14.6% 14 6 14.6%) n=201, n201 (n=201 15.3%, 153 15.3% 15 3 15.3%) n=403, n403 403 (n=403 30.6%. 306 30.6% . 30 30.6%) COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Conclusion cooccurrence co occurrence elusive implemented 1300 300 1,30 tested worldwide (TGW (NG (CT 20 202 > 131 31 1,3 n=181 n18 (n=18 13.7 n=340 n34 34 (n=34 25.8 2 n=192 n19 (n=19 14.6 n=201 n20 (n=20 15.3 n=403 n40 40 (n=40 30.6 COVID1 COVID- 130 1, n=18 n1 (n=1 13. n=34 n3 (n=3 25. n=19 14. n=20 n2 (n=2 15. n=40 n4 4 (n=4 30. n=1 (n= n=3 n=2 n=4 n= (n

Abstract Objectives: To determine the incidence and risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes according to SARS-CoV-2 infection severity in pregnant women. Method: Open prospective study of pregnant women tested for SARS-CoV-2 by serological and molecular assays during pregnancy or delivery in two hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil from April 12, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Five groups were considered for analysis: C0, negative COVID-19 results and no COVID-19 symptoms; C1, positive COVID-19 results, and no symptoms; C2, positive COVID-19 results with mild symptoms; C3, positive COVID-19 results with moderate symptoms; and C4, positive COVID-19 results with severe symptoms. The association between obstetric and neonatal outcomes and COVID-19 severity was determined using multivariate analysis. Results: 734 eligible pregnant women were enrolled as follows: C0 (n = 357), C1 (n = 127), C2 (n = 174), C3 (n = 37), and C4 (n = 39). The following pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were associated with severe COVID-19: oligohydramnios (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 6.18; 95% CI 1.87‒20.39), fetal distress (aOR = 4.01; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.84‒8.75), preterm birth (aOR = 5.51; 95% CI 1.47‒20.61), longer hospital stay (aOR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.36‒2.02), and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (aOR = 19.36; 95% CI, 5.86‒63.99). All maternal (n = 6, 15.4%, p < 0.001) and neonatal (n = 5, 12.5%, p < 0.001) deaths and most fetal deaths (n = 4, 9.8%, p < 0.001) occurred in C4 group. Moderate COVID-19 was associated with oligohydramnios (aOR = 6.23; 95% CI 1.93‒20.13) and preterm birth (aOR = 3.60; 95% CI 1.45‒9.27). Mild COVID-19 was associated with oligohydramnios (aOR=3.77; 95% CI 1.56‒9.07). Conclusion: Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were associated with maternal symptomatic COVID-19 status, and risk increased with disease severity. HIGHLIGHTS COVID-19 increases the rates of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Serious cases are associated with oligohydramnios, fetal distress, prematurity, neonatal ICU admission, maternal and neonatal deaths. The maternal clinical status dictates obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

ABSTRACT This study conducted among transgender women in São Paulo, Brazil assessed the acceptability and suitability of screening sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, by sampling multiple anatomical sites (i.e. urethral, anorectal, oropharyngeal, and neovaginal), and utilizing self- or provider-collection methods. First, a convenience sample of 23 cohort participants were recruited during a scheduled study visit between October and November 2018. Data collection was through a short investigator-led quantitative survey in Portuguese, and included presentation of investigator-designed, gender-neutral instructional diagrams to guide self-sampling. Three supplemental focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 30 participants guided by semi-structured script were conducted in Portuguese between September and October 2019. All participants reported being assigned male sex at birth and self-identified with a feminine gender identity at time of study. All survey respondents (100%; n = 23) indicated willingness to provide samples for STI screening during a future study visit. Preference was for self-collection of urine samples (83%; n = 19), urethral swabs (82%; n = 18), and anorectal swabs (77%; n = 17). A lower preference for self-collection of oropharyngeal swabs (48%; n = 11) was observed. Most respondents (78%; n = 18) indicated that they would not prefer specimens to be collected by a health professional, mainly due to ‘more privacy’ (72%; n = 13). All respondents indicated that they would feel comfortable to provide a self-collected sample based on instructional diagrams shown. In FGDs, although the collection by a health professional was described as a technically safer option for some participants, there was a preference for self-collection to avoid discomfort and embarrassment in exposing the body. Overall, this sub-study suggested acceptability among transgender women of introducing self-sampling for etiological diagnosis of STIs from potential infection sites. Uptake and usability will be explored further in a cross-sectional STI prevalence study of transgender women in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) clinical presentation and frequency/duration of shedding need further clarification. Symptomatic ZIKV-infected individuals identified in two hospitals in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated regarding clinical characteristics, shedding in body fluids, and serodynamics. Ninety-four of 235 symptomatic patients (Site A: 58%; Site B: 16%) had Real-Time PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection; fever, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms were less frequent, and rash was more frequent compared to ZIKV-negative patients. Real-Time PCR in serum had worse performance compared to plasma, while urine had the highest sensitivity. Shedding in genital fluids and saliva was rare. IgM positivity was the highest <14 days after the symptoms onset (86%), decreasing >28 days (24%); IgG positivity increased >14 days (96%) remaining positive in 94% of patients >28 days. ZIKV prevalence varied importantly in two neighboring cities during the same transmission season. Urine Real-Time PCR can improve diagnostic sensitivity; serum testing is less useful. Accurate serological tests are needed to improve diagnosis and surveillance.

ABSTRACT Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) sexual transmission and prolonged viral shedding in semen have been previously reported, suggesting a strong viral affinity for genital tissues. A transient impact of ZIKV on male fertility was shown in animal and human studies. Methods: Adult male patients with confirmed ZIKV infection diagnosed in the city of Araraquara, Brazil during the epidemic season of 2016 were invited one year after the acute infection to respond to a questionnaire of genital symptoms and to provide a semen sample for molecular ZIKV testing and spermogram analysis, as well as a serum sample for hormonal testing. Results: 101 of 187 tested patients had positive ZIKV RT-PCR in plasma and/or urine samples (54%, 72 women and 29 men). Of 15 adult male participants for whom telephone contact was successful, 14 responded to the questionnaire of genital symptoms and six consented to provide a semen sample at a median of 12 months after the acute infection. We report abnormal spermogram results from patients one year after confirmed ZIKV infection. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a possible long-term detrimental effect of ZIKV infection on human male fertility that has to be further explored in well-characterized samples from cohort studies conducted in ZIKV-endemic areas.

OBJECTIVE: Sexually transmitted infection (STI) services were offered by the nongovernmental organization Médecins Sans Frontières-Holland in Banteay Meanchey province, Cambodia, between 1997 and 1999. These services targeted female sex workers but were available to the general population. We conducted an evaluation of the operational performance and costs of this real-life project. METHODS: Effectiveness outcomes (syndromic cure rates of STIs) were obtained by retrospectively analysing patients' records. Annual financial and economic costs were estimated from the provider's perspective. Unit costs for the cost-effectiveness analysis included the cost per visit, per partner treated, and per syndrome treated and cured. FINDINGS: Over 30 months, 11 330 patients attended the clinics; of these, 7776 (69%) were STI index patients and only 1012 (13%) were female sex workers. A total of 15 269 disease episodes and 30 488 visits were recorded. Syndromic cure rates ranged from 39% among female sex workers with genital ulcers to 74% among men with genital discharge; there were variations over time. Combined rates of syndromes classified as cured or improved were around 84-95% for all syndromes. The total economic costs of the project were US$ 766 046. The average cost per visit over 30 months was US$ 25.12 and the cost per partner treated for an STI was US$ 50.79. The average cost per STI syndrome treated was US$ 48.43, of which US$ 4.92 was for drug treatment. The costs per syndrome cured or improved ranged from US$ 46.95-153.00 for men with genital ulcers to US$ 57.85-251.98 for female sex workers with genital discharge. CONCLUSION: This programme was only partly successful in reaching its intended target population of sex workers and their male partners. Decreasing cure rates among sex workers led to relatively poor cost-effectiveness outcomes overall despite decreasing unit costs.

OBJETIVO: Entre 1997 y 1999 la organización no gubernamental Médicos Sin Fronteras de Holanda ofreció servicios contra las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en la provincia camboyana de Banteay Meanchey. Aunque dirigidos a las profesionales del sexo, los servicios estaban disponibles también para la población general. Realizamos una evaluación del rendimiento operacional y de los costos de este proyecto aplicado a la vida real. MÉTODOS: Los resultados de eficacia (tasas de curación sindrómica de las ITS) se obtuvieron analizando retrospectivamente los historiales de los pacientes. Los costos financieros y económicos anuales se estimaron desde la perspectiva del proveedor. Los costos unitarios para el análisis de la costoeficacia incluyeron el costo por visita, el costo por pareja tratada, y el costo por síndrome tratado y curado. RESULTADOS: A lo largo de 30 meses, asistieron a los consultorios 11 330 pacientes; de éstos, 7776 (69%) eran pacientes índice de ITS, y sólo 1012 (13%) eran trabajadoras sexuales. Se registraron en total 15 269 episodios de enfermedad y 30 488 visitas. Las tasas de curación sindrómica se situaron entre un 39% en las profesionales del sexo con úlceras genitales y un 74% en los hombres con exudado genital; hubo variaciones a lo largo del tiempo. Las tasas combinadas de síndromes clasificados como curados o mejorados fueron de aproximadamente 84%-95% para todos los síndromes. El costo económico total del proyecto fue de US$ 766 046. El costo medio por visita durante los 30 meses fue de US$ 25,12, y el costo por pareja tratada de una ITS, de US$ 50,79. El costo medio por síndrome de ITS tratado fue de US$ 48,43, cantidad de la cual US$ 4,92 se destinó a tratamiento farmacológico. Los costos por síndrome curado o mejorado oscilaron entre US$ 46,95-153,00 para los hombres con úlceras genitales y US$ 57,85-251,98 para las profesionales del sexo con flujo vaginal. CONCLUSIÓN: El programa consiguió sólo parcialmente su objetivo de llegar a toda la población destinataria prevista de prostitutas y sus parejas. La disminución de las tasas de curación entre las profesionales del sexo conllevó unos resultados generales relativamente decepcionantes en términos de costoeficacia pese a la disminución de los costos unitarios.

OBJECTIF: L'organisation non gouvernementale Médecins Sans Frontières Hollande a proposé des services destinés à contrer les infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) dans la province du Banteay Meanchey, au Cambodge, de 1997 à 1999. Ces services visaient les prostituées, mais étaient aussi à la disposition de la population générale. Il a été procédé à une évaluation des performances opérationnelles et des coûts de ce projet en situation réelle. MÉTHODES: On a obtenu des résultats mesurant l'efficacité de l'intervention (taux de guérison syndromique des IST) en analysant rétrospectivement les dossiers des patients. On a aussi estimé les coûts financiers et économiques du point de vue du prestataire. Les coûts unitaires utilisés pour l'analyse coût-efficacité incluaient les coûts par visite, par partenaire traité et par syndrome traité et guéri. RÉSULTATS: Sur 30 mois, 11330 patients se sont rendus au dispensaire, dont 7776 (69%) cas initiaux d'IST et seulement 1012 (13%) prostituées. Au total, les responsables du projet ont enregistré 15 269 épisodes pathologiques et 30 488 visites. Les taux de guérison syndromique allaient de 39% chez les prostituées présentant des ulcères génitaux à 74 % chez les hommes souffrant d'écoulement génital, avec des variations au cours du temps. Les taux cumulés de syndromes classés comme guéris ou améliorés se situaient autour de 84 à 95% pour l'ensemble des syndromes. Le coût économique total du projet s'élevait à US $ 766 046. Sur les 30 mois, le coût moyen par visite était de US $ 25,12 et le coût par partenaire traité pour une IST se montait à US $ 50,79. Le coût moyen par syndrome de type IST traité était de US $ 48,43, dont US $ 4,92 pour le traitement médicamenteux. Le coût par syndrome guéri ou amélioré allait de US $ 46,95 - 153,00 pour un homme présentant un ulcère génital à US $ 57,85 - 251,98 pour une prostituée souffrant d'écoulement génital. CONCLUSION: Ce programme n'a réussi que partiellement à atteindre la population cible constituée par les prostituées et leurs partenaires masculins. Globalement, la diminution des taux de guérison parmi les prostituées a amené le rapport coût/efficacité à une valeur relativement médiocre, malgré la baisse des coûts unitaires.