ABSTRACT Background: The production of cellulose microfibrils/nanofibrils (CMF/CNF) has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to their excellent barrier, mechanical, and surface chemistry properties. However, large-scale industrial production of CMF/CNF has been a major challenge due to their high energy consumption, limiting their application. In this context, in recent years many studies have focused on developing pre-treatments designed to facilitate the fibrillation of CMF/CNF by reducing energy consumption during their production. This review highlights the latest advances in the use of silicates as chemical pre-treatments for CMF/CNF production, covering the main aspects related to the effects of chemical modification on the production and the properties of materials for application in biodegradable packaging. Results: Energy consumption reductions of up to 30% were achieved by pretreating cellulose pulps using silicates. In addition, the pre-treatments resulted in smaller CMF/CNF diameters and greater individualization of the nanofibrils. Studies evaluating the thermal stability, hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and porosity of CMF/CNF pre-treated with silicates have reported promising results. The application of CMF/CNF pretreated with calcium and magnesium silicates in cardboard coating resulted in packaging with low water vapor permeability and high ductility. Conclusion: Silicates interact well with cellulose surfaces, making them a promising material for the chemical pre-treatment of CMF/CNF. Furthermore, the modification by silicates could be an interesting strategy for expanding the use of CMF/CNF in the development of new products. Background microfibrilsnanofibrils microfibrils nanofibrils CMFCNF CMF CNF (CMF/CNF barrier However largescale large scale context pretreatments pre treatments Results 30 addition stability hydrophobicity treated results ductility Conclusion surfaces pretreatment treatment Furthermore products 3

ABSTRACT: Due to their remarkable characteristics, cellulose nanocrystals are strategic materials that has various industrial applications, and are capable of being produced from vegetable fibers derived from the discards of agricultural practices. Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) peel is a residue considered of low commercial value and high polluting potential that needs new applications in order to mitigate these problems. Thus, in this study the feasibility of extracting cellulose nanocrystals was investigated. Two chemical routes were followed for this extraction. In the first, the fibers were bleached before acid hydrolysis whereas mercerization was used in the second. The second route was more efficient, as it enabled the elimination of proteins and phenolic compounds, which could be confirmed through solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that revealed no signs of lignin residues. The cellulose nanocrystals composed of mainly type I cellulose presented a high degree of crystallinity index, 75 %, a thermal stability up to 200 °C, considerable stability in suspension (zeta potential of –48.1 ± 2.1 mV), and an aspect ratio of 125. They represent options that could add value to this residue, which would ease environmental problems.

A borracha natural (BN) de três clones de seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. exAdr. de Juss. Muell.-Arg.)] de um período de sete meses foi obtida por coagulação do látex com solução de ácido acético a 10% e seca a 65°C. As curvas TG-DTG foram utilizadas para monitorar as propriedades térmicas da BN. Os resultados indicaram pequenas variações entre clones e coletas, exceto no valor de Tf-T0, indicando que o clone IAC 301 sofre degradação mais rápida durante o processo termo degradação da BN seca. Não houve diferenças significativas nos valores de Tg entre clones e coletas.

Natural rubber (NR) tapped from three clones of the rubber tree [Heveabrasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss. Muell.-Arg.)] over a seven month period was obtained by coagulation of lattices with 10% acid acetic and dried at 65 °C. TG-DTG curves were used to monitor thermal properties of NR. The TG-DTG results indicated very small differences among the clones and tappings, except in the value of Tf-T0, which indicated that the IAC 301 clone suffered the fastest thermal degradation, during decomposition of the dried, raw NR. There was no significant difference in Tg values among clones and tappings.

Encuadramiento: Varios estudios han identificado las barreras para la práctica basada en la evidencia (PBE). La mayoría de esas investigaciones se llevó a cabo en distintos contextos. Se justifica el desarrollo de la investigación para identificar las barreras y actitudes ante la PBE en un contexto comunitario, dada la importancia de la reorganización y de la centralidad de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron los siguientes: a) identificar las barreras percibidas ante la adopción de una práctica de enfermería basada en la evidencia en un contexto comunitario, b) describir las actitudes de las enfermeras en relación con la práctica basada en la evidencia. Metodología: se desarrolló un estudio transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo que tuvo lugar en una unidad local de salud en el norte de Portugal, recurriendo a la versión de prueba del “Cuestionario de Actitudes Práctica Basada en Evidencias” (McKenna, Ashton y Keeney, 2004). Los resultados coinciden con los de estudios internacionales, aunque tengan en cuenta las especificidades nacionales. En general, las barreras identificadas son de diversas etiologías: personal, organizacional, cultural y científica. En conclusión, una PBE cumple con la obligación social de la enfermería, funda su credibilidad entre las ciencias de la salud y es sostiene eventuales cambios a nivel político. Es fundamental identificar las barreras y actitudes, independientemente de sus orígenes de modo a estructurar futuras estrategias de intervención.

Enquadramento: Várias pesquisas têm identificado barreiras à prática baseada em evidência (PBE). A maioria dessas investigações foi realizada em contextos diferenciados. Justifica-se o desenvolvimento de investigação para identificar barreiras e atitudes face à PBE em contexto comunitário, atendendo à reorganização e centralidade dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Os objetivos de pesquisa foram: a) identificar barreiras percecionadas face à adoção de uma prática de enfermagem baseada na evidência em contexto comunitário; b) descrever as atitudes dos enfermeiros em relação à prática baseada em evidência. Metodologia: Desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal, exploratório e descritivo que decorreu numa unidade local de saúde do norte de Portugal, recorrendo à versão teste do “Questionário de Atitudes face à Prática Baseada em Evidência” (Mckenna, Ashton e Keeney, 2004). Os resultados sobrepõem-se aos dos estudos internacionais embora considerem especificidades nacionais. No geral, as barreiras identificadas são de várias etiologias: pessoal, organizacional, cultural e científica. Em conclusão, uma PBE vai ao encontro da obrigação social da enfermagem, alicerça a sua credibilidade entre as ciências da saúde e sustenta eventuais mudanças ao nível político. É fundamental identificar, barreiras e atitudes, independentemente das suas origens de modo a estruturar estratégias de intervenção futuras.

Background: Several studies have identified barriers to evidence-based practice (EBP). Most of these investigations were carried out in different contexts. Therefore research is needed to identify barriers and attitudes to EBP in a community context, given the importance and reorganization of primary health care. The research objectives were: a) to identify perceived barriers to the adoption of evidence-based nursing practice in a community setting; b) to describe nurses’ attitudes related to evidence-based practice. Methodology: we developed an exploratory and descriptive cross-sectional study, which took place in local health unit in northern Portugal, using the test version of the “Questionnaire Attitudes to Evidence Based Practice” (McKenna, Ashton and Keeney, 2004). The results were considered in relation to those of international studies but taking into account national specificities. Overall, the barriers identified have various etiologies: personal, organizational, cultural and scientific. In conclusion, EBP meets the social obligation of nursing, reinforcing its credibility among the health sciences, and supports changes at the political level. It is important to identify barriers and attitudes, regardless their origins, in order to structure future intervention strategies.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de 15 clones da série IAC 500 de Hevea brasiliensis, desenvolvidos pelo Instituto Agronômico (IAC), durante um período de 12 anos, na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os 15 novos clones avaliados são clones primários resultantes de ortetes selecionados dentro de progênies de meios-irmãos. O clone RRIM 600, de origem Malaia, foi usado como testemunha. Foram avaliados: desempenho da produção por um período de quatro anos, média do perímetro do caule no décimo ano, incremento anual do perímetro antes e durante a sangria, propriedades térmicas da borracha natural produzida e outros caracteres do sistema laticífero. Quarenta por cento dos clones foram superiores em produção, em comparação ao clone RRIM 600. O clone IAC 500 registrou a maior produção (66,81 g por árvore por sangria) em quatro anos de sangria, seguido pelo IAC 502 (62,37 g por árvore por sangria), enquanto o clone testemunha registrou 48,71 g por árvore por sangria. Todos os clones selecionados apresentaram crescimento vigoroso. As borrachas avaliadas apresentaram estabilidade térmica até cerca de 300ºC. Não foram observadas diferenças no comportamento térmico entre os clones da série IAC e o RRIM 600. Os clones IAC 500, IAC 501, IAC 502, IAC 503 e IAC 506 são mais promissores para plantações em pequena escala, em virtude de seu crescimento e potencial produtivo.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 15 clones of the IAC 500 series of Hevea brasiliensis, developed at Instituto Agronômico (IAC), over a 12-year period, in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The 15 new clones evaluated are primary clones obtained from selected ortets within half-sib progenies. The clone RRIM 600, of Malaysian origin, was used as the control. Dry rubber yield performance over a four-year period, mean girth at the tenth year, girth increment before and during tapping, thermal properties of the natural rubber produced and other characters of the laticiferous system were evaluated. Forty percent of the clones were superior in comparison to the control for yield. Clone IAC 500 recorded the highest yield (66.81 g per tree per tapping) over four years of tapping, followed by IAC 502 (62.37 g per tree per tapping), whereas the control recorded 48.71 g per tree per tapping. All selected clones were vigorous in growth. The natural rubber from this IAC clones showed thermal stability up to 300ºC. No differences were observed in the thermal behavior of rubber among the IAC series and the RRIM 600 clones. The clones IAC 500, IAC 501, IAC 502, IAC 503 and IAC 506 are the more promising for small-scale plantations, due to growth and yield potential.

The aim of this work was to study the source of the açaí residue for its possible commercial applications by characterizing the fruit (fresh and dry mass), and performing an anatomic study of the pericarp from which were identified the origin of the anthocyanins, and fatty acids, and fibers; also the vascular system, its fibers constituents and fibrils were characterized. It was concluded that anthocyanins were located on the epiderm and external parenchyma, and that solids retained on the sieve come from the sclerenchyma, and that the fatty acids come from the storage parenchyma. The vascular tissue was formed by the fibers around 20 mm length. The length distribution of the fibrils had a mean length of 580µm.

A agroindústria do açaí gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos, constituída de caroços e fibras, o que é um grave problema ambiental e de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar as fibras do mesocarpo e o caroço do fruto do açaí para sua utilização em materiais compósitos. As amostras foram caracterizadas usando análise por termogravimetria (TG/DTG) em atmosferas inerte e oxidativa, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica. As fibras apresentaram boa estabilidade térmica até 230 ºC e um processo de degradação em atmosfera inerte em três etapas. Em atmosfera oxidativa, as fibras apresentaram menor estabilidade térmica e uma mudança no processo de degradação de três para quatro etapas. os resultados da análise térmica do caroço mostraram um comportamento térmico similar ao da fibra. A microscopia mostrou que as fibras presentes no fruto do açaí recobrem o caroço e possuem morfologia irregular com a presença de células do parênquima na sua superfície. O comportamento térmico das fibras do açaí é semelhante ao de outras fibras vegetais já utilizadas industrialmente na área de compósitos poliméricos, o que abre novas e promissoras áreas para sua utilização.

The açaí fruit agro industry produces a large amount of waste, mainly seeds and fibers, which is a serious environmental and public health problem. The aim of this work is to study the mesocarp fibers and the açaí fruit seed to use in composite materials. The samples have been characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) in inert and thermo-oxidative atmospheres, scanning electron and optical microscopy. The fibers have shown good stability until 230ºC and a threedegradation step process in inert atmosphere. In oxidative atmosphere, the fibers presented a decrease in thermal stability and a change in the decomposition process from three to four steps. For the seeds, a similar behavior was observed, although a lower thermal stability was observed when compared to the fiber. Longitudinal morphology of the fibers that cover the açaí seed is rough, and parenchyma cells can be seen on the surface. The açaí fibers exhibited a thermal behavior comparable to other natural fibers used in composites, which is promising for new applications.

O programa de melhoramento de Hevea do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) completou a avaliação dos clones da série IAC 100, IAC 200 e IAC 300. O desempenho médio em torno de 22 clones de [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.-Arg.], desenvolvidos pelo IAC, por um período de 11 anos foi avaliado na região Centro Oeste do estado de São Paulo. Dentre os 22 novos clones, seis são resultantes de hibridação intraespecífica (IAC 400, IAC 404, IAC 405, IAC 406, IAC 410, IAC 412) e o restante, clones primários resultantes de ortetes selecionados dentro de progênies de meios irmãos. O clone RRIM 600, de origem Malaia, foi usado como testemunha. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Desempenho da produção sob o período de quatro anos, média do perímetro do caule no décimo primeiro ano, incremento médio anual do perímetro antes e durante a sangria, espessura de casca, número de anéis de vasos laticíferos no sétimo ano de casca virgem, análise por termogravimetria da borracha produzida, percentagem de incidência de seca do painel de sangria, danos causados pelo vento e doenças como antracnose do painel e das folhas foram observados. A maioria dos clones foi superior em produção em relação ao clone RRIM 600. O clone IAC 400 registrou a mais alta produção (97,40 g árvore-1 sangria-1) em quatro anos de sangria o qual foi seguido pelo IAC 411 (78,87 g árvore-1 sangria-1) visto que o clone testemunha registrou 50,36 g árvore-1 sangria-1. Todos os clones selecionados tiveram crescimento vigoroso. Incrementos do perímetro do caule estiveram acima da média. Exceto o IAC 423, outros clones apresentaram espessura de casca virgem na abertura do painel (mm) variando de 4.84mm (IAC 401) a 6.38 mm (IAC 416). As borrachas estudadas apresentaram boa estabilidade térmica até cerca de 300ºC e não foram observadas diferenças no comportamento térmico entre as amostras dos clones da série IAC e as do clone RRIM 600.

The Hevea breeding program of Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) has completed clonal evaluation on the following series: IAC 100, IAC 200 and IAC 300. The performance of 22 clones of Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.-Arg., evolved at IAC, over a period of eleven years was evaluated in the Western Central part of the São Paulo State, Brazil. Among these 22 new clones, six were intraspecific hybrid clones (IAC 400, IAC 404, IAC 405, IAC 406, IAC 410, IAC 412) and the remaining are primary those resulted from selected ortets within half-sib progenies. An old popular clone RRIM 600, of Malaysian origin, was used as the control. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Yield performance over a period of four years, mean girth at the 11th year, girth increment before tapping and on tapping, thermal property of natural rubber produced, bark thickness, number of latex vessel rows in seven year virgin bark, percentage incidence of tapping panel dryness, wind damage and diseases like leaf and panel anthracnose have been observed. Sixty one percent of the clones were superior in relation to the control for yield. The clone IAC 400 recorded the highest yield (97.40 g tree-1 tap-1) over four years of tapping, followed by IAC 411 (78.87 tree-1 tap-1), whereas the control clone RRIM 600 recorded 50.86 g tree-1 tap-1. All selected clones were vigorous in growth. Girth increment of these clones was average to above average. Except for IAC 423, other clones had thick virgin bark at opening ranging from 4.84 mm for IAC 401 to 6.38 mm for IAC 416. The natural rubbers from IAC clones have shown good thermal stability up to 300ºC and no differences in the thermal behavior among rubber from clones of the IAC series and the clone RRIM 600 were found in inert atmosphere.