Melon and watermelon bacterial fruit blotch, incited by Acidovorax citrulli, is limited to some areas in Brazil but causes important losses, mainly in melon-producing regions. Although genetic diversity has been observed among strains belonging to the species, they are considered a homogeneous group based on the fact that they show only slight physiological or nutritional differences. The objective of this study was to compare Brazilian strains from melon and watermelon by means of biochemical, pathogenicity, serological and molecular assays. Fifteen biochemical tests, cross inoculation between strains and hosts, ELISA and repetitive sequence analysis (rep-PCR) with the primers REP, ERIC and BOX were conducted. No differences were revealed by nutritional characterization or serology, but cross inoculation showed different pathogenicity groups, which could explain high aggressiveness of the bacteria to melon crops in some regions. Molecular analysis by BOX-PCR clustered strains according to their geographical origin, while ERIC- and REP-PCR, analyzed together, indicated genetic diversity, but without geographical or host origin relationships. One test that could be used to verify the pathogenicity of strains by inoculating detached leaf petioles, showing results in 36 h, is proposed here.

Uma das principais doenças que afetam a produção de goiaba no Brasil é a seca-dos-ponteiros, causada pela bactéria Erwinia psidii, cuja disseminação é favorecida por mudas contaminadas. O desenvolvimento de métodos diagnósticos mais eficazes poderia reduzir a disseminação da bactéria no país. Considerando a necessidade de se disponibilizar um método eficiente e simples para a detecção de E. psidii em material de propagação, foi objetivo desse trabalho produzir antissoros policlonais específicos contra a bactéria e desenvolver um método de detecção utilizando o enriquecimento da população bacteriana em extrato de folhas de goiabeira seguido de imunodifusão radial dupla. Um antissoro foi produzido contra a estirpe tipo da bactéria IBSBF 435 (ICMP 8426, NCPPB 3555), avaliado quanto à eficiência e especificidade e utilizado na determinação dos limiares de detecção da mesma. O antissoro As15-1 reagiu positivamente com todos as estirpes testadas de E. psidii, não reagindo com estirpes de outros gêneros e espécies de bactérias fitopatogênicas e apresentou reação cruzada com dois isolados não patogênicos da flora da goiabeira. O crescimento da população bacteriana no extrato de folhas foi observado após 12 h de incubação a partir de populações iniciais de 10³, 10(5) e 10(7) ufc/mL, até 60 h. A partir de 12 h, já foi possível detectar E. psidii por enriquecimento e imunodifusão radial nas amostras com populações iniciais de 10(7) ufc/mL e a partir de 36 h, detectou-se a bactéria mesmo em amostras com populações iniciais de 10³ ufc/mL. Considerando a possibilidade de falsos positivos, é recomendável associar outros métodos diagnósticos ao método aqui proposto.

One of the most important diseases affecting guava production in Brazil is bacterial blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia psidii. Pathogen dissemination often occurs through contaminated propagating plant material. The development of more effective diagnostic methods may reduce pathogen dissemination in the country. Considering the need for a reliable and simple method for detecting the pathogen in plant material, the objectives of this study were to produce E. psdii-specific polyclonal antibodies and to develop a detection method using bacterial population enrichment on guava leaf extracts followed by double radial immunodiffusion. The antiserum was produced against the E. psidii type strain IBSBF 435 (ICMP 8426, NCPPB 3555) and its efficiency, specificity and sensitivity threshold were determined. The antiserum As15-1 was tested with strains of several plant-pathogenic bacteria and reacted positively with all strains of E. psidii, although cross reactions were detected with two non-pathogenic isolates from guava flora. Bacterial multiplication on leaf extracts was observed 12 h after incubation from initial populations of 10³, 10(5) and 10(7) ufc/mL, up to 60 h. After 12 h it was already possible to detect E. psidii in samples with starting populations of 10(7) cfu/mL. After 36 h, the enrichment technique allowed the detection of E. psidii using double radial immunodiffusion in samples with populations as low as 10³ cfu/mL. Considering the possibility of false positives it is desirable to associate other diagnostic methods with the method proposed in this study.

The phenotypic characteristics and genetic fingerprints of a collection of 120 bacterial strains, belonging to Pseudomonas syringae sensu lato group, P. viridiflava and reference bacteria were evaluated, with the aim of species identification. The numerical analysis of 119 nutritional characteristics did not show patterns that would help with identification. Regarding the genetic fingerprinting, the results of the present study supported the observation that BOX-PCR seems to be able to identify bacterial strains at species level. After numerical analyses of the bar-codes, all pathovars belonging to each one of the nine described genomospecies were clustered together at a distance of 0.72, and could be separated at genomic species level. Two P. syringae strains of unknown pathovars (CFBP 3650 and CFBP 3662) and the three P. syringae pv. actinidiae strains were grouped in two extra clusters and might eventually constitute two new species. This genomic species clustering was particularly evident for genomospecies 4, which gathered P. syringae pvs. atropurpurea, coronafaciens, garçae, oryzae, porri, striafaciens, and zizaniae at a noticeably low distance.