OBJECTIVES: High-throughput sequencing of genomes, exomes, and disease-focused gene panels is becoming increasingly common for molecular diagnostics. However, identifying a single clinically relevant pathogenic variant among thousands of genetic polymorphisms is a challenging task. Publicly available genomic databases are useful resources to filter out common genetic variants present in the population and enable the identification of each disease-causing variant. Based on our experience applying these technologies at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil, we recognized that the Brazilian population is not adequately represented in widely available genomic databases. METHODS: Here, we took advantage of our 5-year experience as a high-throughput sequencing core facility focused on individuals with putative genetic disorders to build a genomic database that may serve as a more accurate reference for our patient population: SELAdb. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Currently, our database comprises a final cohort of 523 unrelated individuals, including patients or family members managed by different clinics of HCFMUSP. We compared SELAdb with other publicly available genomic databases and demonstrated that this population is very heterogeneous, largely resembling Latin American individuals of mixed origin, rather than individuals of pure European ancestry. Interestingly, exclusively through SELAdb, we identified a spectrum of known and potentially novel pathogenic variants in genes associated with highly penetrant Mendelian disorders, illustrating that pathogenic variants circulating in the Brazilian population that is treated in our clinics are underrepresented in other population databases. SELAdb is freely available for public consultation at: http://intranet.fm.usp.br/sela

Abstract Background: Different inflammatory cells (i.e., CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68) are involved in pathogenesis of DM muscle. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess and compare these inflammatory cell phenotyping in muscle samples of treatment naive juvenile and adult patients with dermatomyositis. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which 28 untreated juvenile and 28 adult untreated dermatomyositis patients were included. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on serial frozen muscle sections. Inflammatory cell phenotyping was analyzed quantitatively in endomysium, perimysium, and perivascular (endomysium and perimysium) area. Results: Mean age at disease onset was 7.3 and 42.0 years in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis, respectively. Both groups had comparable time duration from symptom's onset to biopsy performance. CD4 and CD8 positive cells distributions were similar in both groups in all analyzed area, except for more predominance of CD4 in perimysium at juvenile muscle biopsies. The CD20 and CD68 positive cells were predominantly observed in adult muscle biopsy sections, when compared to juvenile samples, except for similar distribution of CD20 in perivascular endomysium, and CD68 in perimysium. Conclusions: These data show that the differences between juvenile and adult dermatomyositis may be restricted not only to patients' age, but also to different inflammatory cell distribution, particularly, in new-onset disease. Further studies are necessary to confirm the present study data and to analyze meaning of the different inflammatory cell phenotyping distribution finding in these both diseases.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as expressões associadas de STMN1, MELK e FOXM1 na procura de alvos alternativos de tratamento em glioblastoma (GBM) e revisar os papeis funcionais relevantes de STMN1 na biologia do câncer. MÉTODO: As expressões de STMN1, MELK e FOXM1 foram estudadas por PCR quantitativo e suas coexpressões foram analisadas em dois coortes independentes de GBM. A revisão dos artigos publicados em revistas indexadas na procura dos aspectos funcionais múltiplos de STMN1 foi conduzida focando-se nos estudos mais recentes discutindo o seu papel em câncer, quimiorresistência e vias de sinalização envolvendo MELK e FOXM1. RESULTADOS: Observou-se expressões associadas significantes de MELK e FOXM1 com STMN1. Adicionalmente, a revisão da literatura salientou a relevância do STMN1 na progressão do câncer. CONCLUSÃO: STMN1 é muito importante nos eventos relacionados ao desenvolvimento e progressão do câncer, como proliferação celular, migração e resistência ao tratamento. Desta forma, STMN1 pode ser um forte alvo terapêutico em um grande número de cânceres humanos. Em GBM, o tumor cerebral mais agressivo, MELK/FOXM1/STMN1 apresentaram significativa associação em suas expressões gênicas, indicando, portanto, MELK e FOXM1 como alvos alternativos para terapia em substituição ao STMN1, que apresenta alta expressão no tecido cerebral normal. Perseverar nos estudos funcionais para o entendimento da via de sinalização do STMN1 é relevante para melhorar os esquemas terapêuticos para câncer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associated expression of STMN1, MELK and FOXM1 in search of alternative drugable target in glioblastoma (GBM) and to review relevant functional roles of STMN1 in cancer biology. METHOD: STMN1, MELK and FOXM1 expressions were studied by quantitative PCR and their coexpressions were analyzed in two independent glioblastoma cohorts. A review of articles in indexed journals that addressed the multiple functional aspects of STMN1 was conducted, focusing on the most recent reports discussing its role in cancer, in chemoresistance and in upstream pathways involving MELK and FOXM1. RESULTS: Significant associated expressions of MELK and FOXM1 were observed with STMN1 in GBM. Additionally, the literature review highlighted the relevance of STMN1 in cancer progression. CONCLUSION: STMN1 is very important to induce events in cancer development and progression, as cellular proliferation, migration, and drug resistance. Therefore, STMN1 can be an important therapeutic target for a large number of human cancers. In glioblastoma, the most aggressive brain tumor, the MELK/FOXM1/STMN1 presented significant associated expressions, thus pointing MELK and FOXM1 as alternative targets for therapy instead of STMN1, which is highly expressed in normal brain tissue. Continuous functional research to understand the STMN1 signaling pathway is worthwhile to improve the therapeutic approaches in cancer.

OBJETIVOS: ANKRD1 codifica "ankyrin repeat domain containing protein 1" e tem um papel importante na miogênese e possivelmente também na angiogênese. Microvasculopatia é considerada como um ponto central e uma alteração patológica precoce na dermatomiosite (DM), levando à hipóxia e à atrofia perifascicular muscular. Estas alterações poderiam estimular genes envolvidos na miogênese e angiogênese como ANKRD1. Portanto, analisamos a expressão de ANKRD1 em biópsias musculares de DM e correlacionamos com outros parâmetros de hipóxia e alterações histológicas. MÉTODOS: O RNA total foi extraído de biópsias de músculos congelados de 29 pacientes com DM. Como grupo controle, foram usadas 20 biópsias de músculo de pacientes adultos com miopatia não-inflamatória. O gene que codifica a subunidade alfa do fator 1 induzido por hipóxia (HIF1A) foi analisado para estimar o grau de hipóxia. Os níveis de expressão dos transcritos ANKRD1 e HIF1A foram determinados por PCR quantitativa em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Níveis aumentados de expressões de ANKRD1 e HIF1A foram observados em DM quando comparados ao grupo controle (P<0,001, ambos os genes). Além disso, ANKRD1 e HIF1A apresentaram coexpressão (r=0,703, P=0,001) e seus níveis de expressão correlacionaram-se também positivamente com atrofia perifascicular (r=0,420, P=0,023 e r=0,404, P=0,030, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados demonstraram aumento de expressão de ANKRD1 na DM, que correlacionou com a expressão de HIF1A e atrofia perifascicular. Investigações adicionais do envolvimento de ANKRD1 no mecanismo de miogênese e angiogênese devem ser realizadas.

OBJECTIVES. The ANKRD1 gene codes for the ankyrin repeat domain containing protein 1 and has an important role in myogenesis and possibly also in angiogenesis. Microvasculopathy is a cornerstone and an early pathological marker of change in dermatomyositis, leading to hypoxia and muscle perifascicular atrophy. These alterations could upregulate genes involved in myogenesis and angiogenesis such as ANKRD1. Therefore, we analyzed ANKRD1 expression in muscle biopsies of dermatomyositis and correlated with other hypoxia parameters and with histological changes. METHODS. Total RNA was extracted from frozen muscle biopsies samples of 29 dermatomyositis patients. A control group consisted of 20 muscle biopsies from adult patients with non-inflammatory myopathy diseases. The gene coding for hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF1A), was analyzed to estimate the degree of hypoxia. ANKRD1 and HIF1A transcript expression levels were determined by quantitative real time PCR. RESULTS. Significantly higher ANKRD1 and HIF1A expression levels were observed in dermatomyositis relative to the control group (P<0.001, both genes). In addition, ANKRD1 and HIF1A were coexpressed (r=0.703, P=0.001) and their expression levels correlated positively to perifascicular atrophy (r=0.420, P=0.023 and r=0.404, P=0.030, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Our results demonstrate ANKRD1 overexpression in dermatomyositis correlated to HIF1A expression and perifascicular atrophy. ANKRD1 involvement in myogenesis and angiogenesis mechanisms indicates that further investigation is worthwhile.

OBJETIVO: ASCT2 e LAT1 são transportadores de aminoácidos envolvidos no transporte de glutamina e desempenham um papel no crescimento tumoral. Estudos prévios mostraram uma associação de ASCT2 com proliferação celular através da maquinaria de tradução do mTOR; tem sido mostrado que o LAT1 é um marcador prognóstico devido à sua relação com invasão tumoral, invasão vascular microscópica e metástase. Este estudo analisou a expressão gênica de ASCT2 e LAT1 em astrocitomas de diferentes graus e sua correlação com desfecho clínico em pacientes com glioblastoma. METODO: Este é um estudo observacional com análise de expressão de RNAm de ASCT2 e LAT1 em 153 amostras de astrocitomas humanos, distribuídas em diferentes graus de malignidade segundo a OMS (23 astrocitomas de grau I ou astrocitoma pilocítico, 26 de astrocitoma de grau II ou astrocitoma de baixo grau, 18 de astrocitoma de grau III ou astrocitoma anaplásico, 86 de astrocitoma de grau IV ou glioblastoma (AGIV ou GBM); estes foram comparados com 22 amostras cerebrais não neoplásicas. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma hiperexpressão de ambos os genes, particularmente nos astrocitomas malignos (GIII & GBM). Além disso, a hiperexpressão LAT1 impactou negativamente na sobrevida global em um grupo de pacientes com GBM. CONCLUSÃO: LAT1 é mais expresso em astrocitomas de grau maior. Isso leva a um pior prognóstico entre os pacientes com GBM e pode ser um potencial alvo terapêutico.

OBJECTIVE: ASCT2 and LAT1 are aminoacid transporters involved in glutamine transport and play a role in tumor growth. Previous studies have shown an association of ASCT2 to cell proliferation through the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) translational machinery; LAT1 has been shown as a prognostic marker due to its relation to tumor invasion, microscopic vascular invasion and metastasis. This study analyzed the gene expression of ASCT2 and LAT1 in astrocytomas of different grades and how this correlates to clinical outcome in glioblastoma patients. METHOD: This is an observational study with ASCT2 and LAT1 mRNA expression analysis in 153 samples of human astrocytomas, distributed in different World Health Organization (WHO) grades of malignancy (23 at grade I or pilocytic astrocytoma, 26 at grade II or low-grade astrocytoma, 18 at grade III or anaplastic astrocytoma, 86 at grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma (AGIV or GBM)); these were compared to 22 non-neoplastic brain samples. RESULTS: Significant hyperexpression of both genes was observed particularly in malignant astrocytomas (GIII & GBM). Moreover, LAT1 hyperexpression impacted negatively in the overall survival in a subset of GBM patients. CONCLUSION: LAT1 is more expressed in higher grade astrocytomas. It leads to a poorer prognosis among GBM patients and may be a potential therapeutical target.

INTRODUÇÃO Astrocitomas são os tumores cerebrais mais frequentes. Nestes tumores foi observada maior expressão do receptor de Interleucina-13 α2 (IL13RA2). A cascata de sinalização da Interleucina-13 pode estar associada com a migração celular, após sua ligação com o receptor de Interleucina-13 α1 (IL13Rα1). OBJETIVO: Investigar os níveis de expressão dos receptores de Interleucina-13 (IL13RA1 e IL13RA2) em astrocitomas difusamente infiltrativos e avaliar o envolvimento da Interleucina-13 na migração celular de duas linhagens de glioblastoma. MÉTODOS: A expressão dos receptores IL13RA foi analisada por PCR em tempo real, em 128 amostras de astrocitomas e 18 amostras de tecido cerebral não neoplásico, provenientes de cirurgia de epilepsia do lobo temporal. E o impacto da quantidade de IL-13 (10ng/ml e 20ng/ml) em ensaio de migração celular. RESULTADOS: As amostras de Glioblastoma apresentaram maior expressão de IL13RA1 and IL13RA2 comparados com astrocitomas de baixo grau e os casos não-neoplásicos. Nas células U87MG e A172 foi observado maior nível de expressão de IL-13RA1 do que IL-13RA2. Uma diferença significativa na taxa de migração foi obtida em células A172 tratadas com 10 ng/mL comparadas com o controle: as células tratadas apresentaram menor migração que as células não tratadas. As células U87MG tratadas com 20ng/mL de IL-13 apresentaram menor migração celular que as células não tratadas. A diferença na migração celular indica que o caminho de sinalização de IL13Rα1 não foi ativado e foi inibido pelo IL-13Rα2, diminuindo a migração celular. Esse impacto ocorreu com uma concentração menor de IL-13 nas células A172 ao contrário da U87MG, porque as células A172 possuem uma razão IL-13RA2/A1 maior. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados sugerem que os receptores de IL-13 podem ser utilizados como possíveis alvos para a diminuição da migração celular tumoral.

INTRODUCTION: Astrocytomas are common brain tumors. Increased expression levels of Interleukin-13 Receptor α2 (IL-13RA2) have been reported in astrocytomas. The Interleukin-13 signaling pathway may be associated with cell migration when binding to Interleukin-13 Receptor α1. OBJECTIVE: To investigate Interleukin-13 Receptor α1 (IL-13RA1) and IL13RA2 expression levels in human diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas and test the involvement of Interleukin-13 levels in cell migration in two glioblastoma cell lines. METHODS: IL13RA expression levels were accessed by quantitative real time PCR in 128 samples of astrocytomas and 18 samples of non-neoplastic brain tissues from temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. The impact of IL-13 levels (10 and 20 ng/mL) on cell migration was analyzed by the wound assay in U87MG and A172 cells. RESULTS: Glioblastoma presented higher IL13RA1 and IL13RA2 expression levels compared to lower grades astrocytomas and to non-neoplastic cases. U87MG and A172 cells presented higher expression levels of IL-13RA1 vs. IL-13RA2. A significant difference in migration rate was observed in A172 cells treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-13 vs. control: treated cells presented slower migration than non-treated cells. U87MG cells treated with IL-13 20ng/mL presented slower migration than non-treated cells. This indicates that the IL13Rα1 signaling pathway was not activated, indeed inhibited by the decoy IL-13Rα2, slowing cell migration. This impact occurred with a lesser concentration of IL-13 on the A172 than on the U87MG cell line, because A172 cells have a higher IL-13RA2/A1 ratio. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest IL-13 receptors as possible targets to decrease tumor cell migration.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de mutações no DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) em casos com achados compatíveis com o diagnóstico de síndrome de Leigh em um Servicro de Neurologia brasileiro, e comparar essas descobertas entre os pacientes que apresentam ou não essas mutações. MÉTODO: Seis pontos de mutações do DNAmt (T8993G, T8993C, T8851C, G1644T, T9176C e T3308C) foram analisados por PCR e digestão com endonuclease em 32 pacientes com diagnóstico presuntivo de síndrome de Leigh, de acordo com a distribuição em diferentes faixas etárias. RESULTADOS: Dois pacientes no subgrupo abaixo de 4 anos de idade apresentaram as mutações T8993G e T8993C do DNAmt. Os sintomas clínicos e os achados de neuroimagens destes dois pacientes foram similares aos dos casos sem mutações detectadas. CONCLUSÃO: Como a confirmaçãoo molecular é fundamental tanto para o aconselhamento genético como para a orientação terapêutica, enfatizamos o benefício da pesquisa de mutações no DNAmt em pacientes com fenótipo de Síndrome de Liegh abaixo de 4 anos de idade. O sequenciamento em larga escala do genoma mitocondrial e do exoma completo por tecnologia de sequenciamento de nova geração poderá ser uma alternativa futura no estabelecimento do diagnóstico molecular nesta síndrome genética extensamente heterogênea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in cases with findings compatible with the diagnosis of Leigh syndrome in a Brazilian Neurological Service, and to compare those findings between the patients presenting or not these mutations. METHOD: We analyzed six mtDNA point mutations (T8993G, T8993C, T8851C, G1644T, T9176C, and T3308C) by PCR and endonuclease digestion in 32 patients with presumptive diagnosis of Leigh syndrome, according to distribution across different age ranges. RESULTS: We found two patients, in the subgroup under 4 years of age, presenting T8993G and T8993C mutations. Their clinical symptoms and neuroimaging findings were similar when compared to those patients not harboring these mutations. CONCLUSION: As the molecular confirmation is pivotal for both the precise genetic counselling and therapeutic guidance, we emphasise the benefit of screening for mtDNA mutation in Leigh syndrome patients under 4 years old. Mitochondrial whole genome and whole exome analysis by next-generation sequencing technology maybe a future alternative for molecular diagnosis of this extensive genetic heterogeneous syndrome.

Restauração do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é um importante desafio clínico e o transplante de células-tronco tem sido considerado uma opção terapêutica promissora para muitas doenças neurológicas. Objetivo : O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever brevemente a biologia das células-tronco, assim como sua aplicação clínica no tratamento de doenças do SNC. Método : Revisão da literatura de experimentação animal e ensaios clínicos com humanos, usando as seguintes palavras chave: “células-tronco”, “neurogênese”, “Parkinson”, “Huntington”, “esclerose lateral amiotrófica”, “lesão cerebral traumática”, “lesão da medula espinal”, “acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico” e “doenças desmielinizantes”. Conclusão : Grandes avanços em pesquisas com células-tronco nos conduziram a novas perspectivas para uma aplicação clínica efetiva, visando desenvolver formas eficazes de regeneração do SNC.

Central nervous system (CNS) restoration is an important clinical challenge and stem cell transplantation has been considered a promising therapeutic option for many neurological diseases. Objective : The present review aims to briefly describe stem cell biology, as well as to outline the clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of diseases of the CNS. Method : Literature review of animal and human clinical experimental trials, using the following key words: “stem cell”, “neurogenesis”, “Parkinson”, “Huntington”, “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, “traumatic brain injury”, “spinal cord injury”, “ischemic stroke”, and “demyelinating diseases”. Conclusion : Major recent advances in stem cell research have brought us several steps closer to their effective clinical application, which aims to develop efficient ways of regenerating the damaged CNS.

Lesão medular (LM) e esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) são condições devastadoras que acometem pessoas em todo o mundo, reduzindo a qualidade de vida tanto de pacientes como de entes queridos. Objetivo : A atual revisão tem como alvo as múltiplas abordagens restauradoras para a regeneração medular, o uso de diferentes tipos celulares e o atual conhecimento a cerca da terapia com células tronco. Método : Revisão de literatura dos últimos 10 anos usando transplantes de células tronco como estratégia principal, com ou sem terapia adjuvante, em humanos. Conclusão : A presente revisão oferece uma visão geral acerca da restauração medular e serve de ponto de partida para estudos futuros.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) and amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) are devastating neurological conditions that affect individuals worldwide, significantly reducing quality of life, both for patients and their relatives. Objective : The present review aims to summarize the multiple restorative approaches being developed for spinal cord repair, the use of different stem cell types and the current knowledge regarding stem cell therapy. Method : Review of the literature from the past 10 years of human studies using stem cell transplantation as the main therapy, with or without adjuvant therapies. Conclusion : The current review offers an overview of the state of the art regarding spinal cord restoration, and serves as a starting point for future studies.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto de um Programa Psicoeducativo na Qualidade de vida de cuidadores de pacientes portadores de Glioblastoma Multiforme. MÉTODOS: Vinte cuidadores (Grupo Experimental) foram avaliados antes e depois de participar de quatro sessões de um programa psicoeducativo e comparados com um grupo de dez cuidadores (Grupo Controle) que não participaram do programa, mas que também foram avaliados em dois momentos diferentes. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário WHOQOL-bref desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, que foi aplicado pelo mesmo entrevistador. Houve reaplicação dos instrumentos por uma investigadora cega para os parâmetros analisados na tentativa de garantir que os resultados não sofressem contaminação pelo viés do contato com a entrevistadora anterior. O coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach foi utilizado para analise da consistência interna das questões do WHOQOL-bref. Quando as variáveis apresentaram distribuição normal foi utilizado o teste paramétrico Teste t e quando não apresentaram distribuição normal foi utilizado o teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: O questionário mostrou ser uma ferramenta consistente para avaliar qualidade de vida. O grupo experimental apresentou melhora significativa na qualidade de vida, especialmente no domínio psicológico. No grupo controle houve uma piora da qualidade de vida em todos os domínios. CONCLUSÕES: O programa psicoeducativo melhorou a Qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de pacientes com Glioblastoma Multiforme, e revelou-se um valioso programa de apoio a ser implantado no tratamento deste tipo de câncer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a psychoeducational program on the quality of life of informal caregivers of Glioblastoma patients. METHOD: Twenty informal caregivers (test group) were evaluated before and after attending four sessions of psychoeducation and compared to a group of 10 caregivers (control group), who did not attend the sessions, but were also evaluated in two different equivalent time points. The quality of life was evaluated by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization, which was applied by the same interviewer to all the participants. At the end of the study, a blinded interviewer who had no previous contact with the participants applied the tool again to check for any interference bias. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for consistent evaluation, Student's t-test for parametric, and Wilcoxon test for non-parametric data were applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The questionnaire was shown to be a consistent tool to evaluate quality of life. The test group showed significant improvement in the quality of life, especially in the psychological domain. The control group presented deterioration in all WHOQOL-BREF domains. CONCLUSIONS: The psychoeducational program improved the quality of life of caregivers of Glioblastoma patients, and revealed to be a valuable support program to be implemented in the treatment of this type of cancer.

OBJETIVO: A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é a forma mais comum de distrofia muscular em crianças, e crianças com DMD morrem prematuramente por causa de insuficiência respiratória. Analisamos a eficácia e segurança de exercícios respiratórios de ioga nessas crianças, bem como os efeitos desses exercícios em sua função respiratória. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo aberto envolvendo pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de DMD recrutados no ambulatório de neurologia de um hospital universitário em São Paulo (SP). Os participantes aprenderam exercícios respiratórios de hatha ioga e foram instruídos a praticá-los três vezes ao dia durante 10 meses. RESULTADOS: Dos 76 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 35 o abandonaram e 15 não conseguiram realizar os exercícios respiratórios, de modo que 26 pacientes completaram o estudo (média de idade: 9,5 ± 2,3 anos; índice de massa corporal: 18,2 ± 3,8 kg/m2). Os exercícios respiratórios de ioga resultaram em um aumento significativo da CVF em porcentagem do previsto (82,3 ± 18,6% antes do início do programa de exercícios vs. 90,3 ± 22,5% 10 meses depois; p = 0,02) e do VEF1 em porcentagem do previsto (83,8 ± 16,6% antes do início do programa de exercícios vs. 90,1 ± 17,4% 10 meses depois; p = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: Os exercícios respiratórios de ioga podem melhorar a função pulmonar de pacientes com DMD.

OBJECTIVE: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, and children with DMD die prematurely because of respiratory failure. We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of yoga breathing exercises, as well as the effects of those exercises on respiratory function, in such children. METHODS: This was a prospective open-label study of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of DMD, recruited from among those followed at the neurology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were taught how to perform hatha yoga breathing exercises and were instructed to perform the exercises three times a day for 10 months. RESULTS: Of the 76 patients who entered the study, 35 dropped out and 15 were unable to perform the breathing exercises, 26 having therefore completed the study (mean age, 9.5 ± 2.3 years; body mass index, 18.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2). The yoga breathing exercises resulted in a significant increase in FVC (% of predicted: 82.3 ± 18.6% at baseline vs. 90.3 ± 22.5% at 10 months later; p = 0.02) and FEV1 (% of predicted: 83.8 ± 16.6% at baseline vs. 90.1 ± 17.4% at 10 months later; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Yoga breathing exercises can improve pulmonary function in patients with DMD.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze major histocompatibility complex expression in the muscle fibers of juvenile and adult dermatomyositis. METHOD: In total, 28 untreated adult dermatomyositis patients, 28 juvenile dermatomyositis patients (Bohan and Peter's criteria) and a control group consisting of four dystrophic and five Pompe's disease patients were analyzed. Routine histological and immunohistochemical (major histocompatibility complex I and II, StreptoABComplex/HRP, Dakopatts) analyses were performed on serial frozen muscle sections. Inflammatory cells, fiber damage, perifascicular atrophy and increased connective tissue were analyzed relative to the expression of major histocompatibility complexes I and II, which were assessed as negatively or positively stained fibers in 10 fields (200X). RESULTS: The mean ages at disease onset were 42.0±15.9 and 7.3±3.4 years in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis, respectively, and the symptom durations before muscle biopsy were similar in both groups. No significant differences were observed regarding gender, ethnicity and frequency of organ involvement, except for higher creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels in adult dermatomyositis (p<0.050). Moreover, a significantly higher frequency of major histocompatibility complex I (96.4% vs. 50.0%, p<0.001) compared with major histocompatibility complex II expression (14.3% vs. 53.6%, p=0.004) was observed in juvenile dermatomyositis. Fiber damage (p=0.006) and increased connective tissue (p<0.001) were significantly higher in adult dermatomyositis compared with the presence of perifascicular atrophy (p<0.001). The results of the histochemical and histological data did not correlate with the demographic data or with the clinical and laboratory features. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of major histocompatibility complex I was an important finding for the diagnosis of both groups, particularly for juvenile dermatomyositis, whereas there was lower levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex II than major histocompatibility complex I. This finding was particularly apparent in juvenile dermatomyositis.

Cellular energy metabolism is one of the main processes affected during the transition from normal to cancer cells, and it is a crucial determinant of cell proliferation or cell death. As a support for rapid proliferation, cancer cells choose to use glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect) to fuel macromolecules for the synthesis of nucleotides, fatty acids, and amino acids for the accelerated mitosis, rather than fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria biogenesis is also reprogrammed in cancer cells, and the destiny of those cells is determined by the balance between energy and macromolecule supplies, and the efficiency of buffering of the cumulative radical oxygen species. In glioblastoma, the most frequent and malignant adult brain tumor, a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis is observed, with regulation by well known genes as integrants of oncogenic pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase, MYC, and hypoxia regulated gene as hypoxia induced factor 1. The expression profile of a set of genes coding for glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glioblastoma cases confirms this metabolic switch. An understanding of how the main metabolic pathways are modified by cancer cells and the interactions between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with these pathways may enlighten new strategies in cancer therapy. In the present review, the main metabolic pathways are compared in normal and cancer cells, and key regulations by the main oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are discussed. Potential therapeutic targets of the cancer energetic metabolism are enumerated, highlighting the astrocytomas, the most common brain cancer.