The tinplate, used in the packaging sector and formed from a metal substrate, comprises a steel base which has undergone a surface treatment to produce a thin layer of FeSn2, a tin layer and an oxide tin layer. Currently, packaging using surface treatment is based on the use of chromates because these metals provide an excellent corrosion resistance. Nontoxic alternatives to pre-treatments have been developed in recent years to replace the chromate process. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of a new hybrid organic-inorganic film obtained from sol-gel consisting of the alkoxide precursors 3-(Trimethoxysilylpropyl)methacrylate (TMSM) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with the addition of cerium nitrate with the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), and electrochemical and morphological characterizations. Moreover, the evolution of the corrosion of the substrate was evaluated to propose a mechanism of corrosion. The results showed a galvanic coupling between the Sn/SnO2 coat (cathode) and the defects exposed at the ferrous base (anode). The organic-inorganic hybrid film containing a cathodic corrosion inhibitor was able to retard the corrosion of the tinplate.

Among the applications for protic ionic liquids (PILs), lubrication is one of the newest and the most promising. In this work, ammonium-based protic ionic liquids were tested as lubricant fluids for aluminum-steel contacts. PILs were synthesized with 2-hydroxyethylamine (2HEA) and a carboxylic acid (formic and pentanoic), aiming to understand the effect of two different anion chain lengths on the lubricant behavior. The synthesized PILs were characterized by RMN, FTIR and TGA. Wear tests, conducted using a ball-on-plate configuration, showed that the increase of the anion carbon chain length in the PIL structure reduced significantly the coefficient of friction value. Besides, after the wear tests, the PILs structural integrity was not affected. In the same way, bending under tension (BUT) tests evidenced that the performance for stamping conditions of the PIL with the longest anion carbon chain was similar to that of the commercial lubricant. Since, both formed a uniform tribofilm, developed the same lubrication regime and the drawing forces values were close and constant. Hence, the ionic liquid obtained with 2HEA and pentanoic acid (2HEAPe) is as suitable as the commercial lubricant for metal forming processes.

Los materiales híbridos a base de siloxano y PMMA se constituyen por una red de silicona, a la que están enlazadas cadenas de polimetilmetacrilato. Su estabilidad y adherencia permiten su aplicación en láminas de estaño para aumentar la resistencia a la corrosión. En este trabajo se recubrió una lámina de estaño con una película híbrida a partir de un sol que consta de los precursores alcóxidos: 3-trimetoxisililpropilmetacrilato (TMSM) y polimetilmetacrilado (PMMA). Se evaluó la influencia de la adición de tetraetoxisilano (TEOS). Se evaluó la morfología de los filmes por SEM y ángulo de contacto. Se evaluó el comportamiento electroquímico con medidas de potencial a circuito abierto, polarización potenciodinámica e impedancia electroquímica. Los resultados muestran que la película con mayor adición de TEOS tuvo mayor espesor; sin embargo, el TEOS intensificó la densificación. Así, se formaron grietas que comprometieron la resistencia a la corrosión.

Siloxane - poly (methylmethacrylate)-based materials are systems formed by a silicon network, to which chains of poly (methylmethacrylate) are linked by covalent bonds or by physical interactions. Their stability and adherence allow their application on substrates like tin plate in order to increase the corrosion resistance. The aim of this work is to coat tin plate with a hybrid film obtained from a sol consisting of alkoxide precursors: 3 - (trimethoxysilylpropyl) methacrylate (TMSM) and poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA. Effect of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) addition was evaluated. Morphology was evaluated by SEM and contact angle. Electrochemical behavior was evaluated by open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that siloxane-PMMA film obtained with a higher addition of TEOS had higher thickness. However, intense densification caused by TEOS addition promoted crack formation, thereby compromising the corrosion resistance.

Titanium and its alloys have been widely used in implants and prostheses. However, the clinical success of these biomaterials can be compromised due to failures that can occurs by loss cohesion of tissue, fracture or allergic reactions caused by the presence of dissolved metallic ions or detached solid particles by mechanical factors. Some results presented on the literature have been showed that the surface roughness of the titanium implants affects the osseointegration rate and biomechanical fixation. The present work aims to study the current density effect on the electrochemical treatment of Ti to obtain nanostructured surfaces. The samples were mechanically sanded and electrochemical treatment on acid solution. After the electrochemical treatment the samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy, profilometry and wettability tests. Preliminary results showed that is possible to control the morphology of nanostructured surfaces by electrochemical treatment parameters control.

O emprego do titânio e outras ligas como implantes e próteses têm tido grande repercussão clínica nos últimos anos. No entanto, apesar do êxito clínico, esses biomateriais têm apresentado problemas devido a falhas que podem ocorrer pelo desgaste, fratura ou por reações alérgicas ocasionadas pela presença de íons metálicos dissolvidos ou partículas sólidas desprendidas do implante por fenômeno mecânico. Há inúmeros relatos na literatura demonstrando que a rugosidade da superfície de implantes de titânio afeta a taxa de osseointegração e fixação biomecânica. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o efeito da densidade de corrente no processo de tratamento eletroquímico do Ti visando à obtenção de superfícies nanoestruturadas. Para isso as amostras de Ti foram lixadas mecanicamente e submetidas um processo de tratamento eletroquímico em solução ácida. Nessa etapa do estudo variou-se a densidade de corrente, mantendo fixos os demais parâmetros. Após o processo de tratamento eletroquímico as amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia de força atômica, perfilometria e ensaios de molhabilidade. Resultados preliminares mostraram que é possível controlar a morfologia de superfícies nanoestruturadas a partir do controle da densidade de corrente.

En el presente trabajo, se llevó a cabo un estudio de corrosión causada por distintos líquidos iónicos sobre placas de acero al carbón A285 grado A, a temperatura ambiente. Se prepararon los líquidos iónicos por neutralización de monoetanolamina con ácidos carboxílicos. El carácter hidrofílico o hidrofóbico de los líquidos se determinó a través de la técnica de humectabilidad. El análisis de corrosión se llevó a cabo por técnicas electroquímicas (potencial de circuito abierto y polarización potenciodinámica). Se realizó un análisis de la morfología del sustrato, antes y después de los análisis electroquímicos, por microscopía electrónica de barrido acoplada con espectroscopía de rayos X por dispersión de energía. Los resultados muestran pequeñas tasas de corrosión para el acero al carbono A285 grado A en contacto con los líquidos iónicos, de las cuales la superior se mostró con lactato de 2-hidroxietanolamina y la más baja con acetato de 2-hidroxietanolamina.

In this work, corrosion caused by different ionic liquids on Grade A - A285 carbon steel plates at room temperature (25°C) is studied. Ionic liquids were prepared via acid - base neutralization. The ionic liquid hydrophilic or hydrophobic character was determined by the wettability technique. Corrosion behavior for each system was analyzed by electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential monitoring and potentiodynamic polarization). Substrate morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy before and after the electrochemical measurements. The results obtained showed that Grade A - A285 carbon steel in contact with the ionic liquids presented low corrosion rates, being the highest one the corresponding for the 2-hydroxyethylamominum lactate system and the lowest corrosion rate for 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate system.

Las películas hibridas actúan como una barrera entre el substrato y el medio, reduciendo la velocidad de entrada del agua, electrolito, oxígeno y la penetración deiones agresivos hasta el metal, disminuyendo la velocidad de corrosión del substrato. Los principales factores que influyen en la resistencia a la corrosión de las películas híbridas son: el tiempo de curado, la concentración del baño, el pH de la solución de hidrólisis y el tiempo de hidrólisis. En este trabajo, se realizaron las pruebas con cuatro diferentes tiempos de hidrólisis (1, 3, 24 y 48 horas), el acero galvanizado fue revestido con una película híbrida obtenida a partir de un sol constituido por los precursores alcohoxidos 3-(trimetoxisililpropil) metacrilato (TMSPMA) y Tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) con adición de nitrato de cerio [0,01 M]. La caracterización de las películas fue realizada por MEB, perfilometria, ángulo de contacto, polarización y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica. Los resultados muestran que el tiempo de hidrólisis interfiere en la obtención de la película híbrida y consecuentemente en las propiedades protectoras de la película.

The hybrid films act as a barrier layer between the substrate and the environment. This kind of coating reduces the electrolyte permeability, decreasing the corrosion rate of the substrate. However, many variables influenced the corrosion resistance of hybrid coating. The main factors that influence the thickness of the films are: temperature, curing time, the concentration alcooxide precursors on the bath, the pH of the hydrolysis and the hydrolysis time. In this study, the galvanized steel was coated with and hybrid film obtained from precursors consisting of a sol alcooxide 3-(trimetoxisililpropil) methacrylate (TMSPMA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with cerium nitrate addition [0,01 M]. The hydrolysis time was varied in four levels of (1, 3, 24 and 48 hours). The characterization of the films was performed by SEM, profilometry, contact angle determination, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Results showed that the hydrolysis time presented influence on the hybrid film properties and consequently on the protection.

The morphology and electrochemical behavior of niobium coating obtained by thermal plasma spray process on a substrate of steel API 5L X65 was evaluated. The coating was obtained, using electrical current of 500 A, 15 g/min of powder and 2.0 L/min of argon gas. The preparation of the substrate surface was performed with preheating and abrasive blasting with alumina. After thermal spraying, the morphology of the coating was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the surface roughness was evaluated by profilometry, hardness by Vickers microhardness test and adhesion by bending at 180 °. The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated from the polarization test in 3.5% NaVl solution. The results show that the coating presented cracking and lack of padding between the plates sprayed, relative high hardness and deficient adhesion to the substrate. However, the values of current density carried by the system compared to uncoated steel were reduced.

Se evaluó la morfología y el comportamiento electroquímico del revestimiento de niobio obtenido por el proceso de aspersión térmica a plasma en substrato de acero API 5L X65. El revestimiento con niobio se realizó con una corriente eléctrica de 500 A, flujo de polvo metálico de niobio de 15 g/min y gas de argón de 2.0 L/min. La preparación superficial del substrato se realiza con pre-calentamiento y limpieza a presión con abrasivo de alúmina. La morfología del revestimiento fue analizada por microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), la rugosidad de la superficie se evaluó por perfilometría, la dureza por micro-dureza Vickers y la adherencia por ensayado de doblado a 180°. La resistencia a la corrosión del revestimiento se determinó mediante el ensayo de polarización en una solución de NaVl 3,5%. A partir de los resultados obtenidos fue posible verificar que el revestimiento presentó fisuras y poros entre las placas rociadas además de una dureza elevada en relación al substrato y adherencia no adecuada. Aún así los valores de densidad de corriente desarrollados por el sistema en comparación al acero revestido se redujeron.

The aim of the present research was to study the influence of operational parameters in the electropolishing process of titanium alloys, involving nanostructured surfaces. The electropolishing operational parameters influence the formation of nanostructured materials, promoting the obtainment of specific properties. In this work, a variation time was studied to produce nanostructured surfaces by the electropolishing process. The surfaces obtained were evaluated by atomic force microscopy and surface hydrophobicity was determined by the measurement of the contact angle. Preliminary results showed that the control on the size and depth of nanostructures on these surfaces is possible by electropolishing time variation.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la influencia de los parámetros operacionales del proceso de electropulido de aleaciones de titanio, involucrando la obtención de superficies nanoestructuradas. Se sabe que los parámetros del proceso de electropulido ejercen una importante influencia sobre la formación de materiales nanoestructuradas, promoviendo la obtención de propiedades bien específicas. En este trabajo se realizó el electropulido de la aleación Ti6Al4V lijadas mecánicamente, variando el tiempo de pulido. Luego del electropulido la morfología de la superficie fue evaluada por microscopia de fuerza atómica y la hidrofobicidad fue determinada mediante el ángulo de contacto. Los resultados preliminares muestran que el control sobre el tamaño y la profundidad de las nanoestructuras en esas superficies es posible por la variación del tiempo.

Galvanized steel was coated with a hybrid film obtained from a solution formed by silane precursor 3-(trimethoxysilyl) methacrylate (TMSPMA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with addition of cerium. The use of hybrid organic-inorganic layers represents an environmentally friendly alternative to improve resistance against corrosion of a series of metallic materials. Three immersion times (2, 10 and 15 minutes) were used and the films were characterized by scanning electron microscope evaluating film wetability was at the same time. The electrochemical behavior of the coatings obtained was evaluated by open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance. The results showed the effect of immersion time in the solution on the film uniformity and consequently on the corrosion resistance of these films.

Acero galvanizado fue revestido con una película híbrida a partir de una solución formada por los precursores silanos 3-(trimetoxisililpropil) metacrilato (TMSPMA) y tetraetoxisilano (TEOS) con adición de cerio. El uso de capas hibridas orgánico-inorgánico representa una alternativa ambientalmente aceptable para mejorar la resistencia de una serie de materiales metálicos frente a los procesos corrosivos. Se emplearon tres tiempos de inmersión (2, 10 y 15 minutos) y se caracterizaron las películas mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido, evaluando también el carácter hidrofóbico de las películas. El comportamiento electroquímico de los revestimientos obtenidos fue determinado por el monitoreo del potencial de circuito abierto, polarización potenciodinámica e impedancia electroquímica. Los resultados que se obtuvo evidenciaron el efecto del tiempo de permanencia dentro de la solución en la uniformidad de la película y consecuentemente sobre la resistencia a la corrosión del mismo.

This work presents a study on the behavior of silane films Gamma-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane and N-(beta-aminoethyl)-gamma-Aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, obtained by dip-coating process on galvanized steel. The films were cured by thermal and ultraviolet irradiation cure processes. The substrates and zinc-based coatings are usually employed as surface treatment to improve the corrosion resistance but they employ hexavalent chromium that has a high degree of toxicity. Polymer films containing organofunctional silanes have been studied as an alternative to the passivation of zinc-based substrates. The silane coatings were evaluated by electrochemical tests and contact angle. The film morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the films obtained presented a homogeneous coverage and that the influence of silane employed in the formulation was evident, as well as the cure parameters.

Se presenta un estudio del comportamiento de películas de silanos Gamma-Aminopropyl tirethoxysilano y del N-(Beta-Aminoethyl)-Gamma-Aminopropyl trimethoxysilano aplicados por el proceso de revestimiento por inmersión (dip-coating) sobre el acero galvanizado. Se usan los mecanismos de curado térmico y curado por irradiación ultravioleta. Los substratos y revestimientos a base de zinc reciben normalmente un tratamiento de superficie para mejorar la resistencia a la corrosión, pero usan cromo hexavalente que presenta un elevado grado de toxicidad. Las películas poliméricas conteniendo silanos organofuncionales surgen como alternativa para la pasivación de substratos a base de zinc. Los revestimientos de silano obtenidos fueron evaluados a partir de ensayos electroquímicos y ángulos de mojabilidad y la morfología fue caracterizada por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los resultados muestran que las películas elaboradas presentan una cobertura homogénea y que el tipo de silano empleado tiene influencia en la formulación y en los parámetros de curado.

As indústrias galvânicas utilizam, durante o seu processo produtivo, vários tipos de soluções químicas, além de água, que, após o seu ciclo de vida, devem ser descartadas. Entre esses insumos, está o cianeto cúprico, que é tóxico ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente e que está presente em vários tipos de revestimentos nos quais uma camada de cobre é necessária. Esse estudo tem a finalidade de comparar revestimentos eletrodepositados a partir de soluções com cianetos e livres de cianetos, avaliando a qualidade do tratamento superficial de peças. Dessa forma, buscou-se produzir um revestimento com as mesmas qualidades de peças produzidas pelo processo tradicional. Nesse trabalho, foram utilizadas soluções tradicionais com 25 g.L-1 de cianeto e uma solução alternativa isenta de cianeto. As peças revestidas eram de zamak (liga de zinco com alumínio). Para avaliar a qualidade do revestimento obtido foram realizados ensaios acelerados de corrosão, dureza, comparação de espessura e morfologia da camada eletrodepositada. Os primeiros vestígios de corrosão foram verificados após 432 horas nos corpos de prova tradicionais e 1032 horas nos corpos-de-prova produzidos sem cianeto. Nos ensaios de dureza, obteve-se um pequeno ganho de dureza nas peças sem cianeto. A espessura da camada eletrodepositada, assim como a morfologia, foi similar para os dois tipos de processos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade técnica da utilização de soluções livres de cianeto na galvanoplastia.

The electroplating industries use in their productive process several types of chemical solutions, besides water, which after their life cycle must be discarded. Among them, there is cupric cyanide, which is highly toxic for humans and the environment, and it is present in many coatings where the copper layer is necessary. This study aims to compare coatings electrodeposited from solutions with cyanide and free cyanide, with those produced by the traditional process. This comparison involved parts and components of the same quality. In this study, traditional solutions with 25 g.L-1 of cyanide and an alternative solution with 0,015 mg.L-1 of cyanide were used. The parts were produced with Zamak (alloy of Zinc and Aluminum). In order to evaluate the quality of the coating, tests of accelerated corrosion, hardness, comparison of thickness and morphology of the electroplated layer were carried out. The first corrosion traces were detected after 432 hours in the traditional samples and 1032 hours in the free cyanide samples. In hardness tests, there was a better result for the free cyanide samples. The electroplated layer thickness and morphology was similar in both processes. The study results showed that there is technical feasibility in using free cyanide solutions in the electroplating sector.