ABSTRACT Forest species can have their seeds damaged by granivorous insects, especially by those in their larval stage. In this context, this study aims to report the occurrence of Amblycerus species in Cordia trichotoma seeds, to describe their main damage to seeds and effects on germination, as well as their associated hymenopteran parasitoids. Therefore, seven trees were selected in the municipality of Taquaruçu do Sul, RS, Brazil. Fruits were collected weekly from the medium third of the tree crown, from the beginning of their formation until total dehiscence. To examine the damage caused by granivorous insects within the fruits, 15 fruits from each tree were sectioned with a scalpel. Furthermore, 10 fruits from each tree were stored individually in clear plates to verify the occurrence and identification of granivorous insect species. Evidence of the damage caused to seeds was verified through the germination test by comparing preserved and damaged seeds, with four repetitions of 25 seeds each. The species Amblycerus longesuturalis and Amblycerus profaupar (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) were found associated with fruits of C. trichotoma. Female insects predominantly laid eggs on the superior part between the marcescent calyx and the fruit, and larvae perforated the fruit tegument to start consuming seed embryos and reserves. Bruquine larvae are parasitized by Hymenoptera of Bracon, Mirax, Omeganastatus and Triapsis genera. In conclusion, the germination of C. trichotoma seeds is significantly affected by emergence orifices caused by granivorous species.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to characterize the composition of the soil macrofauna in non-mined and mined areas recovered with native vegetation, Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Acacia mearnsii De Wild. plantations, in a coal mine. Five areas were evaluated, namely, three non-mined areas and two mined and recovered areas. Six soil samples per area were collected using a 10x10 cm circular probe, every month during one year. Defragmentation of the soil and removal of specimens was carried out in a laboratory. A total of 3,195 specimens from 11 taxa were collected. The most abundant groups were Hymenoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera. There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the total abundance of Isoptera and Coleoptera with some meteorological variables. The recovery process of the mined areas with black-wattle and eucalyptus plantations proved to be efficient because there was similarity of macrofauna groups between the non-mined, mined and native vegetation areas.

Abstract Heteropsylla caldwelli Burckhardt (Psyllidae, Ciriacreminae) is reported for the first time from Brazil (States of Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul) from Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. The earpod tree, from Albizia edwallii (Hoehne) Barneby and J.W. Grimes and Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), all previously unknown hosts. The population dynamics of the psyllid were investigated in a seven-year-old plantation of E. contortisiliquum in an abandoned open-pit coal mine in Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul during two years. The population showed peaks in spring and summer, correlating directly with the mean air temperature and the population size of microhymenoptera.

RESUMO Os escolitíneos (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) são besouros broqueadores, pertencentes à ordem Coleoptera que se desenvolvem no interior de árvores. Em países do hemisfério norte, estes insetos causam prejuízos significativos, principalmente quando ocorrem em surtos epidêmicos. No Brasil, em geral, os danos causados são menores quando comparados aos do hemisfério norte. Tendo em vista a importância da subfamília Scolytinae, este trabalho tem por objetivo proporcionar um melhor entendimento do comportamento destes, principalmente no que tange à altura de voo em povoamento de Pinus taeda L.. Para tanto, foram instaladas 72 armadilhas de interceptação de voo, em área pertencente à Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), localizada em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. As armadilhas foram distribuídas em diferentes alturas (tratamentos) com três repetições distantes 30 metros entre si. Os tratamentos corresponderam às alturas de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5 e 6,0 metros. Foram capturados: Hypothenemus eruditus em maior abundância na faixa de 1,0 a 1,5 metros; Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xyleborinus gracilis e Xyleborus affinis a 0,5 metros; Xyleborinus saxeseni e Xylosandrus retusus não apresentaram preferência de altura de voo. Conclui-se que o intervalo situado entre 0,5 e 1,5 metros é ideal para analisar quantitativamente os escolitíneos associados ao Pinus taeda.

ABSTRACT Scolytids (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are small borer beetles belonging to the order Coleoptera that develop within or under the bark of trees. In northern countries, these insects cause significant damage especially when outbreaks occur. In Brazil, in general, the damage is minor when compared to the northern hemisphere. Given the importance of subfamily Scolytinae, this paper aims at providing a better understanding of the behavior of Scolytids, mainly regarding the flight height in a stand of Pinus taeda L. For the execution of this work 72, intercept flight traps were installed in area belonging to the State Foundation for Agricultural Research (FEPAGRO), located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state. The treatments correspond to heights of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5 and 6.0 meters. It was possible to capture: Hypothenemus eruditus in greater abundance at the range of 1 to 1.5 meters; Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xyleborinus gracilis and Xyleborus affinis to 0.5 meters; Xyleborinus saxeseni and Xylosandrus retusus with no preference. It is concluded that the range between 0.5 and 1.5 meters is ideal to analyze quantitatively the scolytids present in the Pinus taeda.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo comparativo entre as características biotécnicas de Sebastiania schottiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzscg) Müll. Arg., Salix humboldtiana Willd., e Salix x rubens Shrank. Essas espécies apresentaram-se promissoras para estabilização de taludes fluviais e recuperação de cursos de água em estudos anteriores. O experimento foi instalado às margens de um arroio, em 2008 no município de São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de sobrevivência no campo (%); número, diâmetro, comprimento, somatório dos brotos primários e comprimento do maior broto primário; número, comprimento dos brotos secundários e somatório do comprimento dos brotos secundários. Dentre as espécies analisadas, Phyllanthus sellowianus apresentou os melhores resultados para cinco características avaliadas, tornando-se assim, dentre as características avaliadas, a espécie mais indicada para a estabilização e recuperação de cursos de água na região estudada.

ABSTRACT This study aims at making a comparative study of the biotechnical characteristics of Sebastiania schottiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzscg) Müll. Arg., Salix humboldtiana Willd., and Salix x rubens Shrank. These species have, in previous studies, shown promising potentialities for slope stabilization and restoration of riverbanks. The experiment was installed in the banks of a creek in 2008, in São João do Polêsine, in Rio Grande do Sul state. The variables analyzed were: survival rate in the field (%), number, diameter, length, and the sum of primary shoots, length of the longest primary bud, number and length of the secondary shoots and the sum of the length of the secondary shoots. Among the analyzed species, Phyllanthus sellowianus showed the best results for the five characteristics evaluated, suggesting that it is the most suitable species for the stabilization and the recovery of riverbanks in this region, among the studied species.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de controle de plantas infestantes sobre a mirmecofauna em um plantio inicial de Eucalyptus grandis. Para tanto, em março de 2011 foi realizado o início da implantação da cultura, em uma área localizada no município de Santa Maria - RS. Os seis tratamentos constituíram-se em controle químico total de plantas infestantes, na linha e na entrelinha de plantio, com glifosato (T1); controle químico total de plantas infestantes, na linha de plantio, com glifosato (T2); controle químico de monocotiledôneas na linha e entrelinha de plantio, com setoxidim (T3); controle químico de dicotiledôneas na linha e entrelinha de plantio, com bentazona (T4); controle químico total de plantas infestantes em faixa de um metro paralela à linha de plantio, com glifosato, e de um metro na parte central da entrelinha, sem controle (T5); e testemunha, sem controle de plantas infestantes (T6). O levantamento da mirmecofauna foi realizado no período de um ano utilizando-se três métodos de coleta: isca atrativa, armadilha de solo e funil de Berlese, com seis repetições por tratamento, em cada data de coleta. Nesse período foram coletadas 46.675 formigas, distribuídas em 37 espécies, não sendo verificada diferença significativa entre o total de espécimens coletados. Na área do tratamento constituído pelo controle de plantas infestantes somente na linha de plantio verificou-se eficiência amostral de 99,0% e S obs = 35. Entre os índices de Diversidade de Shannon (H'), destacou-se o valor encontrado para a área do tratamento T2 (H'= 1,34) em detrimento dos valores das áreas nas quais foram instalados os tratamentos T1 (H'= 1,25) e T5 (H'= 1,23). Havendo assim, uma maior coexistência de espécies de formigas entre as áreas com estrutura florística menos alterada e entre as áreas mais simplificadas. Não tendo sido verificada correlação significativa (r = 0,0463) entre a riqueza de espécies de formigas coletadas e o número de plantas infestantes encontradas ao final do experimento. Assim, conclui-se que os efeitos indiretos da ação dos herbicidas afetam mais a composição local de espécies de formigas do que sua riqueza.

The aim of this study was to evaluated the effects of different types of weed control on the ant fauna in an initial planting of Eucalyptus grandis. Therefore, in march of 2011 was performed the implantation of culture, in an area located in the city of Santa Maria - RS. The six treatments were constituted by the total chemical control of weeds in row and interrow planting, with glyphosate (T1); total chemical control of weeds in the crop row, with glyphosate (T2); chemical control of monocotyledonous in row and interrow planting, with sethoxydim (T3); chemical control of dicotyledonous line interrow and planting, with bentazone (T4); total chemical control of weeds in a yard track parallel to the row, with glyphosate, and a meter in the central part of interrow without control (T5); and without control weeds (T6). The survey of the ant fauna was conducted in one year using three collection methods: attractive bait, trap soil and Berlese funnel, with six replicates per treatment in each collection date. In this period were collected 46,675 ants, belonging to 37 species, there being no significant difference between the total specimens collected. In the area of treatment consists of the control of weeds in the crop row only verified efficiency of 99.0% and sample S obs = 35. Among the indices of Shannon Diversity (H'), highlighted the value found for the area of treatment T2 (H'= 1.34) at the expense of the values of the areas where they were installed the T1 (H'= 1,25) and T5 (H'= 1,23). Having thus a higher co-existence of ant species between the areas with changed structure less flora, and between the areas most simplified. There were significant correlation (r = 0.0463) between the species richness of ants collected and the number of weeds found at the end of the experiment. Thus, we conclude that the indirect effects of the herbicides affect more the local composition ant species than his richness.

O presente estudo relata o ataque da vespa-da-galha do eucalipto Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As formas imaturas de L. invasa induzem o crescimento de galhas que podem levar ao desfolhamento de árvores de eucalipto.

The present study reports the attack of the Eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The immature stages of L. invasa induce the growth of galls that can lead to defoliation of eucalyptus trees.

Este trabalho objetivou relatar o ataque de lagartas desfolhadoras de eucalipto no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A espécie foi determinada como sendo Nystalea nyseus (CRAMER, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). As lagartas dessa espécie causam desfolhamento em árvores de eucalipto. Este é o primeiro registro de Nystalea nyseus em árvores de eucalipto no Estado.

This research aimed to record the damage caused by Eucalyptus-defoliating caterpillars located in Rio Grande do Sul States, Brazil. The specie was determined as Nystalea nyseus (CRAMER, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). The caterpillars of this species cause defoliation in Eucalyptus trees. This is the first record of Nystalea nyseus from Eucalyptus plantation in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.