Abstract Studies have suggested that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is involved in neurological dysfunction and that electroacupuncture (EA) attenuates neuropathic pain (NP) via undefined pathways. However, the role of ERS in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in NP and the effect of EA on ERS in the ACC have not yet been investigated. In this study, an NP model was established by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve in rats, and mechanical and cold tests were used to evaluate behavioral hyperalgesia. The protein expression and distribution were evaluated using western blotting and immunofluorescence. The results showed that glucose-regulated protein 78 (BIP) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE-1α) were co-localized in neurons in the ACC. After CCI, BIP, IRE-1α, and phosphorylation of IRE-1α were upregulated in the ACC. Intra-ACC administration of 4-PBA and Kira-6 attenuated pain hypersensitivity and downregulated phosphorylation of IRE-1α, while intraperitoneal injection of 4-PBA attenuated hyperalgesia and inhibited the activation of P38 and JNK in ACC. In contrast, ERS activation by intraperitoneal injection of tunicamycin induced behavioral hyperalgesia in naive rats. Furthermore, EA attenuated pain hypersensitivity and inhibited the CCI-induced overexpression of BIP and pIRE-1α. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EA attenuates NP by suppressing BIP- and IRE-1α-mediated ERS in the ACC. Our study presents novel evidence that ERS in the ACC is implicated in the development of NP and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the analgesic effect of EA.

RESUMO Introdução A coreografia das artes marciais é um evento esportivo de alta intensidade e velocidade. O metabolismo energético de seus praticantes é caracterizado principalmente pelo consumo anaeróbico, complementado pelo metabolismo aeróbico. As rotinas das artes marciais têm suas próprias regras de movimento particulares e o método de treinamento sistemático tem desempenhado um papel positivo no desenvolvimento das rotinas das artes marciais. Objetivo Este artigo explora o papel do treinamento sistemático por 8 semanas nas rotinas de artes marciais. Métodos 36 jogadores de coreografia em artes marciais de faculdades e universidades foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória. Os sujeitos da pesquisa acima foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: experimental e controle. O grupo experimental adotou um protocolo exclusivo de treinamento. O grupo de controle foi treinado da maneira tradicional. Resultados Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos nos resultados dos testes de oito indicadores de velocidade. Também se observou diferença significativa entre os dois grupos nos dados de teste dos três indicadores de resistência. Conclusão O método personalizado de treinamento utilizado neste trabalho demonstrou um efeito de destaque na melhoria da velocidade e do nível de resistência dos atletas. Os resultados da pesquisa deste artigo podem fornecer uma referência para a equipe de rotina de artes marciais no aprimoramento do nível técnico profissional atlético. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Martial arts choreography is a sporting event of high intensity and speed. The energy metabolism of its practitioners is characterized mainly by anaerobic consumption, complemented by aerobic metabolism. Martial arts routines have particular movement rules, and the systematic training method has played a positive role in developing martial arts routines. Objective This paper explores the role of eight-week systematic training in martial arts routines. Methods 36 martial arts choreography players from colleges and universities were selected by random sampling. The above research subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group adopted an exclusive training protocol. The control group was trained traditionally. Results Significant differences were found between the two groups in the test results of eight-speed indicators. A significant difference was also found between the two groups in the test data of the three endurance indicators. Conclusion The personalized training method used in this paper significantly improved athletes’ speed and endurance levels. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for routine martial arts staff in improving the professional athletic technical level. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción La coreografía de las artes marciales es un evento deportivo de alta intensidad y velocidad. El metabolismo energético de sus practicantes se caracteriza principalmente por el consumo anaeróbico, complementado por el metabolismo aeróbico. Las rutinas de las artes marciales tienen sus propias reglas de movimiento y el método de entrenamiento sistemático ha desempeñado un papel positivo en el desarrollo de las rutinas de las artes marciales. Objetivo Este trabajo explora el papel del entrenamiento sistemático durante 8 semanas en las rutinas de las artes marciales. Métodos Se seleccionaron 36 coreógrafos de artes marciales de colegios y universidades mediante un muestreo aleatorio. Los sujetos de la investigación mencionados se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos: experimental y de control. El grupo experimental adoptó un protocolo de entrenamiento exclusivo. El grupo de control fue entrenado de forma tradicional. Resultados Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en los resultados de las pruebas de ocho indicadores de velocidad. También se observó una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos en los datos de las pruebas de los tres indicadores de resistencia. Conclusión El método de entrenamiento personalizado utilizado en este trabajo demostró un efecto destacado en la mejora del nivel de velocidad y resistencia de los atletas. Los resultados de la investigación de este trabajo pueden proporcionar una referencia para el equipo de artes marciales de rutina en la mejora del nivel técnico atlético profesional. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Green tea is one of the main teas in China, which is unfermented and retains more natural substances of fresh tea leaves. This is the preliminary study of application of'fingerprints' based on differences in component composition of green tea. Five green teas from different areas in eastern China are analyzed, which are processed by microwave-assisted solvent (ethanol) extraction method to obtain tea polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, pigments (thearubigins, theaflavins, theabrownins). The results show that the component composition of five green teas are varied from each other; based on these contents varieties, we have constructed a 'fingerprint' and applied linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to assist in the identification of these five green teas. This method does not require large, expensive instruments (such as high performance liquid chromatograph, gas chromatograph, mass spectrometer, etc.), and is easy to use, which provides a new avenue for the identification of tea.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the detrusor overactivity (DO) model induced by visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and investigate the relationship between mast cell (MC) infiltration and DO. Materials and Methods: Sixty rats are divided into 4 groups randomly: Group 1:Baseline group; Group 2: DO group; Group 3: CON group; Group 4: VH group. The colorectal distension (CRD) and abdominal withdral reflex (AWR) scores are performed to evaluate VH. The cystometric investigation and histological test of MC infiltration are assessed. Results: The threshold pressure of CRD in the VH group is significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.001). At the distension pressure ≥20 mmHg, the AWR scores of the VH group are significantly higher than those of the CON group (10 mmHg: P=0.33; 20 mmHg: P=0.028; 40 mmHg: P<0.001; 60 mmHg: P<0.001; 80 mmHg: P<0.001). DO model is successfully established in the VH group (DO rate=100%). Compared with the CON group, the numbers of MC infiltration are significantly increased in the VH group, including submucosa of bladder (P<0.001), mucosa lamina propria/mesentery of small intestine (P<0.001), and mucosa lamina propria/mesentery of large intestine (P<0.001). Furthermore, more MC activation as well as degranulation are observed in the VH group. Conclusions: It is indicated that DO model can be established in the VH rats. The MC infiltration may play an important role in DO induced by VH, and may be helpful to understand the mechanisms of DO in VH patients.

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is involved in many physiologic processes, it often promotes metastasis, and its high expression is correlated with poor prognosis. In the present study, we analyzed the correlation between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression and prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma RESULTS: We examined the expression of TGF-β 1 in 78 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry and correlated the expression with clinicopathological parameters. TGF-β1 was expressed in 37 of 78 (47.4 %) intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. The expression of TGF-β 1 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and tumour recurrence. Patients with TGFβ1-positive tumours had significantly shorter survival time. In a multivariant analysis, the expression of TGF-β1 and the tumour stage were independent prognostic factors CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that expression of TGF-β1 is a novel prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Objective To improve the model for establishment and evaluation of detrusor overactivity in female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods We ligated the perineal urethra of female Wistar rats and then performed filling cystometry. The probability of detrusor overactivity, bladder capacity, peak voiding pressure and histological changes were investigated. Results Detrusor overactivity ratio of the obstruction group was 32.4%. Bladder capacity increased from 0.273 ± 0.036mL in control group to 0.89 ± 0.19mL in detrusor overactivity group (P < 0.001), and peak voiding pressure increased from 45.9 ± 4.1 cm.H2O to 63.5 ± 17.4cm.H2O (P = 0.007). For obstruction group, compared to no detrusor overactivity rats, detrusor overactivity rats had higher bladder capacity (0.89 ± 0.19mL versus 0.43 ± 0.09mL, P < 0.001) and higher peak voiding pressure (63.5 ± 17.4cm.H2O versus 44.8 ± 6.2cm.H2O, P = 0.005). Detrusor overactivity rats were classified according to peak voiding pressure (49.2 ± 4.2cm.H2O versus 80.8 ± 7.1cm.H2O, P < 0.001). Moreover, bladder weight increased significantly in detrusor overactivity rats (P = 0.003, P = 0.028) and detrusor histological hypertrophy was observed. Conclusions Ligating perineal urethra and filling cystometry with intra-urethral cannula approach is a simple and easily reproducible method to establish and evaluate the model of detrusor overactivity in rats.