Abstract Background: Little is known about the clinical characteristics and significance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Mexico. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a retrospective revision and analysis of the clinical cases of Mexican patients with CJD available in the literature. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases for studies in English and Spanish conducted in Mexico over the period of 1990-2020 that involved Mexican patients with any of the clinical forms of CJD. Clinical variables were extracted from the selected studies that met eligibility criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. Results: A total of seven studies were included in the analysis. From these, 29 cases were revised, and their clinical characteristics analyzed. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years (range 23-75 years). CJD was more frequent among females than male patients (male:female ratio 1:1.41). Most patients resided in Mexico City and the State of Mexico, and 93% attended public hospitals. The most frequent form of CJD was sporadic, with only two probable cases of familiar disease. The most common clinical symptoms observed in order or frequency were rapidly progressive dementia (68.9%), cerebellar signs (51.7%), neuropsychiatric symptoms (51.7%), akinetic mutism (51.7%), myoclonus (44,8%), extrapyramidal signs (44.8%), visual disturbances (41.3%), pyramidal signs (31%), and sleep disorders (17.2%). Only 20% of the cases were confirmed by histopathological analysis of brain biopsy or autopsy specimens. Conclusions: Our study provides an overview of the main clinical characteristics of CJD in Mexican patients.

Resumen Antecedentes: Se sabe poco sobre las características clínicas y la importancia de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (ECJ) en México. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión y análisis retrospectivo de los casos clínicos de pacientes mexicanos con ECJ disponibles en la literatura. Métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos electrónicas de estudios en inglés y español realizados en México durante el período de 1990 a 2020, que involucraron a pacientes mexicanos con cualquiera de las formas clínicas de ECJ. Se extrajeron variables clínicas de los estudios seleccionados que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para caracterizar la población de estudio. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de siete estudios en el análisis. De estos, se revisaron 29 casos y se analizaron sus características clínicas. La mediana de edad en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 54 años (rango de 23 a 75 años). La ECJ fue más frecuente entre las mujeres que entre los hombres (proporción hombre: mujer 1: 1.41). La mayoría de los pacientes residían en la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México y el 93% acudía a hospitales públicos. La forma más frecuente de ECJ fue esporádica, con solo dos casos probables de enfermedad familiar. Los síntomas clínicos más comunes observados en orden o frecuencia fueron demencia rápidamente progresiva (68.9%), signos cerebelosos (51.7%), síntomas neuropsiquiátricos (51.7%), mutismo acinético (51.7%), mioclonías (44.8%), signos extrapiramidales. (44.8%), alteraciones visuales (41.3%), signos piramidales (31%) y trastornos del sueño (17.2%). Solo el 20% de los casos fueron confirmados por análisis histopatológico de biopsias cerebrales o muestras de autopsias. Conclusiones: En conclusión, nuestro estudio ofrece una visión general de las principales características clínicas de la ECJ en pacientes mexicanos.

Resumo Este trabalho referese ao processo de transferência de resultados de investigação sobre a relação entre a morfologia e a tecnologia digital, ao ensino de Design Industrial; explicando as estratégias para fazer avançar este projecto, particularmente no caso de relaxamento de placas rígidas pela densidade e configuração de corte a laser. Descreve as atividades que foram projetadas e executadas, a fim de implementar essas experiências de aprendizado, tanto no desenvolvimento de materiais de apoio, textuais e sistema do corpo; assim como a formação do grupo de ensino e estratégias para fazer esta experiência. Acreditamos que as interações entre a morfologia e a tecnologia é desejável e possível, trazendo benefícios para ambas as áreas temáticas. Não é um caminho de passagem, mas exige ações conjuntas e reflexões.

Abstract This paper refers to the process of the transfer of research results on the relationship between morphology and Digital Technology, to the teaching of Industrial Design; explaining the strategies to advance this project, particularly in the case of the relaxation of rigid plates by the density and configuration of laser cutting. Describes the activities that were designed and implemented in order to implement these learning experiences, both in the development of support materials, textual, and body system; as well as the training of teaching group and strategies for making this experience. We believe that the interactions between morphology and technology are desirable and possible, bringing benefits to both thematic areas. It is not a oneway passage, but requires joint actions and reflections.

Resumen Este trabajo se refiere al proceso de transferencia de resultados de investigación, sobre las relaciones entre Morfología y Tecnología Digital, a la enseñanza de Diseño Industrial; explicando las estrategias para avanzar en este proyecto, en particular en el caso de la flexibilización de placas rígidas por la densidad y configuración de cortes láser. Se describen las actividades que se diseñaron y concretaron para poder implementar estas experiencias didácticas, tanto en el desarrollo particular de los materiales de apoyo, textuales y corpóreos; como así también la capacitación del grupo docente y las estrategias para hacer viable esta experiencia. Consideramos que las interacciones entre morfología y tecnología son deseables y posibles, aportando beneficios a ambas áreas temáticas. No es un pasaje unidireccional, sino que exige acciones y reflexiones conjuntas.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the association between sweetened beverages (SB) consumption with adiposity indicators and metabolic status among young Chilean adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed food frequency consumption, body mass index (BMC), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), glucose and triglycerides in 931 young adults randomly selected from Valparaiso Region using multivariate regression models controlling confusion and interactions factors. Results: The median age was 24.9 years; (95%CI: 92.3-95.3) reported SB consumption, 33.1% received more than two portions (≥500 ml) daily what was associated with an increase in glycemia (β=2.40; p=0.024) (both sexes), with BMI (β=1.48, p=0.04), WC (β= 4.50; p=0.009) and BFP (β=3.02, p< 0.001) only in women. Conclusion: High consumption of SB increases glycemia in young adults and only in women, indicators of adiposity, relevant antecedents to formulate policies that decrease SB consumption and its consequences.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas endulzadas (BE) con indicadores de adiposidad y riesgo metabólico en adultos jóvenes. Material y métodos: Se analizó la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), grasa corporal (PGC), glicemia y triglicéridos de 931 participantes seleccionados aleatoriamente (Región de Valparaíso, Chile), mediante modelos de regresión múltiple, controlando factores de confusión. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 24.9 años; 94% (IC95% :92.3-95.3) de los participantes consumía BE, 33.1% de ellos consumía más de dos porciones (≥500 ml) diarias, que se asoció con incremento en glicemia (ambos sexos) (β=2.17; p=0.007) y con IMC (β=1.48, p=0.04), CC (β=4.50; p=0.009) y PGC (β=3.02; p<0.001) sólo en mujeres. Conclusión: La alta ingesta de BE incrementa la glicemia en adultos jóvenes y los indicadores de adiposidad en mujeres, antecedentes relevantes para formular políticas que disminuyan el consumo de BE y sus consecuencias.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the association between sweetened beverages (SB) consumption with adiposity indicators and metabolic status among young Chilean adults. Materials and methods: We analyzed food frequency consumption, body mass index (BMC), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), glucose and triglycerides in 931 young adults randomly selected from Valparaiso Region using multivariate regression models controlling confusion and interactions factors. Results: The median age was 24.9 years; (95%CI: 92.3-95.3) reported SB consumption, 33.1% received more than two portions (≥500 ml) daily what was associated with an increase in glycemia (β=2.40; p=0.024) (both sexes), with BMI (β=1.48, p=0.04), WC (β= 4.50; p=0.009) and BFP (β=3.02, p< 0.001) only in women. Conclusion: High consumption of SB increases glycemia in young adults and only in women, indicators of adiposity, relevant antecedents to formulate policies that decrease SB consumption and its consequences.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre consumo de bebidas endulzadas (BE) con indicadores de adiposidad y riesgo metabólico en adultos jóvenes. Material y métodos: Se analizó la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de cintura (CC), grasa corporal (PGC), glicemia y triglicéridos de 931 participantes seleccionados aleatoriamente (Región de Valparaíso, Chile), mediante modelos de regresión múltiple, controlando factores de confusión. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 24.9 años; 94% (IC95% :92.3-95.3) de los participantes consumía BE, 33.1% de ellos consumía más de dos porciones (≥500 ml) diarias, que se asoció con incremento en glicemia (ambos sexos) (β=2.17; p=0.007) y con IMC (β=1.48, p=0.04), CC (β=4.50; p=0.009) y PGC (β=3.02; p<0.001) sólo en mujeres. Conclusión: La alta ingesta de BE incrementa la glicemia en adultos jóvenes y los indicadores de adiposidad en mujeres, antecedentes relevantes para formular políticas que disminuyan el consumo de BE y sus consecuencias.

Abstract Leucism is a hypopigmentary decrease of skin or fur coat, which is presented throughout the body or as isolated whitish patches on different parts of the body "piebald"; without altering the pigmentation of the eyes, lips, blood vessels or harm to the immune system of the specimen. The specimen was identified in the Tababela plateau located in the inter-Andean valley of Pichincha, Ecuador, site of the new Quito airport. By using glue traps used to capture lizards, one individual of Reithrodontomys mexicanus soederstroemi showing leucism, was trapped in the wild. This individual presents an irregular distribution of melanin pigments throughout it’s body. This is the first case reported with leucism in nature for this endemic species of the inter-Andean xeric valleys near Quito.

Resumen El leucismo es una disminución hipopigmentaria general, presente en la piel o pelo de todo el cuerpo de un animal, o en ocasiones, se presenta como parches blanquecinos en diferentes partes del cuerpo; sin alterar la pigmentación de los ojos, labios, vasos sanguíneos o perjudicar al sistema inmunológico del ejemplar que lo porta. En la plataforma de Tababela donde se construyó el nuevo aeropuerto de Quito localizado en el valle interandino de Pichincha, Ecuador; mediante el uso de trampas de goma usada para capturar herpetofauna, fue capturado un individuo de Reithrodontomys mexicanus soederstroemi que muestra leucismo. El individuo presenta una distribución irregular del pigmento de melanina en todo su cuerpo. Este es el primer caso de una especie silvestre endémica reportada con leucismo en un valle seco interandino cerca de Quito.

ABSTRACT Prosopis juliflora is a shrub that has been used to feed animals and humans. However, a synergistic action of piperidine alkaloids has been suggested to be responsible for neurotoxic damage observed in animals. We investigated the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD) and autophagy on the mechanism of cell death induced by a total extract (TAE) of alkaloids and fraction (F32) from P. juliflora leaves composed majoritary of juliprosopine in a model of neuron/glial cell co-culture. We saw that TAE (30 µg/mL) and F32 (7.5 µg/mL) induced reduction in ATP levels and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential at 12 h exposure. Moreover, TAE and F32 induced caspase-9 activation, nuclear condensation and neuronal death at 16 h exposure. After 4 h, they induced autophagy characterized by decreases of P62 protein level, increase of LC3II expression and increase in number of GFP-LC3 cells. Interestingly, we demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin and vinblastine increased the cell death induced by TAE and autophagy induced by serum deprivation and rapamycin reduced cell death induced by F32 at 24 h. These results indicate that the mechanism neural cell death induced by these alkaloids involves PCD via caspase-9 activation and autophagy, which seems to be an important protective mechanism.

Observation of sexual chromatin has shown to be very helpful in gender forensic diagnosis. In the present study we analyzed the diagnosis performance of the method in, non-treated or treated with conventional bone techniques, exhumed bone pieces. We used long bones of male and female individuals, the method applied is described in Suazo et al. (2010). In the non-treated exhumed pieces, the general accuracy of the method was 75%, while in the treated pieces the method was inapplicable due to the lack of cells in the tissue. Our results suggest that it is possible to determine the sex of aged human bones buried under different conditions through a fast and simple histological method, but the treatment with physical and chemical means eliminates the remaining cells in the bone tissue.

La observación de la cromatina sexual ha demostrado ser útil en el diagnóstico forense del sexo. En este estudio analizamos el rendimiento diagnóstico del método en piezas óseas exhumadas no tratadas y tratadas mediante osteotécnica convencional. Utilizamos muestras de huesos largos de individuos de sexo masculino y femenino, el método se aplicó de acuerdo a lo descrito por Suazo et al., (2010). En las piezas exhumadas no tratadas la exactitud general del método fue del 75%, mientras que en las piezas tratadas el método resultó inaplicable, debido a la ausencia de células en el tejido. Nuestros resultados sugieren que es posible determinar el sexo en osamentas humanas exhumadas de larga data y en diferentes condiciones de enterramiento, mediante un método histológico rápido y sencillo, pero que el tratamiento por medios físicos y químicos elimina las células remanentes en el tejido óseo.

Cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction has a high mortality even if early revascularization is achieved. Biventricular assist devices have not been used in Chile in this critical setting. We report a case of a 55 year-old diabetic man who suffered an acute chest pain and ventricular fibrillation. Prompt outside hospital defibrillation/ reanimation restored pulse and allowed emergency room transfer on mechanical ventilation. Electrocardiogram showed an anterior myocardial infarction and early revascularization was achieved by anterior descending artery angioplasty. However, severe cardiogenic shock continued in spite of inotropic and intra aortic balloon pump support. Levitronix Centrimag® biventricular mechanical circulatory support was inserted during reanimation for recurrent ventricular fibrillation and the patient listed for urgent cardiac transplantation upon stabilization. Heart transplantation was performed successfully 28 days later and the patient was discharged after a 21-day recovery period. Twelve months after transplant the patient is in NYHA functional class I with normal biventricular function. Levitronix Centrimag® biventricular mechanical circulatory support could be used successfully as a bridge-to-transplant for myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock.

Atypical antipsychotic drugs are considered to provide major advantages in treating schizophrenic patients. However, they can cause significant increases in weight, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Obesity is an important factor in diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Clozapine has been described as acting as an antagonistic agent of several receptors at the hypothalamic level, accentuating hyperinsulinemia and plurimetabolic syndrome, of high vascular risk in obesity. Three patients (2 women, 1 man) treated with clozapine for 5 years or more at a dosage of 300-400 mg/day were clinically monitored for their body weight, glycemia, and lipid profiles, resulting in the diagnosis of significant metabolic disorders. It is suggested that patients undergoing treatment with atypical antipsychotics should also receive adequate metabolic and nutritional evaluations.

En pacientes esquizofrénicos los antipsicóticos atípicos están considerados como las drogas de mayor ventaja en el tratamiento de las psicosis. Sin embargo, pueden provocar un trastorno importante en el peso, en la homeostasis de la glucosa y de los lípidos. La obesidad es un factor importante en la patogenia de la Diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias secundarias y de hipertensión arterial. Se ha descrito que la clozapina actúa como antagonista de receptores a nivel hipotalámico, que puede generar hiperinsulinemia y el síndrome plurimetabólico (Síndrome X) de alto riesgo vascular en obesidades moderadas o severas (IMC > 30 kg/m²). Se describen tres casos (2 mujeres, 1 hombre) que fueron tratados por un período mayor de 5 años con clozapina, en dosis entre 300-400mg/día y monitorizados clínicamente (peso, glicemia y perfil lipídíco). Estas evaluaciones permitieron establecer trastornos metabólicos relevantes. Se sugiere la importancia de una adecuada evaluación metabólica y adoptar medidas nutricionales en pacientes tratados con antipsicóticos atípicos.

Cells tightly regulate iron levels through the activity of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) that bind to RNA motifs called iron responsive elements (IREs). When cells become iron-depleted, IRPs bind to IREs present in the mRNAs of ferritin and the transferrin receptor, resulting in diminished translation of the ferritin mRNA and increased translation of the transferrin receptor mRNA. Similarly, body iron homeostasis is maintained through the control of intestinal iron absorption. Intestinal epithelia cells sense body iron through the basolateral endocytosis of plasma transferrin. Transterrin endocytosis results in enterocytes whose iron content will depend on the iron saturation of plasma transferrin. Cell iron levels, in turn, inversely correlate with intestinal iron absorption. In this study, we examined the relationship between the regulation of intestinal iron absorption and the regulation of intracellular iron levels by Caco-2 cells. We asserted that IRP activity closely correlates with apical iron uptake and transepithelial iron transport. Moreover, overexpression of IRE resulted in a very low labile or reactive iron pool and increased apical to basolateral iron flux. These results show that iron absorption is primarily regulated by the size of the labile iron pool, which in turn is regulated by the IRE/IRP system.