RESUMO: Solanum nigrum L. (erva-moura), uma planta daninha perene anual de curta duração, tornou-se uma planta daninha problemática em sistemas agrícolas na China central. Foram conduzidos experimentos em laboratório e em casa de vegetação para examinar a influência de vários fatores abióticos na germinação de sementes de erva-moura para o desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de controle de plantas daninhas. As sementes germinaram em temperaturas constantes de 15 a 30 oC, mas não ocorreu germinação em temperaturas abaixo de 10 oC ou acima de 35 oC. Também foi observada germinação das sementes em regimes de temperaturas alternadas de 15/5 oC a 40/30 oC, com germinação máxima (> 93,5%) nas temperaturas alternadas de 25/15 oC e 30/20 oC. Houve redução da germinação à medida que o potencial osmótico se tornou mais negativo, e nenhuma germinação foi observada a ≤ 0,8 MPa. Além disso, foi observada redução da germinação em função do estresse salino e alcalino, e nas concentrações ≥ 200 mM de NaCl ou ≥ 150 mM de NaHCO3 não ocorreu germinação. A germinação das sementes não foi afetada de forma significativa pelos valores de pH de 5 a 10, porém a emergência de plântulas sofreu influência significativa da profundidade de sementes, com emergência máxima (93,1%) a 1 cm de profundidade.

ABSTRACT: Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade), an annual to short-lived perennial weed, has become a problem weed in farming systems in central China. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the influence of various abiotic factors on seed germination of black nightshade to develop effective weed control programs. Seeds germinated at a range of constant temperatures from 15 to 30 oC, but no germination occurred at temperatures below 10 oC or above 35 oC. Seeds also germinated at alternating temperature regimes from 15/5 to 40/30 oC, with maximum germination (> 93.5%) at the alternating temperatures of 25/15 and 30/20 oC. Germination decreased as osmotic potential became more negative, and no germination was observed at ≤ -0.8 MPa. Moreover, germination was reduced by saline and alkaline stresses and no germination occurred at ≥ 200 mM NaCl or ≥ 150 mM NaHCO3 concentrations. Seed germination was not significantly affected by pH values from 5 to 10. Seedling emergence was significantly affected by burial depth with maximum emergence (93.1%) at 1 cm depth.

Table grapes are of increasing interest for wine production in China. In this study, 480 yeast isolates were isolated from the tumultuous stage during the spontaneous fermentation of six table grape varieties, which were cultivated in an ecological environment that was not industry-influenced, in Central China. The 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis was more efficient for yeast species identification than the 5.8S-ITS region RFLP analysis in the present study. All the tested strains belonged to nine species from six genera: Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, H. opuntiae, H. uvarum, Pichia terrícola, Kazachstania hellenica, K. zonata, P. occidentalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. The yeast species and populations differed notably among the grape varieties. S. cerevisiae was found in the samples of four grape varieties (Vitis amurensis, Iona, Moldova and V. davidii), but not detected in Cuihong and Alimandeng Rose. Interdelta sequence fingerprinting analysis was used to discriminate between 128 S. cerevisiae isolates. Eight S. cerevisiae genotypes (G1 to G8) were distinguished. Genotypes Gl, G2, and G3 were the most dominant strains, accounting for 32.03%, 24.22% and 28.13% of the isolates respectively. This study shows the diversity of yeast species associated with spontaneous fermentations of different table grape varieties grown in an ecological environment without any wine industry effect or footprint.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the variation in ocular biometry and investigate the relationship among the parameters of the cataract surgery of adult candidates in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 1975 cataract patients (1975 eyes) aged from 18 to 95 years old. Axial length (AL), corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth (ACD) and horizontal corneal diameter (white-to-white [WTW] distance) were optically measured by partial coherence interferometry (IOL Master). Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used to evaluate bivariate correlations. Results: The average AL and the mean corneal curvature were 24.86 ± 2.72 mm and 44.13 ± 1.58 D, respectively. The mean ACD and WTW were 3.11 ± 0.50 mm and 11.83 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. The mean corneal curvature was negatively correlated with AL, especially in the range of AL from 22 mm to 25 mm, while ACD and WTW were positively correlated with AL. However, the correlation coefficient between AL and WTW was relatively low. Conclusions: Slight corneal astigmatism, especially against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism, was common in cataract patients. Corneal curvature seemed to be relatively flat to compensate for the long axial length achieving the emmetropic state in limited range. Corneal expansion was limited with the increasing of axial length.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la variación en la biometría ocular e investigar la relación entre los parámetros de los candidatos de cirugía de cataratas de adultos en el Hospital Zhongshan de la Universidad de Fudan, Shanghai, China. Métodos: Se trató de un estudio transversal que incluyó 1975 pacientes de catarata (1975 ojos) en edades de 18 a 95 años. La longitud axial (LA), la curvatura corneal, profundidad de la cámara anterior (PCA), y el diámetro corneal horizontal (distancia blanco-blanco[B-B]), fueron medidos ópticamente mediante interferometría de coherencia parcial (IOL Master). Para evaluar las correlaciones bivariadas, se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El promedio de LA y la curvatura corneal media fueron 24.86 ± 2.72 mm y 44.13 ± 1.58 D, respectivamente. La PCA y B-B fueron 3.11 ± 0.50 mm y 11.83 ± 0,42 mm, respectivamente. La curvatura corneal media se correlacionó negativamente con LA, especialmente en el rango de LA de 22 mm a 25 mm, mientras que PCA y B-B se correla-cionaron positivamente con LA. Sin embargo, el coeficiente de correlación entre LA y B-B fue relativamente bajo. Conclusiones: El astigmatismo corneal leve, especialmente el astigmatismo inverso o contra la regla (ACR), fue común en pacientes con cataratas. Curvatura corneal parecía estar relativamente plana para compensar la longitud de un largo axial que alcance un estado emétrope en un rango limitado. La expansión córnea se limitó con el aumento de la longitud axial.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of different land uses on soil glycosidase activities (a- and (β-glucosidase, α- and (β-galactosidase), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and their relationships. Glycosidase activities showed significant differences under different land use types, the highest one was woodland. (β-glucosidase had the highest activity among the four glycosidases. The activities of these glycosidases decreased with increasing soil depth, being all significantly affected by change of soil depth. Except grassland, the four glycosidase activities intercorrelated each other. Woodland had the highest content of WSOC in the soil depth of 0-20 cm and at increasing soil depth, WSOC content decreased sharply under woodland and grassland. Glycosidase activities had positive and significant relationships with WSOC. Glycosidase activities and WSOC all had significant correlations with soil total organic carbon (TOC) and pH, which were sensitive to different land use types. We found that glycosidase activity indirectly impacts on nutrient recycling and energy flow in soil under different land use types.