ABSTRACT The results of the effect of five different incubation temperatures on the development of clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) larvae are presented. This ornamental species is widely marketed worldwide and is reared in captivity at CIAD to meet the demand in the domestic market. The experimental work was carried out over 30 days post-hatching to observe the temperature's effect on the development of the larvae's vertebral column and caudal complex. The eggs were incubated at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34°C. The percentage of hatching, survival, growth, and the presence of skeletal malformations were evaluated. Hatching and survival percentages did not show significant differences between treatments. Regarding growth, there were significant differences between treatments, with organisms showing slower growth at 26°C and larger sizes at 34°C. The highest percentage of malformations occurred in larvae cultured at 34°C, with lordosis being the most frequently observed deformity among the treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimal temperature range for cultivating and harvesting quality A. ocellaris organisms is between 28 and 30°C.

Abstract. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various levels of protein and dietary lipids on white snook (Centropomus viridis) performance. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used with 4 protein levels (40%, 46%, 52%, and 58%) and 2 lipid levels (10% and 13%), with 3 replicates per treatment. Fish with an initial weight of 14.80 ± 0.80 g were fed to apparent satiety 3 times a day for 6 weeks. Juvenile growth showed no significant differences among treatments. Feed efficiency was only affected by the protein level in the diet, and the best feed efficiency ratio was obtained with the 52% protein diets; the protein efficiency ratio was significantly lower with the 58% protein diets. The hepatosomatic index decreased with increasing protein content, and the peritoneal fat index increased with dietary lipid level. The condition factor was not affected by the dietary protein or lipid level. Hematocrit and total plasma protein were significantly higher at 40% protein; blood glucose and triglycerides were affected by both nutrients. It is concluded that juvenile C. viridis can be fed diets containing 40% protein and 10% lipids and a protein/energy ratio of 20.69 mg·kJ-1, under the experimental conditions of this study.

Resumen. Se llevó a cabo un experimento para evaluar el efecto de varios niveles de proteína y lípidos dietéticos en el rendimiento de juveniles de robalo blanco (Centropomus viridis). Se realizó un diseño factorial 4 × 2 con 4 niveles de proteína (40%, 46%, 52% y 58%) y 2 niveles de lípidos (10% y 13%), con 3 replicados por tratamiento. Los peces con un peso inicial de 14.80 ± 0.80 g se alimentaron a saciedad aparente 3 veces al día durante 6 semanas. El crecimiento de los juveniles no presentó diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. La eficiencia alimenticia solo fue afectada por el nivel de proteína en la dieta, y la mejor tasa de eficiencia alimenticia se obtuvo con las dietas con 52% de proteína; el índice de eficiencia proteica fue significativamente menor con las dietas con 58% de proteína. El índice hepatosomático disminuyó al aumentar el contenido de proteína, y el índice de grasa peritoneal aumentó con el nivel de lípidos en la dieta. El factor de condición no fue afectado por el nivel de proteína o lípidos dietéticos. El hematocrito y la proteína total del plasma fueron significativamente mayores con las dietas con 40% de proteína; la glucosa y los triglicéridos en la sangre fueron afectados por ambos nutrientes. Se concluye que los juveniles de C. viridis pueden ser alimentados con dietas que contengan 40% de proteína y 10% de lípidos y una relación proteína/energía de 20.69 mg·kJ-1, bajo las condiciones experimentales de este estudio.

Resumen Introducción: El pez payaso (Amphiprion ocellaris) es la especie de pez más popular en el comercio de acuarios marinos; sin embargo, falta información sobre su fisiología digestiva durante la ontogenia larval, información valiosa necesaria para protocolos de diseño y manejo dietético. Objetivo: Caracterizar las enzimas digestivas tempranas de larvas de A. ocellaris. Métodos: Usamos tres homogenados (con 10 larvas cada uno) y extrajimos 10 muestras por tanque, justo antes de la eclosión hasta el día 38. Analizamos la actividad específica de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, leucina aminopeptidasa y lipasa; e hicimos zimogramas de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas. Resultados: Detectamos todas las enzimas medidas en la eclosión. La actividad de proteasas ácidas incrementó hasta el día 38. Proteasas alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, y leucina aminopeptidasa tuvieron el mismo patrón, con actividad máxima en el octavo día, decreciendo en el día 38. Hubo picos en la actividad lipasa a los ocho y 30 días. El zimograma ácido tuvo una banda única, apareciendo al octavo día. Se hallaron ocho proteasas alcalinas (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 y 25.1 KDa), con siete bandas al primer día, y todas las bandas entre el tercer y octavo día, bajando a dos bandas (41.9 y 25.1 KDa) al día 38. Conclusión: A. ocellaris tiene un estómago funcional al octavo día, y, al día 38, un patrón digestivo omnívoro con tendencias carnívoras.

Abstract Introduction: The Clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is the most popular fish species in the marine aquarium trade; however, there is a lack of information on their digestive physiology during larval ontogeny, valuable information needed for diet design and management protocols. Objective: To characterize the early digestive enzymes of A. ocellaris larvae. Methods: We used three pools (10 larvae each) and extracted 10 samples per tank, from just before hatching to the 38th day. We analyzed the specific activity of acid and alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and lipase; and did acid and alkaline protease zymograms. Results: We detected all measured enzymes at hatching. Acid proteases increased in activity until the 38th day. Alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase had the same pattern, and maximum activity on the 8th day, decreasing at the 38th day. Lipase activity peaked on the 8th and 30th day. The acid zymogram had a single band, appearing on the 8th day. A total of eight alkaline proteases were revealed (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 and 25.1 KDa), with seven bands on the 1st day and all bands from the 3rd to 8th day, decreasing at two bands (41.9 and 25.1 KDa) in the 38th day. Conclusion: A. ocellaris has a functional stomach on the 8th day, and, on the 38th day, a digestive omnivore pattern with a tendency to carnivory.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de diferentes fotoperiodos en la eclosión, crecimiento y supervivencia de larvas de Sphoeroides annulatus. En cada uno de 12 tanques de fibra de vidrio se colocaron 5 g de huevos desgomados y se evaluó la tasa de eclosión, crecimiento en longitud total peso y supervivencia de las larvas bajo cuatro fotoperiodos con tres replicados cada uno: 24 horas luz (hl), 18 hl, 12 hl y 0 hl, durante 45 días después de la eclosión. La tasa de eclosión fue significativamente menor a 0 hl y las larvas no sobrevivieron a los 5 días después de la eclosión. El crecimiento, tanto en longitud como peso, fue significativamente mayor a 12 hl. La supervivencia no presentó diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Los resultados sugieren que el fotoperiodo afecta la tasa de eclosión y el crecimiento de las larvas de S. annulatus, bajo las condiciones del presente estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different photoperiods on hatching, growth and survival of Sphoeroides annulatus larvae in order to improve the existing culture protocol. In each of the 12 fiberglass tanks, 5 g of degummed eggs were placed and the hatching rate, growth in total length, weight and survival of larvae were evaluated under four photoperiods with three replicates each: 24 hours light (hl), 18 hl, 12 hl and 0 hl, for 45 days after hatching. Hatch rate was significantly lower at 0 hl and larvae did not survive to 5 days after eclosion. Growth was significantly higher at 12 hl. Survival did not show significant differences between treatments. The results suggest that photoperiod affects the hatching rate andgrowth of S. annulatus larvae under the conditions of this study.

ABSTRACT Background: Brazil is the third country most affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the world. Health care workers (HCWs) are at higher risk of infection. Despite the increasing numbers of studies on the topic, There are gaps in the knowledge of characteristics and risk factors for infection of HCWS. This information is important to design preventive strategies and to mitigate the disease impact. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, to identify factors associated, and to describe symptoms reported by healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Salvador, Brazil. Methods: All HCWs were evaluated in a cross-sectional study conducted between May and September 2020, using self-administered questionnaires, and screening all participants for SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies by rapid tests. Reactive IgG samples were retested by ELISA and IgM-positive test had a saliva sample retest by RT-PCR. Univariate associations were estimated by a non-adjusted incidence proportion ratio. Variables associated with COVID-19 incidence at p < 0.20 were selected for inclusion in a binary logistic regression model. Results: A total of 2083 HCWs were included, mean age 41±10 years, 71.8% women, and 77.8% non-white. Of these, 271 (13.0%) and 25 (1.2%) HCWs tested positive for IgG and IgM SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, respectively, and three had a positive RT-PCR. Ancillary work [Odds Ratio (OR): 4.96], elementary education (OR: 2.91), high school education (OR: 2.89), and catholic religion (OR: 2.16) were associated with an increased likelihood of a positive IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anosmia [Incidence Proportion Ratio (IPR): 7.41] and ageusia (IPR:8.51) were the most frequent associated symptoms. Conclusion: HCWs with low mean family income, lower level of schooling, ancillary workor being black had a significantly higher likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Social vulnerability was an important risk factor for COVID-19 infection.

Resumen La teoría de las representaciones sociales aplicada al campo de la sociología del derecho permite indagar la reconstrucción colectiva de lo jurídico que se produce en las interacciones cotidianas de las personas ordinarias, más allá de las manifestaciones oficiales del Derecho. En este artículo, la teoría de las representaciones sociales desde la escuela estructuralista (Abric, 2001) entra en dialogo con los estudios de conciencia del derecho-LCS (Ewick y Silbey, 2004) con el objetivo de comprender la legalidad construida por un grupo de 79 padres y madres de la ciudad de Barranquilla en torno al objeto derechos de los niños. Se procedió a caracterizar el universo semántico y la estructura representacional del objeto, a partir de las evocaciones realizadas por los participantes. Los datos se recogieron mediante la técnica de red de asociaciones (De Rosa, 1995). El tratamiento de la información se realizó con dos técnicas, análisis prototípico (Vergès, 1992) apoyado en el programa EVOC (2003), y la construcción de una narrativa emergente, siguiendo la propuesta de análisis de Strauss y Corbin (2012) mediante la herramienta analítica conceptual de paradigma. Los resultados evidencian que los derechos de los niños son un objeto de representaciones que ha franqueado las fronteras del lenguaje técnico jurídico y circula entre los padres gracias a un campo semántico contextualizado en el marco de la tarea educativa familiar. La reelaboración del mensaje legal respecto a los derechos de los infantes, a través de las representaciones de los padres, tiene como eje el reconocimiento de los derechos de protección y prestacionales. Las libertades fundamentales se encuentran como elementos latentes de la representación. Términos referidos a sentimientos (como el amor) tienen fuerte presencia en el sistema central. Son estados afectivos que permean la construcción de la representación y le brindan cohesión al sistema representacional, evidenciando que las representaciones también son un sentir que logra vincular a un grupo humano. Descriptores: crianza del niño, derecho, derechos humanos, familia, sociología.

Abstract The theory of social representations applied to the field of the sociology of law allows us to investigate the collective reconstruction of the legal that occurs in the daily interactions of ordinary people, beyond the official manifestations of law. In this article the theory of social representations from the structuralist school (Abric, 2001) dialogues with the legal consciousness studies-LCS (Ewick and Silbey, 2004) aiming to understand legality built by a group of 79 parents from the city of Barranquilla around the object Children's Rights. The semantic universe and the representational structure of the object were characterized from the evocations expressed by the participants. Data was collected by applying the associative networks technique (De Rosa, 1995). The information treatment was carried out with two techniques, prototypical analysis (Vergès, 1992) supported by the EVOC software (2003), and the construction of an emerging narrative following the proposal of Strauss and Corbin (2012) of analysis using the conceptual analytical tool of paradigm. The results show that children's rights are an object of representations that has crossed the borders of technical legal language and circulates among parents thanks to a semantic field contextualized within the framework of the family educational task. The reworking of the legal message regarding the rights of infants through representations of parents has as its axis the recognition of protection and benefits rights. The freedoms are found as latent elements of representation. Terms referring to feelings like love have a strong presence in the central system. They are affective states that permeate the construction of representation and provide cohesion to the representational system, showing that representations are also a feeling that manages to link a human group. Descriptors: family, human rights, legal sciences, parenting, sociology.

Resumo A teoria das representações sociais aplicada ao campo da sociologia do direitopermite investigar a reconstrução coletiva do jurídico que ocorre nas interações cotidianas das pessoas comuns, além das manifestações oficiais do direito. Neste artigo, a teoria das representações sociais da escola estruturalista (Abric, 2001) entra em diálogo com os estudos da consciência da lei-LCS (Ewick e Silbey, 2004) com o objetivo de entender a legalidade construído por um grupo de 79 pais e mães da cidade de Barranquilla em torno do objeto direitos das crianças. O universo semântico e a estrutura representacional do objeto foram caracterizados a partir das evocações realizadas pelos participantes. Os dados foram coletados aplicando a técnica de rede de associação (De Rosa, 1995). O tratamento da informação foi realizado com duas técnicas: análise prototípica (Vergès, 1992), apoiada pelo programa EVOC (2003), e a construção de uma narrativa emergente, seguindo a proposta de Strauss e Corbin (2012) de análise, utilizando a ferramenta analítica conceitual de paradigma. Os resultados mostram que os direitos da criança são objeto de representações que ultrapassaram as fronteiras da linguagem técnica jurídica e circulam entre os pais e mães, graças a um campo semântico contextualizado no âmbito da tarefa educativa da família. A reformulação da mensagem legal relação aos direitos das crianças por meio de representações dos pais e mães tem como eixo o reconhecimento dos direitos de proteção e benefícios. As liberdades fundamentais são encontradas apenas como elementos latentes de representação. Termos que se referem a sentimentos (como o amor) têm uma forte presença no sistema central. São estados afetivos que permeiam a construção da representação e proporcionam coesão ao sistema representacional, mostrando que as representações também são um sentimento que consegue vincular um grupo humano. Descritores: direito, direitos humanos, família, parentalidade, sociologia.

Resumen Introducción. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, es considerado el agente causal de una de las enfermedades más devastadoras y limitantes de cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en el departamento de Nariño (Colombia). Esta enfermedad es controlada con fungicidas sistémicos, los cuales tienen un impacto negativo sobre el ambiente e incrementan los costos de producción, sin embargo, existen alternativas como los denominados fungicidas orgánicos, los cuales se basan en el uso de extractos de plantas con propiedades antifúngicas para el control del patógeno. Objetivo. Evaluar extractos acuosos de O. vulgare y L. origanoides para el control de P. infestans bajo condiciones in vitro. Materiales y métodos. La presente investigación se desarrolló en el Laboratorio de microbiología del grupo de investigación en Genética y Evolución de Organismos Tropicales (GENPAT) de la Universidad de Nariño, durante el año 2017. Se evaluó la sensibilidad in vitro de P. infestans frente a extractos de las especies botánicas Lippia origanoides (orégano silvestre) y Origanum vulgare (orégano común). Resultados. Los datos obtenidos permitieron el establecimiento de la línea base de comportamiento de las poblaciones del patógeno frente a los compuestos evaluados, hubo una reducción gradual tanto en el crecimiento como en la esporulación cuando se empleó el extracto de Lippia origanoides y que este mismo tiene la capacidad de controlar el patógeno en concentraciones de 100 mg ml-1. Con el empleo de Origanum vulgare los aislamientos de P. infestans presentaron diferentes niveles de sensibilidad al compuesto con bajos niveles de inhibición y altos valores de EC-50. Conclusión. Los aislamientos de P. infestans presentaron diferentes niveles de sensibilidad frente a los dos extractos acuosos evaluados, con una reducción del 100 % en la inhibición del crecimiento radial y la esporulación a partir de la concentración de 100 mg ml-1, cuando se empleó el extracto de L. origanoides.

Abstract Introduction. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary, is considered the causative agent of one of the most devastating and limiting diseases of potato crops (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the Nariño department (Colombia). This disease is controlled using systemic fungicides, which have a negative impact on the environment and increase production costs, however, there are alternatives like the organic fungicides, which are based on the use of plant extracts with anti-fungal properties for the control of the pathogen. Objective. To evaluate aqueous extracts of O. vulgare and L. origanoides for the control of P. infestans under in vitro conditions. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in the Microbiology laboratory of the research group in Genetics and Evolution of Tropical Organisms (GENPAT) of the Universidad de Nariño, during 2017. The in vitro sensitivity of P. infestans against extracts of botanical species Lippia origanoides (wild oregano) and Origanum vulgare (common oregano) was evaluated. Results. The data obtained allowed the establishment of the base line of behavior of the pathogen populations against the evaluated compounds, there was a gradual reduction in both the growth and sporulation when the Lippia origanoides extract was used and that this same has the capacity to control the pathogen in concentrations of 100 mg ml-1. With the use of Origanum vulgare the P. infestans isolates showed different levels of sensitivity to the compound with low levels of inhibition and high values of EC-50. Conclusion. The P. infestans isolates presented different levels of sensitivity against the two aqueous extracts evaluated, with a reduction of 100 % in the inhibition radial growth and sporulation from the concentration of 100 mg ml-1, when the extract was used of L. origanoides.

RESUMEN Algunas especies del género Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) son afectados por hongos fitopatógenos e insectos en páramos de los Andes del Norte, amenazando su permanencia y la prestación de servicios que se les atribuye, como la regulación del ciclo hídrico. La escaza información sobre la afectación en el páramo de Paja Blanca (Nariño, Colombia), dificulta la comprensión de la dinámica del fenómeno y la formulación de estrategias de manejo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar cambios en la composición de las comunidades de insectos asociados a E. pycnophylla durante el declive de las poblaciones de frailejones y evaluar si reflejan modificaciones en los hongos, asociados a dichos insectos. Para ello, se colectaron insectos en plantas de E. pycnophylla sanas y afectadas, a los que se aplicó índices ecológicos, para identificar posibles modificaciones en la diversidad y la composición; además, se aislaron e identificaron morfológica y molecularmente hongos, a partir de estructuras corporales de los insectos. Como resultado, se identificó una diversidad de insectos considerable y que no hay modificación en su composición de insectos entre los dos estados de frailejón analizados. Se logró aislar hongos, como Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp., a partir de estructuras de los géneros de insectos Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. y Dyscolus sp. Este estudio aporta información sobre la entomofauna presente en E. pycnopylla del páramo de Paja Blanca y hongos asociados a estructuras corporales, como el canal alimentario y aparato bucal de los insectos.

ABSTRACT Some species of the genus Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) are affected by phytopathogenic fungi and insects in the paramos of the Northern Andes, threatening their permanence and the provision of services attributed to them such as the regulation of the water cycle. The scarce information about the impact on the Paja Blanca páramo (Nariño, Colombia) makes it difficult to understand the dynamics of the phenomenon and the formulation of management strategies. The goal of this research was to identify changes in the composition of the insect communities associated to E. pycnophylla during the decline of the frailejon populations and to evaluate if these reflect modifications in the fungi associated with those insects. For this, insects were collected in healthy and affected E. pycnophylla plants to which ecological indices were applied to identify possible changes in diversity and composition, Also fungi were isolated and identified morphologically and molecularly from body structures of insects. As result, a considerable diversity of insects was identified and no modification in their composition of insects between the two states of frailejón were found. It was possible to isolate fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp. from structures of the insect genera Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. and Dyscolus sp. This study provides information about the entomofauna present in E. pycnopylla from the Paja Blanca páramo and fungi associated with body structures such as the alimentary canal and the oral system of insects.

RESUMEN El artículo expone el entramado de pensamiento social donde se anidan los elementos ideológicos que actualizan la vigencia del castigo físico en el cotidiano familiar de padres y madres ordinarios desde la narrativa de sus experiencias parentales. Un modelo conceptual de tres discursos: tradición, experto y jurídico, resume las presiones discursivas a las cuales se encuentran sujetos los padres y madres en un momento histórico de transición del modelo educativo de control a los hijos permisivo de la violencia física a un contexto de educación familiar donde la introducción de los derechos de los niños cuestiona el uso del dolor como recurso de la pedagogía familiar. El modelo se construyó a partir de los datos recolectados con la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a padres y madres de la ciudad de Barranquilla, en una investigación bajo el enfoque cualitativo crítico. El análisis de la información se realizó mediante la construcción de categorías conceptualizantes (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2012) que permiten exponer el fenómeno sociojurídico desde la perspectiva del sujeto y hacen del investigador un mediador entre la realidad vivida y la producción textual.

ABSTRACT The article exposes the network of social thought where the ideological elements nested update the validity of physical punishment in the family’s daily life of ordinary fathers and mothers from the narrative of their parental experiences. A conceptual model of three discourses: tradition, legal, and expert, summarizes the discursive pressures to which fathers and mothers are subject in a historical moment of transition from the educational model of control permissive of physical violence, to a context of family education where the introduction of children’s rights question the use of pain as a resource for family pedagogy. The model was constructed from the data collected with the application of semi-structured interviews with parents in the city of Barranquilla, in an investigation under the critical qualitative approach. The analysis of the information was carried out through the construction of conceptualizing categories (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2012) that allow exposing the socio-legal phenomenon from the perspective of the subject and making the researcher a mediator between lived reality and textual production.

RESUMO O artigo expõe a estrutura de pensamento social onde se nidificam os elementos ideológicos que atualizam a vigência do castigo físico no cotidiano familiar de pais e mais ordinárias desde a narrativa de suas experiências parentais. Um modelo conceitual de três discursos: tradição, experto jurídico, resume as pressões discursivas às quis se encontram sujeitos pais e mães em um momento histórico de transição, do modelo educativo de controle aos filhos permissivo da violência física a um contexto de educação familiar onde a introdução dos direitos das crianças questiona o uso da dor como recurso da pedagogia familiar. O modelo construiu-se a partir dos dados recolhidos com a aplicação de entrevistas semiestructuradas a pais e mães da cidade de Barranquilla, em uma pesquisa sob o enfoque qualitativo crítico. A análise da informação se realizou mediante a construção de categorias conceitualizantes (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2012) que permitem expor o fenômeno socio-jurídico desde a perspectiva do sujeito e fazem do pesquisador um mediador entre a realidade vivida e a produção textual.

RESUMEN El departamento de Nariño ocupa el cuarto lugar como productor de cebolla de rama, a nivel nacional. En los últimos años, su producción y área de cultivo se han reducido por múltiples limitantes, destacándose, como la más importante, la susceptibilidad al ataque de hongos causantes de pudriciones radicales, los cuales, perjudican el sistema productivo y la rentabilidad. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente las poblaciones de Fusarium, asociados a la enfermedad de pudrición basal de cebolla de rama. Para ello, en los municipios de Pasto, Potosi y Buesaco, se colectaron plantas con síntomas de pudrición basal, acompañada de necrosis de raíces y ablandamiento de tejido. En el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de la Universidad de Nariño, se sembraron tejidos en medio PDA y, a continuación, se purificaron los aislamientos para su posterior caracterización morfológica y molecular. El estudio morfológico, se realizó usando claves taxonómicas para el género Fusarium y la caracterización molecular con cebadores específicos para el género Fusarium y mediante secuenciación. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis filogenético de la variabilidad intraespecífica. Los resultados de la caracterización morfológica y molecular corroboran la presencia de dos especies dentro del género asociadas a esta patología, F. oxysporum f sp. cepae y F. solani. Los análisis filogenéticos muestran alta variabilidad intraespecífica entre los aislamientos de F. oxysporum y F. solani, formando dos complejos Fusarium oxysporum (FOSC) y Fusarium solani (FSSC), manifestando que estas especies no parten de un ancestro común.

ABSTRACT The department of Nariño occupies the fourth place as producer of green onion nationwide. In recent years, its production and cultivation area has been reduced by multiple limitations, highlighting as the most important, the susceptibility to the attack of fungi causing radical problems, which harm the productive system and profitability. This study was carried out in order to morphologically and molecularly characterizes Fusarium populations associated with green onion basal rot disease. For this, in Pasto, Potosi and Buesaco municipalities, plants were collected with basal rot symptoms, tissue deterioration and root necrosis. In the Plant Health laboratory of the University of Nariño, tissues were planted in PDA medium and subsequently the isolates were purified for further morphological and molecular characterization. The morphological study was carried out using taxonomic keys for the genus Fusarium and molecular characterization with specific primers for the genus Fusarium, and by sequencing. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis of the intraspecific variability was carried out. Morphological and molecular characterization results corroborate the presence of two species within the genus associated with this pathology, F. oxusporum f sp. cepae and F. solani. Phylogenetic analyzes show high intraspecific variability between the isolates of F. oxysporum and F. solani, forming two Fusarium oxysporum (FOSC) complexes and Fusarium solani (FSSC), evidencing that these species do not start from a common ancestor.

Resumen El artículo presenta algunas reflexiones acerca de: el potencial de evaluación que está en las diversas experiencias escolares de los estudiantes; la importancia de definir el propósito de la evaluación desde su dimensión ética; y la forma como a través de ella se logra visibilizar la construcción de los aprendizajes, al trascender su concepción de instrumento de medición y cuantificación. Por lo tanto, se establece una relación entre algunas situaciones cotidianas en el ámbito educativo y las características de la evaluación como recurso, los principios éticos que la rigen y las necesidades de las nuevas generaciones para la consolidación de un mundo a su alcance, que les permita el desarrollo de su potencial cognitivo, creativo, afectivo y social.

Resumo O artigo apresenta algumas reflexões sobre: o potencial de avaliação que está nas diversas experiências escolares dos estudantes; a importância de definir o propósito da avaliação a partir de sua dimensão ética; e a forma como através dela se logra tornar visível a construção das aprendizagens, ao transcender sua concepção de instrumento de medição e quantificação. Portanto, é estabelecida uma relação entre algumas situações cotidianas no âmbito educativo e as características da avaliação como recurso, os princípios éticos que a regem e as necessidades das novas gerações para a consolidação de um mundo para seu alcance, que lhes permita desenvolver seu potencial cognitivo, criativo, afetivo e social.

Abstract This article provides some reflections about: the evaluation potential that is found in the diverse school experiences of the students; the importance of defining the evaluation purpose from its ethical dimension; and how, thanks to evaluation, it is possible to provide visibility for the construction of learning by transcending the conception of evaluation as a measurement and quantification instrument. Therefore, a relation is established between some daily situations in the educational environment and the characteristics of evaluation as a resource, the ethical principles that govern the evaluation, and the needs of the younger generations for the consolidation of a new world available for them, which allows for the development of their cognitive, creative, affective, and social potential.

Résumé L’article présente quelques réflexions sur: le potentiel d’évaluation que recèle la diversité des expériences scolaires des élèves ; l’importance de définir le but de l’évaluation à partir de sa dimension éthique ; et la manière dont la construction de l’apprentissage est rendue visible à travers elle, dépassant sa conception comme instrument de mesure et de quantification. Il s’établit donc une relation entre certaines situations quotidiennes de la sphère éducative et les caractéristiques de l’évaluation en tant que ressource, les principes éthiques qui la régissent et les besoins des nouvelles générations pour la consolidation d’un monde à leur portée leur permettant de développer leur potentiel cognitif, créatif, affectif, et social.

ABSTRACT. The Pacific white snook, Centropomus viridis, is considered a species with high farming potential in Mexico due to its high economic value and overall demand in the national market. Growth in farmed fish is largely determined by the dietary regimen, which includes feeding frequency, rate, time, and cycle. The aim of the present study was to determine the feeding frequency and appropriate feeding time for farmed C. viridis juveniles in order to optimize growth and survival. Juveniles weighing 0.36 ± 0.01 g were used to evaluate 1 and up to 5 ad-libitum feeding frequencies per day, with 3 to 24-h intervals, for 6 weeks. Gained weight (GW), growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), feeding efficiency rate (FER), coefficient of variation (CV), hepatosomatic index (HI), peritoneal fat index (PFI), and survival (S) were determined for juveniles. Regardless of the feeding hours, no significant differences were found in the GR and SGR values between juveniles fed 3 times a day and those fed 5 times a day. FCR was significantly higher and FER significantly lower in treatments with juveniles fed only once a day compared with the rest of the treatments. No significant differences were found in CV, HI, and S between treatments. PFI was significantly different only between juveniles fed once and 5 times a day. Considering the results obtained in this study, we suggest feeding C. viridis juveniles 3 times a day at 6-h intervals between doses. These results will contribute to the development of biotechnology for farming this species.

RESUMEN. El robalo blanco del pacífico, Centropomus viridis, se considera como una especie con alto potencial para su cultivo en México por su alto valor económico y gran demanda en el mercado nacional. El crecimiento de los peces en cultivo depende, en gran medida, del régimen alimenticio, el cual incluye, frecuencia, tasa, tiempo y ritmo de alimentación. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia y la hora apropiada de alimentación de juveniles de C. viridis en cultivo para optimizar el crecimiento y la supervivencia. Se utilizaron juveniles de 0.36 ± 0.01 g para evaluar de 1 a 5 frecuencias de alimentación ad libitum por día, con intervalos de 3 a 24 h, durante 6 semanas. Se determinó el peso ganado (PG), la tasa de crecimiento (TC), la tasa específica de crecimiento (TEC), la tasa de conversión alimenticia (TCA), la tasa de eficiencia alimenticia (TEA), el coeficiente de variación (CV), el índice hepatosomático (IH), el índice de grasa peritoneal (IGP) y la supervivencia (S) de los juveniles. La TC y la TEC de los juveniles alimentados 3 veces al día, independientemente de las horas de alimentación, no presentaron diferencias significativas con respecto a los resultados obtenidos para los juveniles alimentados 5 veces al día. La TCA fue significativamente mayor y la TEA significativamente menor en los tratamientos con juveniles alimentados una sola vez al día en comparación con el resto de los tratamientos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en CV, IH y S entre los tratamientos. El IGP solo presentó diferencias significativas entre los juveniles alimentados 1 y 5 veces al día. Con base en los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, se sugiere que los juveniles de C. viridis se alimenten 3 veces al día, con un intervalo de 6 h entre cada toma. Estos resultados ayudarán en el desarrollo de la biotecnología de cultivo de esta especie.

Abstract Background: Several tools have been developed to evaluate HIV health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during and after antiretroviral therapy (ART). Few longitudinal studies evaluated the effect of ART on the quality of life of HIV patients. Objective: To evaluate changes in HRQoL in HIV-infected individuals one year after initiating ART. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from May 2016 to July 2018. Data on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of 91 HIV-infected patients were collected prior to initiation of ART and one year thereafter. Demographic and clinical data were collected and the questionnaires 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life (HAT-QoL) were administered in both periods. Asymptomatic individuals, aged ≥18 years, were included in the study. Patients who discontinued treatment were excluded. The association between predictors of physical and mental HRQoL was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Patients were predominantly male (78.0%), mean age 35.3 ± 10.7 years, with no stable relationship (80.2%), and no comorbidities (73.6%). Most of the SF-36 domains improved after one year, particularly Physical Function (p = 0.0001), General Health (p = 0.0001), Social Functioning (p = 0.0001), Mental Health (p = 0.001), and Mental Component Summary (p = 0.004). HAT-QoL domains improved in the Overall Function (p = 0.0001), Life Satisfaction (p = 0.0001), Provider Trust (p = 0.001), and Sexual Function (p = 0.0001) domains. Sex (p = 0.032), age (p = 0.001), income (p = 0.007), and stable relationship (p = 0.004) were good predictors of the Physical Component Summary. Sex (p = 0.002) and stable relationship (p = 0.038) were good predictors of the Mental Component Summary. SF-36 and HAT-QoL scales presented strong correlations, except for Medication Concerns (0.15-0.37), HIV Mastery (0.18-0.38), Disclosure Worries (−0.15 to 0.07), and Provider Trust (−0.07 to 0.15). Conclusions: ART improved HRQoL after one year of use. The HAT-QoL and SF-36 correlated well and are good tools to evaluate HRQoL in HIV-infected patients on ART.

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación “Prácticas evaluativas en la escuela, una ruta pedagógica hacia la construcción de aprendizajes significativos”, en la que se analizó cómo las prácticas evaluativas de los docentes posibilitan la construcción significativa de aprendizajes en los contextos donde se movilizan las potencialidades, los intereses y las necesidades de los estudiantes del grado quinto en dos instituciones educativas del municipio de Sabaneta (Primitivo Leal La Doctora y Concejo de Sabaneta José María Ceballos Botero). La investigación fue cualitativa y de carácter descriptivo, hermenéutico-comprensiva. La población participante se conformó con estudiantes, padres de familia, directivos y docentes del grado quinto. Como unidad de análisis, se aplicaron entrevistas, observaciones de clase y talleres didácticos. El estudio permitió concluir principalmente que las claridades y conjeturas que hacen los participantes sobre la evaluación obedecen a su percepción de la escuela, su influencia en los procesos educativos y las expectativas que les generan.

Abstract This paper presents the results of the research: Evaluative practices in the school, a pedagogical route towards the construction of meaningful learning, where we analyzed how the evaluation practices of teachers enable meaningful construction of learning in contexts where potentialities, interests and needs of fifth grade students in two Educational Institutions of Sabaneta City (Primitivo Leal la Doctora y Concejo de Sabaneta José María Ceballos Botero) are mobilized. The research was qualitative and descriptive, hermeneutical- comprehensive. The participating population was compounded with students, parents, directors and teachers of the fifth grade. As an analysis unit, interviews, class observations and didactic workshops were applied. Mainly, this study concluded that the specifications and conjectures that the participants make about the evaluation, respond to their perception of the school, its influence on the educational processes and the expectations that generate them.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa “Práticas avaliativas na escola, uma rota pedagógica em direção à construção da aprendizagem significativa”, na qual foi analisado como as práticas avaliativas dos professores permitem a construção significativa da aprendizagem nos contextos em que são mobilizadas as potencialidades, os interesses e as necessidades dos alunos da quinta série em duas instituições de ensino do município de Sabaneta (Primitivo Leal La Doctora y Concejo de Sabaneta José María Ceballos Botero). A pesquisa foi qualitativa e descritiva, hermenêutica-abrangente. A população participante era composta por estudantes, pais, gerentes e professores da quinta série. Como unidade de análise, foram aplicadas entrevistas, observações em classe e oficinas educativas. O estudo permitiu concluir principalmente que as clarezas e conjecturas que os participantes fazem sobre a avaliação se devem à percepção da escola, à sua influência nos processos educacionais e às expectativas que geram.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Cryptococcosis is the second most frequent cause of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Colombia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptococcosis in the Colombian department of Atlántico. METHODS An active search for cryptococcosis cases was conducted between 2015 and 2017 in health institutions by distributing surveys to clinicians and characterizing samples phenotypically and genotypically. RESULTS Thirty-eight cryptococcosis cases were identified (81.6% men, 76.3% HIV patients). The calculated annual prevalence was 5.08/1 million inhabitants. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VNI was isolated in 34 cases. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the basis for passive surveillance of cryptococcosis.