Abstract Introduction Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) are a diverse group of highly reactive molecules that play a vital role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), leading to a decline in functional and cognitive capacity. The objective of this study was to assess the intake and quantification of AGEs in individuals with PD and to correlate them with their functional and cognitive abilities. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 20 PD patients and 20 non-PD individuals as the Control group (C). The autofluorescence reader was used to evaluate skin AGEs, while food recall was used to quantify AGEs consumed for three different days. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Short Physical Performance Battery, and handgrip tests were used. PD patients demonstrated greater impairment in functional capacity compared to the control group. Results Dominant Handgrip (p = 0.02) and motor performance, in the sit and stand test (p = 0.01) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (p = 0.01) were inferior in PD patients than the control group. Although PD patients tended to consume less AGEs than the control group, AGE intake was negatively correlated with handgrip strength in individuals with PD (r = -0.59; p < 0.05). Conclusion PD patients had lower strength and functional capacity, suggesting that the effects of AGEs might be exacerbated during chronic diseases like Parkinson's. EndProducts End Products (AGEs disorders Parkinsons Parkinson s PD, , (PD) abilities crosssectional cross sectional 2 nonPD non C. C . (C) days Assessment 0.02 002 0 02 performance 0.01 001 01 SPPB (SPPB r 0.59 059 59 -0.59 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Parkinsons. s. (PD (C 0.0 00 0.5 5 -0.5 0. -0. -0 -

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e correlacionar o equilíbrio sagital com parâmetros posturais da pelve e coluna lombar Métodos: Foram avaliados 80 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 35 anos. A biofotogrametria foi realizada com o software SAPO. As medidas dos parâmetros do equilíbrio sagital foram obtidas pela análise de uma radiografia panorâmica em perfil da coluna vertebral, na qual os pontos anatômicos de referência foram marcados digitalmente. O cálculo dos ângulos foi feito automaticamente pelo programa Keops. Resultados: Na avaliação Keops, 17,5% da amostra apresentavam ângulos de incidência pélvicos altos (> 60°), 31,5% tinham ângulos de incidência pélvicos baixos (< 45°) e 51,2% apresentavam ângulos de incidência pélvicos médios (entre 46° e 59°). O SAPO apresentou 12,5% de lordose, 40% de retroversão e 47,5% de curvatura normal. Na vista lateral direita, o ângulo de incidência da pelve apresentou correlação moderada e positiva com o alinhamento vertical do tronco e com o alinhamento vertical do corpo e negativa e moderada com o alinhamento horizontal da pelve. Conclusão: Foram encontradas diferenças entre as medidas de alinhamento vertical do sistema de avaliação postural (SAPO). Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre IP de Keops e anteversão pélvica de SAPO. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo Prospectivo. Objetivo Métodos 8 sexos 2 3 anos vertebral digitalmente Resultados 175 17 5 17,5 > ( 60°, 60 60° , 60°) 315 31 31,5 < 45° 45 512 51 51,2 46 59°. 59 59° . 59°) 125 12 12,5 lordose 40 475 47 47,5 normal direita Conclusão (SAPO) II Prospectivo 1 17, 6 31, 4 51, 12, 47, (SAPO

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate and correlate the sagittal balance parameters with the postural of the pelvis and lumbar spine. Methods: 80 individuals of both sexes, aged between 20 and 35 years, were evaluated. Biophotogrammetry was done with the SAPO software program. Measurements of the sagittal balance parameters were obtained by analyzing a lateral view panoramic radiography of the vertebral column, in which the anatomical points of reference were digitally marked. The calculation of the angles was done automatically by the Keops program. Results: In Keops assessment, 17.5% of the sample had high pelvic incidence angles (> 60°), 31.5% had low pelvic incidence angles (< 45°), and 51.2% had medium pelvic incidence angles (between 46° and 59°). SAPO showed 12,5% lordosis, 40% retroversion, and 47,5% normal curvature. In the right lateral view, pelvic incidence angle had a moderate and positive correlation with vertical alignment of the trunk and with vertical alignment of the body, and a negative and moderate correlation with horizontal alignment of the pelvis. Conclusion: Differences were found between vertical alignment measurements from the postural evaluation system (SAPO). A positive correlation was found between PI from Keops and pelvic anteversion from SAPO. Level of Evidence II; Prospective Study. Objective spine Methods 8 sexes 2 3 years evaluated program column marked Results assessment 175 17 5 17.5 > ( 60°, 60 60° , 60°) 315 31 31.5 < 45°, 45 45° 45°) 512 51 51.2 46 59°. 59 59° . 59°) 125 12 12,5 lordosis 40 retroversion 475 47 47,5 curvature body Conclusion (SAPO) II Study 1 17. 6 31. 4 51. 12, 47, (SAPO

Abstract Introduction An accurate assessment of balance problems is critical for decreasing the risk of falling in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Reliable diagnostic tools such as Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) are not feasible for the clinical setting. Therefore, the present study's aim was to assess the correlation between the clinical Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and CDP. Methods 20 male older adults with Parkinson's Disease (PD) were included in this study. Participants first executed the Sit-To-Stand (STS), Step/Quick turn (SQT), and Step Up and Over (SUO) tests on a Balance Master® force platform, followed by a clinical balance evaluation using the BESTest. Results Four outcomes of the CDP were negatively correlated with one or more BESTest domains or total BESTest score: STS sway velocity was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment (p = 0.02) and sensory orientation (p = 0.01) domains. SQT turn time was negatively correlated with biomechanical restriction (for turns to the left, p = 0.01, and right, p = 0.03, respectively), postural response (p = 0.01, p = 0.01), dynamic balance during gait (p = 0.007, p = 0.001), and total score (p = 0.02, p = 0.01). Step over time to the right in SUP was negatively correlated with the limits of the stability domain (p = 0.002) and total BESTest score (p = 0.020). SUO impact index was negatively correlated with the anticipatory postural adjustment domain (p = 0.01). Conclusion This study shows that several BESTest domains are significantly correlated with CDP outcomes, demonstrating that the BESTest can be used as a more clinically feasible alternative for computerized posturography, without loss of information. Parkinsons Parkinson s PD. PD . (CDP setting Therefore studys (BESTest 2 (PD SitToStand Sit To Stand STS, , (STS) StepQuick Quick SQT, (SQT) (SUO Master platform 0.02 002 0 02 0.01 001 01 left 003 03 0.03 respectively, respectively respectively) 0007 007 0.007 0.001, 0001 0.001 0.001) 0.01. 0.002 0002 0.020. 0020 0.020 020 0.020) posturography information (STS (SQT 0.0 00 000 0.00 0.

Abstract Context: Many studies show the importance of evaluating the adaptation time of subjects in a virtual driving environment, looking forwards to a response as closest as a possible real vehicle. Objectives: This study aimed to identify and analyze the adaptation to the driving simulator in older adults and middle-aged adults with and without a distraction, and a secondary aim was to identify predictors of safe performance for older adults’ drives. Design: Male and female middle-aged adults (n = 62, age = 30.3 ± 7.1 years) and older adults (n = 102, age = 70.4 ± 5.8 years) were evaluated for braking time performance in a driving simulator; cognition performance assessment included the Mini-Mental State Examination; motor evaluation included ankle flexor muscle strength with the isokinetic dynamometer and handgrip strength; the postural balance was evaluated with Timed Up and Go test, with and without a cognitive distraction task. Results: Older adults (men and women) and middle-aged adult women require more time to adapt to the driving simulator. The distractor increases the adaptation time for all groups. The main predictors of braking time for older women are age, muscle strength, and postural balance associated with distraction, and for older men, muscle strength. Conclusions: Age, sex, and distractor interfere in the adaptation of the virtual task of driving in a simulator. The evaluation model developed with multi-domains demonstrated the ability to predict which skills are related to braking time with and without the presence of the distractor. Context environment vehicle Objectives middleaged middle aged drives Design n 62 303 30 3 30. 71 7 1 7. years 102 704 70 4 70. 58 5 8 5. MiniMental Mini Mental Examination test Results men groups Conclusions Age sex multidomains multi domains 6 10

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, ground reaction force (GRF), and function of the plantar muscles and dorsiflexors of the ankle in runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and in non-runners. METHODS: Seventy-two participants (42 men, 30 women; mean age: 37.3±9.9 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: AT group (ATG, n=24), healthy runners’ group (HRG, n=24), and non-runners’ group (NRG, n=24). Both ankles were evaluated in each group. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale was used for clinical and functional evaluation. GRF was evaluated using force plates and muscle strength was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The AOFAS scores were lower in the ATG. The strike impulse was higher in the ATG than in the HRG and NRG. However, GRF was similar among the groups. The ATG exhibited lower total work at 120°/s speed than the HRG. The peak torque in concentric dorsiflexion was lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. The peak torque and total work in concentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG. The peak torque and total work in eccentric plantar flexion were lower in the NRG than in the ATG and HRG. CONCLUSION: Runners with AT showed higher strike impulse, lower muscle strength of the plantar flexors, and higher clinical and functional damage.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a influência da neuropatia diabética periférica (NDP) no equilíbrio postural, atividades funcionais e na qualidade de vida em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Avaliamos 60 homens e mulheres idosos (60-79 anos) divididos em três grupos: controle, DM sem e com NDP. Foram avaliados: antropometria; qualidade de vida; equilíbrio postural (BESTest); atividades funcionais pelo equilíbrio funcional na placa de força (NeuroCom Balance). Resultados: Grupo NDP apresentou diferenças comparado a outros grupos, pior desempenho na qualidade de vida que o DM2 sem NDP em: funcionamento sensorial (p = 0,030); passado e futuro (p = 0,036); morte e morrer (p = 0,035). Déficit de equilíbrio postural no escore total (p = 0,025) e seção de restrições biomédicas (p = 0,043) do BESTest comparado ao DM2 sem NDP (p = 0,007). No equilíbrio funcional (Neurocom), o grupo NDP apresentou pior desempenho no tempo gasto no lado esquerdo (p = 0,030) comparado ao grupo controle. Durante a etapa de teste, o grupo controle executou a tarefa mais rapidamente que o grupo NDP (p = 0,004). Conclusão: Neuropatas apresentaram pior desempenho físico e déficits no equilíbrio postural, limitações sensoriais, afetando as tarefas diárias da doença e, consequentemente, diminuição da qualidade de vida em idosos brasileiros. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo observacional transversal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the impact of the Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN) on the postural and functional balance and quality of life of Brazilian older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Sixty older men and women (60-79 years) were divided into three groups: control, DM without and with PDN. The following parameters were evaluated: anthropometry; quality of life; postural balance (BESTest); functional balance in force plate (NeuroCom Balance). Results: PDN group presented significant differences compared with the other groups, with the worst performance in quality of life than DM2 without PDN in: sensory functioning (p = 0.030); past and future (p = 0.036); death and dying (p = 0.035). Postural balance deficit in the total score (p = 0.025) and biomedical constraints section (p = 0.043) of the BESTest, compared with DM2 without PDN (p = 0.007). In the functional balance (Neurocom), PDN group presented a worse performance in the time spent on the left side (p = 0.030) than the control group. During step up over test, the control group performed the task faster than the group with PDN (p = 0.004). Conclusion: This study showed that neuropaths presented worse physical performance and postural balance deficits, sensorial limitations, affecting the daily tasks and, as a consequence, decreasing the quality of life in Brazilian older adults. Level of Evidence II, Cross-sectional observational study.

RESUMO Introdução: O limite de estabilidade caracteriza-se pelo ângulo máximo de inclinação que um indivíduo pode alcançar e pela maior variabilidade em condições extremas; trata-se de uma estratégia arrojada e/ou perigosa do controle motor. Objetivos: Avaliar se as medidas antropométricas e a composição corporal interferem nos limites de estabilidade e nas descargas de peso em diferentes velocidades em adultos. Métodos: Foram analisados 87 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre 20 a 40 anos de idade, por meio de avaliação antropométrica e composição corporal. Para as avaliações de equilíbrio foram usados uma plataforma de força, testes de limite de estabilidade (LE) e troca rítmica de peso (TRP). Resultados: No teste de LE, o sexo feminino correlacionou-se negativamente com o tamanho do pé e o tempo de reação e positivamente com a excursão máxima. Na TRP, o grupo feminino apresentou correlação negativa com estatura e comprimento do membro superior (CMS) com controle de direção médio-lateral. O grupo masculino apresentou correlação negativa com CMS e controle de direção látero-lateral. Conclusões: As variáveis de composição corporal não interferem nos testes de LE e TRP em indivíduos que apresentam valores de índice de massa corporal (IMC) dentro da normalidade, exceto a densitometria óssea (DMO) em mulheres. Quanto aos parâmetros antropométricos, estatura, CMS e tamanho dos pés no grupo feminino e no masculino foram os seguintes: CMS e tamanho dos pés têm pouca influência no controle do equilíbrio postural. Nível de evidência II, Estudos diagnósticos – Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The limit of stability is characterized by the maximum angle of inclination that an individual can reach and greater variability in extreme conditions; it is a bold and/or dangerous motor control strategy. Objective: Assess whether anthropometric measurements and body composition interfere with limits of stability and weight-bearing at different speeds in adults. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects of both sexes aged between 20 and 40 years were analyzed using anthropometric assessment and body composition. A force platform, limits of stability (LoS) and rhythmic weight shift (RWS) tests were used for the balance assessments. Results: In the LoS test, being female was negatively correlated with foot size and reaction time, and positively correlated with maximum excursion. In the RWS test, the female group had a negative correlation with height and upper limb length (ULL), with mediolateral directional control. The male group had a negative correlation with ULL and laterolateral directional control. Conclusion: Body composition variables do not interfere in the LoS and RWS tests in subjects with normal body mass index (BMI) values, except for bone densitometry (BMD) in women. As regards anthropometric parameters, height, ULL and foot size in the female and male groups were as follows: ULL and foot size exert little influence on postural balance control. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.

RESUMEN Introducción: El límite de estabilidad se caracteriza por el ángulo de inclinación máximo que puede alcanzar un individuo y por la mayor variabilidad en condiciones extremas; se trata de una estrategia audaz y/o peligrosa de control motor. Objetivos: Evaluar si las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal interfieren en los límites de estabilidad y en las descargas de peso en diferentes velocidades en adultos. Métodos: Fueron analizados 87 individuos de ambos sexos, entre 20 a 40 años de edad, por medio de evaluación antropométrica y composición corporal. Para las evaluaciones de equilibrio se usaron una plataforma de fuerza, tests de límite de estabilidad (LE) e intercambio rítmico de peso (IRP). Resultados: En el test de LE, el sexo femenino se correlacionó negativamente con el tamaño del pie y el tiempo de reacción y positivamente con la excursión máxima. En el IRP el grupo femenino presentó correlación negativa con estatura y longitud de miembros superiores (LMS) con control de dirección medio-lateral. El grupo masculino presentó correlación negativa con LMS y control de dirección latero-lateral. Conclusiones: Las variables de composición corporal no interfieren en los tests LE y IRP en individuos que presentan valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC) dentro de la normalidad, excepto la densitometría ósea (DMO) en mujeres. Sobre los parámetros antropométricos, estatura, LMS y tamaño de los pies en el grupo femenino y en el masculino fueron los siguientes: LMS y tamaño de los pies tienen poca influencia en el control del equilibrio postural. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

RESUMO O processo de envelhecimento pode alterar a organização do controle postural causando instabilidade. Na literatura há vários equipamentos e testes, envolvendo protocolos e metodologias diversas, com a finalidade de mensurar o equilíbrio corporal. Objetivo: Avaliar o equilíbrio postural e analisar a correlação entre os dados da plataforma de equilíbrio e do teste clínico (BESTest) em idosos. Métodos: Foram avaliados 60 idosos de ambos os sexos, com idade de 60 a 79 anos. Para avaliação do equilíbrio postural foi utilizada a plataforma de força (NeuroCom Balance) e o BESTest. Resultados: Correlações negativas foram encontradas quando comparados os domínios do teste clínico (BESTest) com parâmetros estabiliométricos nas variáveis tempo, velocidade e impacto dos testes Step/Quick turn. As maiores correlações foram no score total (tempo gasto para realizar a tarefa LE − 0,41, e na velocidade do equilíbrio LE − 0,33/LD − 0,43), assim como no limite de estabilidade (tempo gasto para realizar a tarefa LE − 0,34/LD − 0,37, e a velocidade do equilíbrio LE − 0,37/LD − 0,43). Conclusão: Há poucas e fracas correlações entre o teste clínico e as variáveis do teste Step/Quick turn da plataforma de força, mostrando que cada teste mede parâmetros diferentes. Nível de Evidência II, Estudos diagnósticos - investigação de exames para diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT The aging process can alter the organization of postural control causing instability; literature shows several equipment and clinical tests whose purpose is to measure postural balance, involving different protocols and methodologies. Objective: To evaluate postural balance during the task to walk over the force platform (turn and return) and its relationship with clinic balance test (BESTest) in older adults. Methods: 60 older people of both sexes, aged 60 to 79 years, were tested in the force platform (NeuroCom Balance) and BESTest to evaluate postural balance. Results: negative correlations were found when comparing domains of the clinical test with stabilometric parameters in time and velocity variables of the tests Step/Quick turn. The highest correlations were in the total score (time spent to perform the task − 0.41, and in the velocity left side − 0.33/right side − 0.43), as well as in the stability limit (time spent to perform the task left side − 0.34/right side − 0.37, and the equilibrium velocity left side − 0.37/right side − 0.43). Conclusion: There are slim correlations between the clinical test and force platform variables, showing that each test measures different parameters. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic study - investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO A doença de Parkinson é o segundo distúrbio neurodegenerativo mais comum na velhice. O processo de envelhecimento de idosos com doença de Parkinson pode levar a distúrbios de marcha com mais incapacidades funcionais do que para idosos sem a doença. O treinamento em esteira como terapia pode resultar em efeitos notáveis na marcha de pacientes com Parkinson e ser um recurso para a reabilitação neurológica geriátrica. Esta revisão teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da marcha após o treinamento em esteira na doença de Parkinson em idosos. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed®, LILACS, PEDro e EMBASE, com os seguintes descritores: “doença de Parkinson”, “idosos”, “treinamento em esteira” e “avaliação da marcha”. A qualidade dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada pela escala de PEDro. Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão 11 estudos. Oito estudos foram randomizados, e apenas um fez follow-up . Foi possível observar que treinamento em esteira com ou sem suporte de peso (por pelo menos 20 minutos, duas a três vezes por semana, com aumento progressivo de cargas, por, no mínimo, 6 semanas) em idosos com doença de Parkinson foi efetivo para melhorar a marcha. Além disso, ambos os treinamentos foram considerados seguros (pois alguns estudos relataram o uso de cintos, mesmo no treinamento sem suporte de peso) e podem ser associados a terapias complementares à marcha, como estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva, estímulos visuais ou estimulação transcraniana direta anódica. O treinamento em esteira em pacientes idosos com doença de Parkinson é uma intervenção que melhora os resultados da marcha, mas requer mais estudos para melhor comprovação.

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in old age. Aging process for elders with Parkinson's disease can induce gait disturbances with more functional disabilities than for elders without the disease. Treadmill training as a therapy has resulted in notable effects on the gait of patients with Parkinson's disease and may be a resource for geriatric neurological rehabilitation. This review aimed to study the effects on gait after treadmill training in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. The search was performed in the databases PubMed®, LILACS, PEDro and EMBASE, with the following keywords: “Parkinson's disease”, “elderly”, “treadmill training” and “gait evaluation”. The quality of the studies included was assessed by PEDro Scale. Eleven studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight studies were randomized, and only one did a follow-up. One can observe in this review that treadmill training with or without weight support (at least 20 minutes, two to three times a week, with progressive increase of loads, for minimum of 6 weeks) in elderly patients with the Parkinson's disease was effective to improve gait. In addition, both were considered safe (since some studies described the use of belts, even in unsupported training) and can be associated with therapies complementary to gait, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, visual cues or anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Treadmill training in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease is an intervention that improves gait outcomes, but further studies are required for better proofs.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito do uso da palmilha customizada no equilibro postural dinâmico de idosos diabéticos em atividades funcionais. Trata-se de estudo experimental com 24 indivíduos idosos de ambos os sexos entre 60 e 79 anos, portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 há mais de cinco anos, que possuíam independência funcional e apresentavam integridade da pele dos membros inferiores, especialmente dos pés. Foram realizadas avaliações do equilibro dinâmico, utilizando o equipamento NeuroCom Balance Master®: testes de sentar e levantar; andar e retornar e subir e descer degraus; antes e após oito semanas de uso de palmilhas customizada. Em todos os testes, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no pré e pós-intervenção. Os resultados sugerem que o uso de palmilhas customizadas com apoio dos arcos longitudinais e neutralização da articulação subtalar durante o período de oito semanas não promoveu alterações no controle postural durante tarefas funcionais, como sentar e levantar; andar e retornar e subir e descer degraus em idosos diabéticos.

The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of the use of customized insole on the dynamic postural balance of diabetic elderly in functional activities. This is an experimental study with 24 elderly individuals of both genders between 60 and 79 years old, who had Diabetes Mellitus type 2 for more than five years, who had functional independence and presented integrity of skin of lower limbs, especially of feet. Dynamic Balance Assessments were performed using the NeuroCom Balance Master® equipment: Sit-to-stand, Step/Quick turn, and Step Up/Over tests, before and after 8 weeks of use custom insoles. In all tests, no significant differences were found in pre and post-intervention. The results suggest that the insoles of study because don t stimulate nerve receptors, do not generate a positive response to the balance; but may be helpful in the treatment of mechanical axis alignment of lower limbs and distribution of plantar pressure.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the extent of motor adaptation in ankle plantar flexors and dorsiflexors among older drivers during clinical isokinetic testing. METHODS: One hundred older adults (70.4±5.7 years) participated in two bilateral ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor isokinetic assessments at 30°/sec. Peak torque (PTQ), PTQ adjusted for body weight (PTQ/BW), and total work (TW) were analyzed. RESULTS: On the dominant side, PTQ/BW and TW were significantly greater for the second plantar flexion test than were those for the first such test (p<0.001), whereas PTQ, PTQ/BW, and TW (p<0.001) were significantly greater for the second dorsiflexion test than were those for the first such test. On the non-dominant side, plantar flexion PTQ and TW were significantly lower for the second test than were those for the first test (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Older drivers demonstrated better performance with the dominant limb on the second test. The low variability in test execution showed the existence of a motor adaptation effect for the tested movements, despite the short recovery period between the assessments.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tempo adequado de reação muscular é essencial para proteger as articulações contra lesões durante atividades esportivas. Este fenômeno de tempo de aceleração tem sido investigado por meio de metodologias como experimentos com trampolim e eletromiografia. No entanto, a análise isocinética é um método de avaliação que é mais dinâmico e mostra comportamento mais próximo da funcionalidade do esporte. Corrida de longa distância e triatlo têm altas taxas de lesão de membros inferiores, particularmente em relação à articulação do tornozelo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar os tempos de aceleração e desaceleração isocinética do dorsiflexor e da musculatura flexora plantar do tornozelo em corredores de longa distância, triatletas e indivíduos não atléticos. MÉTODO: A amostra incluiu 75 indivíduos (homens com idade entre 18-42 anos), divididos em três grupos: triatletas, corredores de longa distância e grupo controle. Os indivíduos foram testados bilateralmente em um dinamômetro isocinético. Os modos de avaliação utilizados foram: 1. concêntricos/excêntricos para flexão plantar e dorsiflexão; 2. excêntricos/concêntricos para flexão plantar e dorsiflexão. A análise estatística utilizou análise de variância e teste post hoc de Tukey; Testes post hoc de Kruskal-Wallis e Müller-Dunn e testes Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: O tempo de aceleração durante a contração excêntrica foi estatisticamente diferente apenas entre o grupo controle e o grupo corredor de longa distância: os controles apresentaram aceleração mais rápida. CONCLUSÃO: Este resultado pode indicar uma deficiência no controle sensorial do seu motor durante a atividade concêntrica dos dorsiflexores.

INTRODUCTION: Adequate muscle reaction time is essential for protecting the joints against injuries during sports activities. This phenomenon of time of acceleration has been investigated through methodologies such as trapdoor experiments and electromyography. However, isokinetic analysis is an assessment method that is more dynamic and shows behavior closer to the functionality of the sport. Sports that involve running, such as long distance running and triathlon, have high lower-limb injury rates, particularly in relation to the ankle joint. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare isokinetic acceleration and deceleration times of the dorsiflexor and plantar flexor musculature of the ankle in long-distance runners, triathletes and non-athletic individuals. METHOD: The sample comprised 75 individuals (men aged 18-42 years), divided into three groups: triathlete group, long-distance runner group and control group. The individuals were tested bilaterally on an isokinetic dynamometer. The evaluation modes used were (i) concentric/eccentric for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and (ii) eccentric/concentric for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. We used (a) analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test; (b) Kruskal-Wallis and Müller-Dunn post hoc tsts; (c) Chi-square tests. RESULTS: The acceleration time during concentric contraction was statistically different only between the control group and the long-distance runner group, such that the controls presented faster acceleraton. CONCLUSION: This may signify a deficiency in their motor sensory control during concentric activity of the dorsiflexors.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a validade convergente ou relação do Balance Master® como dispositivo de avaliação do equilíbrio, comparando seus resultados de desempenho com os obtidos a partir da plataforma de força AccuSway Plus®. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, sem intervenção, de 126 mulheres na pós-menopausa (60,3 ± 3,2 anos; índice de massa corporal = 27,6 ± 4,7 kg/m2). A avaliação de equilíbrio postural estático (posturografia) para todos os voluntários foi realizada inicialmente em uma plataforma de força (AccuSway Plus); uma segunda avaliação estática foi realizada em um dispositivo de equilíbrio Balance Master® Sistem. As variáveis estudadas nos dois dispositivos, foram: velocidade média do deslocamento total do centro de pressão em todas as direções (Vavg e Média-Form); ântero-posterior (YSD and Mean-Y) e médio-lateral (XSD and X-Mean) do centro de pressão de deslocamento. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foram calculados para medir a correlação entre as variáveis de equilíbrio obtidas nos dois dispositivos diferentes. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre as duas variáveis, e foi ajustado por um modelo de regressão linear. Houve uma associação entre a velocidade média de deslocamento do centro de pressão em ambos os dispositivos em ambas as condições, os olhos abertos (r = 0,21) e fechada (r = 0,47). Na condição de olhos abertos, os Vavg aumenta, em média, 0,26 unidades, com um aumento de uma unidade no Mean-Form; na condição de olhos fechados, Vavg aumenta, em média, 1,27 unidades, com um aumento de uma unidade no Mean-Form. CONCLUSÃO: Os dispositivos investigados apresentaram uma correlação significativa para a velocidade média calculada a partir do deslocamento total do centro de pressão em todas as direções.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the convergent validity or relationship of the Balance Master® as balance assessment device by comparing its performance results with those obtained from the AccuSway Plus® force plate. METHOD: Cross-sectional observational study, without intervention, of 126 postmenopausal women (60.3 ± 3.2 years; body mass index = 27.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2). Two devices were used for the independent assessments of static balance: (a) Static postural balance assessment (posturography) was performed on a force platform (AccuSway Plus); (b) static evaluation was performed on the Balance Master®System. The variables studied in the two devices, were: (i) the Mean Velocity of the Center of Pressure Displacement in all directions (Vavg or Mean Firm), (ii) the Anteroposterior (Mean-Y) and (iii) the Mediolateral (Mean-X) Centers of Pressure Displacement. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the correlation of the variables of balance obtained with the two different devices. RESULTS: Significant correlations were obtained when the relationships between both variables were described by fitting multiple linear regression models. There was an association between the mean velocity of center of pressure displacement in both devices, with eyes open (r = 0.21) and eyes closed (r = 0.47). In the eyes open condition, Vavg increased, on average, 0.26 units, while Mean Firm increased 1.0 unit; in the Mean-Firm; in eyes closed condition, Vavg increased, on average, 1.27 units, while Mean-Firm increased by 1,0 unit. CONCLUSION: The devices investigated presented a significant correlation for the mean velocity calculated from the total displacement of the center of pressure in all directions.

INTRODUÇÃO: A associação da fadiga muscular com o aumento da força vertical de reação do solo representa risco de fratura por estresse de tíbia em esportes como a corrida de longa distância e o triatlo. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar parâmetros do componente vertical das forças de reação do solo e parâmetros musculares isocinéticos da flexão plantar (FP) e dorsiflexão (DF) do tornozelo entre grupos de corredores de longa distância e triatletas com e sem histórico de fratura por estresse de tíbia. MÉTODOS: Setenta e cinco atletas de corrida de longa distância e triatletas do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 30,26 ± 6,51 anos foram divididos de acordo com a história pregressa de fratura por estresse de tíbia em: grupo fratura (GF), composto por 12 indivíduos com história de fratura por estresse da tíbia, e grupo não-fratura (GNF), composto por 37 indivíduos sem história de fratura por estresse de tíbia. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram medidos durante a corrida por meio de uma plataforma de força AMTI, e os parâmetros isocinéticos por meio de dinamômetro isocinético Biodex (System 3). RESULTADOS: Para todas as variáveis isocinéticas e cinéticas, não houve diferenças entre GF e GNF. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda que não se tenha identificado uma diferença de desempenho entre os grupos estudados, o perfil cinético (impacto) e isocinético (atividade muscular) mostra que o treinamento da corrida com déficits em cuidados com a condição muscular e o controle de fatores extrínsecos pode criar uma situação de risco de ocorrência de fraturas por estresse.

INTRODUCTION: The association of muscle fatigue to increased vertical ground reaction force imposes the risk of tibial stress fracture in sports like long-distance running and triathlon. Objective: To analyze and compare parameters of the vertical component of ground reaction forces and isokinetic muscle parameters of plantar flexion (PF) and dorsiflexion (DF) of the ankle between groups of distance runners and triathletes with and without a history of tibial stress fracture. METHODS: Seventy-five male long-distance runners and triathletes with a mean age of 30.26±6.51 years were divided according to the previous history of tibial stress fracture: fracture group (FG), composed 12 individuals with a history of stress fracture of the tibia and non-fracture group (NFG), composed of 37 individuals with no history of stress fracture of the tibia. The kinetic parameters were measured during the run through a force platform AMTI and isokinetic parameters through an isokinetic dynamometer Biodex (System 3). RESULTS: For all isokinetic variables and kinetics, there were no differences between FG and NFG. CONCLUSION: Although a difference in performance has not been identified between groups, the kinetic profile (impact) and isokinetic impact (muscle activity) shows that the running training with deficits in muscle condition care and control of extrinsic factors can create a risk of occurrence of stress fractures.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La asociación de la fatiga muscular al aumento de la fuerza vertical de reacción del suelo representa un riesgo de fractura por estrés de la tibia en deportes como las carreras de fondo y triatlón. Objetivo: Analizar y comparar los parámetros del componente vertical de las fuerzas de reacción del suelo y los parámetros musculares isocinéticos de flexión plantar (FP) y dorsiflexión (DF) del tobillo entre grupos de corredores de fondo y triatletas con y sin antecedentes de fractura por estrés de la tibia. MÉTODOS: Setenta y cinco atletas de carreras de larga distancia y triatletas del sexo masculino, con un promedio de edad de 30,26 ± 6,51 años fueron divididos de acuerdo con el historial clínico anterior de fractura por estrés de tibia, en: grupo fractura (GF) compuesto por 12 individuos con antecedentes de fractura por estrés de la tibia, y grupo no-fractura (GNF), compuesto por 37 individuos sin antecedentes de fractura por estrés de la tibia. Se midieron los parámetros cinéticos durante la carrera por medio de una plataforma de fuerza AMTI y los parámetros isocinéticos a través de un dinamómetro isocinético Biodex (System 3). RESULTADOS: Para todas las variables isocinéticas y cinéticas, no hubo diferencias entre GF y GNF. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de que no se haya identificado una diferencia de rendimiento entre los grupos estudiados, el perfil cinético (impacto) e isocinético (actividad muscular) demuestra que el entrenamiento de carrera con déficit en el cuidado de la condición muscular y control de los factores extrínsecos puede crear un riesgo de aparición de fracturas por estrés.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the vertical component of ground reaction forces and isokinetic muscle parameters for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the ankle between long-distance runners, triathletes, and nonathletes. METHODS: Seventy-five males with a mean age of 30.26 (±6.5) years were divided into three groups: a triathlete group (n=26), a long-distance runner group (n = 23), and a non-athlete control group. The kinetic parameters were measured during running using a force platform, and the isokinetic parameters were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The non-athlete control group and the triathlete group exhibited smaller vertical forces, a greater ground contact time, and a greater application of force during maximum vertical acceleration than the long-distance runner group. The total work (180º/s) was greater in eccentric dorsiflexion and concentric plantar flexion for the non-athlete control group and the triathlete group than the long-distance runner group. The peak torque (60º/s) was greater in eccentric plantar flexion and concentric dorsiflexion for the control group than the athlete groups. CONCLUSIONS: The athlete groups exhibited less muscle strength and resistance than the control group, and the triathletes exhibited less impact and better endurance performance than the runners.